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| '''Mariupol Gothic''' (natively '''Гутишка ''Gutiškă''''' ['ɦutɪʃkə]) or '''Gothish''' is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 45,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2. | | '''Mariupol Gothic''' (natively '''Гутишка ''Gutĭška''''' ['ɦutʲɪʃkə]) or '''Gothish''' is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 45,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2. |
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| == History == | | == History == |
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| == Historical Development == | | == Historical Development == |
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| === Classical Gothic (c. 400–800) ===
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| * Loss of initial /h/ in all positions.
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| ** ''handu'' → ''andu'' "hand"
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| ** ''hūs'' → ''ūs'' "house"
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| * Simplification of geminate consonants.
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| ** /tt kk ss/ → /t k s/
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| ** ''sittan'' → ''sitan'' “to sit”
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| * Raising of long mid vowels.
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| ** /eː/ → /iː/
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| *** ''dēdan'' → ''dīdan'' “to do”
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| ** /oː/ → /uː/
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| *** ''bōks'' → ''būks'' “book”
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| * Short vowels remained unchanged during this stage.
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| ==== Early Middle Gothic (c. 800–1200) ====
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| * Palatalization of velar consonants before front vowels.
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| ** /k/ → /t͡ʃ/
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| *** ''mikils'' → /mit͡ʃils/ “big”
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| ** /g/ → /j/
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| *** ''giban'' → /jiban/ "to give"
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| * Reduction of unstressed non-high vowels.
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| ** /a e o/ → [ə] in unstressed syllables
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| *** ''sunō'' → ''sunə'' “sons”
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| * Fronting of /β/
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| ** /β/ → /v/
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| *** /jiban/ → /jivan/ "to give"
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| ==== Late Middle Gothic (after c. 1200) ====
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| * Lowering of short /i/.
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| ** /i/ → /ɪ/
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| * Loss of vowel length contrast.
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| ** Long and short vowels merged, with /ɪ/ remaining distinct from /i/.
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| *** ''dīdan'' → ''didan'' “to do”
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| *** ''mikils'' → /mɪt͡ʃəls/ “big”
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| ** /uː u/ → /u/
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| *** ''būks'' → ''buks'' “book”
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| * Loss of word-final high vowels.
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| ** Final /i u/ → ∅
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| *** ''suni'' → ''sun'' "son"
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| *** ''andu'' → ''and'' "hand"
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| * General weakening of /g/ in all positions.
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| ** /g/ → /ɣ/ → /ɦ/
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| *** ''dag'' → /daɦ/ “day”
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| ==== Modern Gothic (c. 1600 onwards) ====
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| * Word-final obstruent devoicing.
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| ** /b d z v ɦ/ → [p t s f h] word-finally
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| *** /daɦ/ → [dah] “day”
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| * Secondary palatalization of dental consonants and affricates before front vowels.
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| ** /t d s z n r l t͡ʃ/ → [Cʲ] / _ {i, e}
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| *** ''nі'' → [nʲi] “not”
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| == Orthography == | | == Orthography == |