Linguifex

Yeuric: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
Wfeozawra (talk | contribs)
2,173 edits
Wfeozawra (talk | contribs)
2,173 edits
 
(13 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:
|name=Yeuric
|name=Yeuric
|nativename=ẉēirahlauwa
|nativename=ẉēirahlauwa
|pronunciation=ʝiːr.ɬøu̯
|pronunciation=ʝiːr.ɬœu̯
|ethnicity=Yeuric peoples
|ethnicity=Yeuric peoples
|fam1=[[Proto-Yeuran]]
|fam1=[[Proto-Yeuran]]
Line 24: Line 24:


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
This following table is set up in a way that is slightly odd, but it reflects historical patterns and orthographic tradition, such as many of the sounds being under "ejective" despite plainly not being ejective.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Labial
! colspan=2 | Alveolar
! colspan=2 | Velar
|-
! Plain
! Ejective
! Plain
! Ejective
! Plain
! Ejective
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| ᵐb
| n
| ⁿd
| ŋ
| ᵑɡ
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! Unvoiced
| p
| rowspan=2 | pʼ
| t
| rowspan=2 | tʼ
| k
| rowspan=2 | kʼ
|-
! Voiced
| b
| d
| g
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
| f
| pɸ
| s
| ts
| x
|
|-
! Voiced
| v
| bβ
| d
| dz
| ɣ
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | Liquid
! Unvoiced
| ʍ
|
| r̥
| rowspan=2 | rʼ
| j̊¹
|
|-
! Voiced
| w
|
| r
| j¹
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | Lateral
! Unvoiced
|
|
| ɬ
| tɬ
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
|
| l
| dɮ
|
|
|-
|}
#Placed under "velar" for space purposes, still a true palatal.
In Yeuric, any consonant can have a variety of coarticulations, those being /Cʲ, Cʷ, Cᶣ/, some of these are realized differently though:
:/t, d, n, s, z, k, g, ŋ, x, ɣ/ are realized as /tʃ(ʷ), dʒ(ʷ), ɲ(ʷ), ʃ(ʷ), ʒ(ʷ), c(ʷ), ɟ(ʷ), ɲ(ʷ), ç(ʷ), ʝ(ʷ)/ when (labio-)palatalized.
:/wʷ, wʲ, wᶣ/ are realized as /wː, ɥ, ɥː/, and /jʷ, jʲ, jᶣ/ are realized as /ɥ, jː, ɥː/
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Front
! rowspan=2 | Central
! rowspan=2 | Back
|-
! Unround
! Round
|-
! High
| i
| y
|
| u
|-
! Mid-High
| e
| ø
| rowspan=2 | ə
| o
|-
! Mid-Low
| ɛ
| œ
| ɔ
|-
! Low
|
|
|
| ɑ
|-
|}
==Orthography==
Yeuric's orthography is notoriously difficult, as it is substantially historic, to the point it seems to have never been updated even once, this results in spellings that are anything but phonemic, take [t͡ʃʷym] which has the spelling "tíuma".
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Yeuric orthography (consonants)
|-
! rowspan=2 | Letter
! colspan=4 | Pronunciation
|-
! Plain
! Palatal
! Lab-Pal
! Labial
|-
| m
| m
| mʲ
| mᶣ
| mʷ
|-
| ṃ
| ᵐb
| ᵐbʲ
| ᵐbᶣ
| ᵐbʷ
|-
| n
| n
| ɲ
| ɲʷ
| m
|-
| ṇ
| ⁿd
| ⁿdʒ
| ⁿdʒʷ
| ᵐb
|-
| ŋ
| ŋ
| ɲ
| ɲʷ
| ŋʷ
|-
| ŋ̇
| ᵑɡ
| ᶮɟ
| ᶮɟʷ
| ᵑɡʷ
|-
| p
| p
| pʲ
| pᶣ
| pʷ
|-
| ṗ
| pʼ
| pʼʲ
| pʼᶣ
| pʼʷ
|-
| b
| b
| bʲ
| bᶣ
| bʷ
|-
| ḅ
| pʼ
| pʼʲ
| pʼᶣ
| pʼʷ
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}
(will be finished later)


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Line 36: Line 279:
Basic verbs form the language's roots, notice how "hlawa" ("to speak") has none of these infixes.
Basic verbs form the language's roots, notice how "hlawa" ("to speak") has none of these infixes.


