Linguifex

Mergian: Difference between revisions

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| s z
| s z
| (ç)
| (ç)
| x ɣ
| x~ɣ*
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Affricate
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|}
|}


The palatals given in brackets are allophones of how palatalized /n/ and /x, ɣ/.
The palatals given in brackets are allophones of how palatalized /n/ and /x~ɣ/.
Although originally separate sounds, /x/ and /ɣ/ have merged and are now interchangeable.
 


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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|𐍈
|𐍈
|𐍉
|𐍉
|
|-
|-
! Pre-1916
! Pre-1916
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|O o
|O o
|O o
|O o
|D d
|-
|-
! Modern
! Modern
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|S s
|S s
|T t
|T t
|U u
|Ŭ ŭ
|F f
|F f
|X x*
|X x*
|V v
|V v
|O o
|O o
|Đ ð
|-
|-
! Pronounced
| /a/
| /b/
| /x~ɣ/
| /d/
| /ɛ/, /ɘ/
| -
| /z/
| /h/, /ː/
| /θ/
| /ɪ/, /i/
| /k/
| /l/
| /m/
| /n/
| /j/
| /ʊ/, /u/
| /p/
| /r/
| /s/
| /t/
| /w/
| /f/
| /x/
| /v/
| /ɔ/, /o/
| /ð/
|}
|}
<X x> is seen in one word in modern text: ''Xristo'' ("Christ")
 
* Vowels with multiple entries use the same letter to write distinct sounds. There are a set of rules determining when to use which pronounciation.
* &lt;H h&gt; is pronounced /h/ word-initially and lengthens the preceding vowel anywhere else
* &lt;Ŭ ŭ&gt; is called ''gamorzjets u'' ("short u") and it is used to transcribe clerical script. In modern text, this character is not used and instead is replaced by &lt;U u&gt;
* &lt;X x&gt; is seen in one word in modern text, ''Xristo'' ("Christ"), and any words containing it.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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If a geminate consonant cluster forms due to a prefix, then it should be turned degeminated.  
If a geminate consonant cluster forms due to a prefix, then it should be turned degeminated.  
Prefixes are able to stack, and this is most common seen in perfective verbs which already have a directional or aspectual prefix. If two vowels meet between prefixes, then the second one should be deleted. An example is ''atzjigen'' ("to contact") becoming its perfective form, ''gatzjigen''.  
Prefixes are able to stack, and this is most common seen in perfective verbs which already have a directional or aspectual prefix. If two vowels meet between prefixes, then the second one should be deleted. An example is ''atzjigen'' ("to contact") becoming its perfective form, ''gatzjigen''.
 
Some words take a prefix to make a distinction between multiple meanings, that are normally be distinguished by context, when context cannot provide enough information. This kind of prefix is called the supplemental prefix. Consider an example with the word ''lesjen'' which can mean "to learn" or "to teach". By context alone, you can infer what the speaker means to say, like in the sentences ''Dzijtskalo njuð sijnddekse lesjen'' "The teacher likes to teach/learn grammar" and ''Sibni hade sinddekse lesjen'' "The student hates to teach/learn grammar". However, in a sentence like ''E an Franrig lesjen fravoor'' "He moved to France to teach/learn", it is not immediately evident. For this reason, a less common used form like ''dulesjen'' "teach" or ''inlesjen'' "learn" is used. As evident by the example, normally ''du-'' will mark a causative or dative sense while ''in-'' will mark a passive sense.


==== Tense, aspect and mood ====
==== Tense, aspect and mood ====
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! 1s
! 1s
| -e
| -e
| -Ø
| -
| -au
| -au
| -jau
| -jau
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|-
|-
! 2s
! 2s
| -s
| -ea
| -t
| -t
| -ai
| -ai
| -ee
| -ji
| -Ø
| -Ø
|-
|-
! 3s  
! 3s  
| -t
| -
| -t
| -t
| -ai
| -ai
| -i
| -ji
|
|
|-
|-
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| -em
| -em
| -em
| -em
| -me
| -aime
| -me
| -me
| -em
| -em
|-
|-
! 2p
! 2p
| -eþ
| -ats
| -eþ
| -uts
| -þe
| -jits
| -þe
| -aits
| -iþ
| -iþ
|-
|-
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| -en
| -en
| -en
| -en
| -ne
| -aine
| -ne
| -ne
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Mediopassive
! colspan="4" | Mediopassive
| colspan="4" | -ðe
| colspan="4" | -te
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
! colspan="4" | Participle
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{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Example with <br/> ''singen'' 'to sing' !! colspan="2" | Indicative !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Imperative
! rowspan="2" | Example with <br/> ''bijden'' 'to bite' !! colspan="2" | Indicative !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Imperative
|-
|-
! Present !! Past !! Present !! Past  
! Present !! Past !! Present !! Past  
|-
|-
! 1s
! 1s
| ''singe''
| ''bijde''
| ''sang''
| ''beð''
| ''singau''
| ''bijdau''
| ''sangjau''
| ''bijdzjau''
||   
||   
|-
|-
! 2s
! 2s
| ''sings''
| ''bijdea''
| ''sangt''
| ''best''
| ''singai''
| ''bijdai''
| ''sangee''
| ''bijdzji''
|| ''sing!''
|| ''bið!''
|-
|-
! 3s  
! 3s  
| ''singt''
| ''bið''
| ''sangt''
| ''best''
| ''singai''
| ''bijdai''
| ''sangi''
| ''bijdzji''
||
||
|-
|-
! 1p
! 1p
| ''singem''
| ''bijdem''
| ''sangem''
| ''bedem''
| ''singaim''
| ''bijdaime''
| ''sangme''
| ''baidme''
|| ''singme''
|| ''bijdme''
|-
|-
! 2p
! 2p
| ''singeþ''
| ''bijdats''
| ''sangeþ''
| ''beduts''
| ''singþe''
| ''bijdits''
| ''sangþe''
| ''badaits''
|| ''singiþ''
|| ''bijdiþ''
|-
|-
! 3p
! 3p
| ''singen''
| ''bijden''
| ''sangen''
| ''beden''
| ''singne''
| ''bijdaine''
| ''sangne''
| ''bedne''
||  
||  
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! Mediopassive
! Mediopassive
| colspan="3" | singðe
| colspan="3" | bijste
| colspan="3" | sangðe
| colspan="3" | beste
|-
|-
! Participle
! Participle
| colspan="3" | singens
| colspan="3" | bijdens
| colspan="3" | sangens
| colspan="3" | bedens
|-
|-
! Infintive
! Infintive
| colspan="6" | singen
| colspan="6" | beden
|}
|}
* Note: A regular sound change shifts /tt/ into [st], and word-final /t/ into [ð].


The weak verb conjugation is slightly more varied based off the thematic vowel of the verb. The thematic vowel divides verb conjugation into four declensions. The thematic vowel is always indicated by the infinitive. They are as follows:
The weak verb conjugation is slightly more varied based off the thematic vowel of the verb. The thematic vowel divides verb conjugation into four declensions. The thematic vowel is always indicated by the infinitive. They are as follows:
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! 1s
! 1s
| -je
| -je
| -ðje
| -ða
| -jau
| -jau
| -ðjau
| -ðjau
|  
|  
| -ou
| rowspan="3" | -ou
| -oðe
| -oðe
| -jou
| -jou
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|-
|-
! 2s
! 2s
| -j
| -ea
| -t
| -ðei
| -ai
| -jea
| -ee
| -ðea
| -Ø
| -ji
|-
|-
! 3s  
! 3s  
| -t
| -ji
| -t
| -ða
| -ai
| -ea
| -i
| -ði
|
|
|-
|-
! 1p
! 1p
| -em
| -jem
| -em
| -ðem
| -me
| -jma
| -me
| -ðma
| -em
| -jem
|
| -om
 
|-
|-
! 2p
! 2p
| -eþ
| -jats
| -eþ
| -ðuts
| -þe
| -jets
| -þe
| -ðits
| -iþ
| -jiþ
|
| -outs
|-
|-
! 3p
! 3p
| -en
| -jen
| -en
| -ðen
| -ne
| -jna
| -ne
| -ðna
| -on
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Mediopassive
! colspan="4" | Present Mediopassive
| colspan="4" | -ðe
| colspan="3" | -ta
|-
! colspan="4" | Past Mediopassive
| colspan="3" | -tva <!--note for self: the -va ending is from the word va "was" -->
|-
! colspan="4" | Present Participle
| colspan="3" | -jends
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Participle
! colspan="4" | Past Participle
| colspan="4" | -ends
| colspan="3" | -ets
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive
! colspan="4" | Infinitive
| colspan="4" | -en
| colspan="3" | -jen
|}
 
 
|}
|}


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