Another major aspect of Yeuric grammar is noun incorporation that borders polysyntheticism. Take, for example, the sentence "páruhzawyapáeruv‧yel‧kávihzawyatéulnivri?", which means "Won't you take my hand and follow my lead?" (From the song "Whistling Tree", by Haunted Like Human), this breaks down roughly as:
Another major aspect of Yeuric grammar is noun incorporation that borders polysyntheticism. Take, for example, the sentence "páruḥazawyapáeruv‧ẉel‧káviḥazawyateulivṛé?", which means "Won't you take my hand and follow my lead?" (From the song "Whistling Tree", by Haunted Like Human), this breaks down roughly as:
: páru⸗h⸗za⸗wya páeru⸗v ‧yel‧ kávi⸗h⸗za⸗wya téulni⸗v⸗ṛi?
: páru⸗ḥa⸗za⸗wya páeru⸗v ‧ẉel‧ kávi⸗ḥa⸗za⸗wya teuli⸗v⸗ṛé?
: take-fut-2.if¹-1.gen hand-acc and follow-fut-2.if-1.gen guidance-acc-ṛi²
: take-fut-2.if¹-1.gen hand-acc and follow-fut-2.if-1.gen guidance-acc-ṛé²


1: "inf" = "informal"
1: "inf" = "informal"


2: "‧ṛi " is roughly for "won't?" questions
2: "‧ṛé " is roughly for "won't?" questions


===Morphology===
===Morphology===
Line 50: Line 293:


Noun compounding is common, in modern Yeuric, it functions by cleaving the gender affix off the end of the first component then adding the second component, though the affix is still often written, as in "ẉēirahlauwa".
Noun compounding is common, in modern Yeuric, it functions by cleaving the gender affix off the end of the first component then adding the second component, though the affix is still often written, as in "ẉēirahlauwa".
Nominals have 3 genders, these being neuter, feminine, and masculine. The neuter is often considered the default, though verbs appear with the endings for all of them (verbs making up the roots nouns are derived from). These genders are determined through the final vowel of the root.
:Neuter: -a
:Feminine: -i, -e
:Masculine: -u, -o
Nouns have a pseudo-animacy hierarchy that functions derivationally, these are shown through affixes:
:Things of native origin: -n
:Inanimate/dead: -d
:Animate: -ṣ
:Gods: -ḳ
Nouns also take a definite article, though this functions slightly differently to English. The definite article is "ḳo-", and it covers all the English uses, as well as being used in some places it isn't in English. A general overview of how it's used is: specific referent, proper names (of anything)¹, and certain mythological beings (especially gods).
#This includes people, places, animals, plants, etc.
It should be noted there are a few exceptions, examples being:
*"Saujaḳ" is a god whose name never takes the article, as the form "ḳoSaujaḳ" refers to a different being.
*"Ṣáuṛdi" is the name of the great desert on the Yeuran peoples' home planet, but also refers to the Sahara, it's unclear why, but it never takes the definite article.
*Some language names take the definite article, such as "ḳoẎarabija", the name for Arabic.


====Verbs====
====Verbs====
Verbs are probably the most complex aspect of all of Yeuric morphology, being responsible for a large majority of the language's notorious difficulty among L2 learners.
Verbs conjugate for an incredible amount of information, including:
: Aspect
: Mood
: Tense
: Voice
: Volition
As you may notice, Yeuric notably does not conjugate its verbs for person nor number, leaving these to the pronouns.
{{template:Neo-Yeuric verbs|hlawa|hllawa|hlawwa|m=- "to speak"}}
Because this table can be rather difficult to pierce, the individual components shall be given below.
Using "hlawa" as an example, the categories will be put in the order they're attached to the verb.
Voice:
:Active: Default ("hlawa")
:Passive: Double the first consonant ("hllawa")
:Causative: Double the second consonant ("hlawwa")
Tense:
:Present: No affix ("hlawa")
:Future: "-ḥa" ("hlawaḥa")
::Far: "-ḥaṛ" ("hlawaḥaṛ")
::Near: "-nḥa" ("hlawanḥa")
:Past: "-ú" ("hlawaú")
::Far: "-úṛ" ("hlawaúṛ")
::Near: "-nú" ("hlawanú")
Mood:
:Indicative: No affix ("hlawa")
:Imperative: "-yo" ("hlawayo")
:Optative: "-vī" ("hlawavī")
:Hypothetical: "-ro" ("hlawaro")
:Inferential: "-ẉen" ("hlawaẉen")
Aspect:
:Perfective: No affix ("hlawa")
:Imperfective: "-me" ("hlawame")
Volition:
:Plain: No affix ("hlawa")
:Volitional: "-mo" ("hlawamo")
:Involitional: "-pe" ("hlawape")


====Adjectives====
====Adjectives====
Adjectives are far simpler than nouns, only declining for gender.
{{template:Neo-Yeuric adjectives|hlaiwa|m=- "spoken"|r=hlaiw}}
====Pronouns====
====Pronouns====
{{template:Neo-Yeuric pronouns}}
As can be seen, all Yeuric pronouns are clitic, with most attaching to the verb, while the genitive attaches to the noun, as in "hlauwahwya" ("my message").
====Adverbs====
====Adverbs====
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Yeuric"