Linguifex

Kiryaakattic: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
Wfeozawra (talk | contribs)
2,193 edits
No edit summary
Wfeozawra (talk | contribs)
2,193 edits
No edit summary
 
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:
|name=Kiryattic
|name=Kiryattic
|nativename=κιρϊάϊά κϊάλέ
|nativename=κιρϊάϊά κϊάλέ
|pronunciation={{IPA|ˈkir.jæ.ˌjæ ˈcæ.lɛ}}
|pronunciation={{IPA|ˈkir.jæ.jæ ˈcæ.lɛ}}
|ethnicity=Kiryats
|ethnicity=Kiryats
|fam1=[[w:Proto-Uralic|Proto-Uralic]]
|fam1=[[w:Proto-Uralic|Proto-Uralic]]
Line 22: Line 22:
}}
}}


Kiryattic is a Finnic language spoken in Greece. It, as with most Finnic languages, remains decently conservative. Kiryattic is most distinguishable by the preservation of word final Proto-Finnic *k (as modern /g/) and *h (as modern /k/).
Kiryattic (/ˈkir.jæ.tɪk/ in the US or /ˈkir.jə.ˌtɪk/ in the UK, less often "Kiryish" /ˈkir.jɪʃ/) is a Finnic language spoken in Greece. Kiryattic is most distinguishable by its loss of vowel harmony, as well as its preservation of word final Proto-Finnic *k (as modern /ɣ/) and *h (as modern /k/).
 


==Classification==
==Classification==
Kiryattic is a Finnic language, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic family, making it related to Finnish, Estonian, and, more distantly, Hungarian. Kiryattic is one of the only Finnic languages that doesn't fit in the Finnic dialect continuum, as it's diverged enough to be distinctly separate. Despite this distance from the other Finnic languages, it still shares a notable amount of features, such as:
Kiryattic is a Finnic language, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic family, making it related to Finnish, Estonian, and, more distantly, Hungarian. Kiryattic is one of the only Finnic languages that doesn't fit in the Finnic dialect continuum, as it's diverged enough to be distinctly separate. Despite this distance from the other Finnic languages, it still shares many features.
:Shared morphology:
:*An agglutinative structure, much like the other Uralic languages.
:*Case suffixes, such as -ν for the genitive, and -να/-νά for the essive.
:*Suffixes denoting the possession of the affixed noun.
:Shared basic vocabulary that shows mostly regular sound correspondence to the other Finnic languages.


The Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, United States, classifies Kiryattic as a level III language in terms of difficulty for native English speakers, citing the sheer amount of morphology it possesses.
The Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, United States, classifies Kiryattic as a level III language in terms of difficulty for native English speakers, citing the sheer amount of morphology it possesses.
Line 55: Line 51:
Kiryattic is believed to have split off from Proto-Finnic around 800AD, as the last language to do so. Following this is roughly 2 centuries of migration to Naissus, over which they'd pick up some influence from other languages along the way, notably Germanic and Slavic. This influence would be through loan words exclusively though, as no settlement stayed long enough to pick up more.
Kiryattic is believed to have split off from Proto-Finnic around 800AD, as the last language to do so. Following this is roughly 2 centuries of migration to Naissus, over which they'd pick up some influence from other languages along the way, notably Germanic and Slavic. This influence would be through loan words exclusively though, as no settlement stayed long enough to pick up more.


From roughly 1050AD to 1200AD, Kiryattic was spoken by the Kiryats in Naissus, where they'd pick up the first of their Greek influence, this was far more notable though, as they'd stay in Greece permanently, where Greek would start to influence grammar, mostly syntax, though it may be that the Greek influence was part of the development of the dual.
From roughly 1050AD to 1200AD, Kiryattic was spoken by the Kiryats in Naissus, where they'd pick up the first of their Greek influence, this was far more notable though, as they'd stay in Greece permanently, where Greek would start to influence grammar, mostly syntax.


After 1200AD, it seems they began moving towards Greek proper, where they'd eventually settle in Macedonia in 1327AD, an event thought to be recorded in some historic texts from the time that mention the arrival of a strange people who spoke differently from the local Greeks, though it seems the Kiryats were accepted by the locals, as it's likely they could speak Greek.
After 1200AD, it seems they began moving towards Greek proper, where they'd eventually settle in Macedonia in 1327AD, an event thought to be recorded in some historic texts from the time that mention the arrival of a strange people who spoke differently from the local Greeks, though it seems the Kiryats were accepted by the locals, as it's likely they could speak Greek.
Line 106: Line 102:
|+ Phonology
|+ Phonology
|-
|-
!
! colspan=2 |
! Labial
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Palatal
! Velar
! Velar
|-
|-
! Nasal
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| m
|
| n
| n
| ɲ
| ɲ
|  
| (ŋ)
|-
|-
! Plosive
! rowspan=2 | Plosive
| p, b
! Voiceless
| t, d
| p
| c, ɟ
|
| k, g
| t
| c
| k
|-
|-
! Fricative
! Voiced
| b
|  
|  
| s~z
| d
| ɟ
| ɡ
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Voiceless
| f
| θ
| rowspan=2 | s~z
| ç
| ç
| x
| x
|-
|-
! Approximant
! Voiced
| w
| v
| ð
| ʝ
| ɣ
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
|  
|
| r, l
| r, l
| j
| j
Line 139: Line 155:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Oral vowels
|+ Vowels
|-
|-
!
!
! Neutral¹
! Front
! Front
! Back
! Back
|-
|-
! High
! High
| i
| i(ː)
| y
| u(ː)
| u
|-
|-
! Mid-High
! Mid-High
| e
| e(ː)
| ø
| o(ː)
| o
|-
|-
! Mid-Low
! Mid-Low
| rowspan=2 | ɛ
| ɛ(ː)
| œ
| ɔ
| ɔ
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| æ
| a(ː)
| ɑ
|  
|}
|}
:1: Vowels unaffected by harmony
:2: All vowels can be long


===Orthography===
===Orthography===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Orthography
|+ Monographs
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Letter
! Letter
! colspan=2 | Transcription
! Transcription
! rowspan=2 | Name
! Name
! rowspan=2 | Pronunciation
! Pronunciation
|-
! Finnic
! Greek
|-
|-
| α
| α
| colspan=2 | a
| a
| αλφα
| α
| /ɑ/
| /a/
|-
| ά
| ä
| á
| άικέ
| /æ/
|-
|-
| β
| β
| colspan=2 | b
| v
| βετα
| βε
| /b/
| /v/
|-
|-
| γ
| γ
| colspan=2 | g
| g
| γαμμα
| γε
| /g/
| /ɣ/
|-
|-
| δ
| δ
| colspan=2 | d
| d
| δελτα
| δε
| /d/
| /ð/
|-
|-
| ε
| ε
| colspan=2 | e
| e
| επσιλον
| ε
| /e/
| /e/
|-
|-
| έ
| η
| colspan=2 | é
| ē
| έ
| η
| /ɛ/
| /ɛ/
|-
|-
| ζ
| ζ
| colspan=2 | z
| z
| ζετα
| ζε
| /(d)z/
| /z/
|-
|-
| θ
| θ
| colspan=2 | th
| th~þ
| θετα
| θε
| /θ/
| /θ/
|-
|-
| ι
| ι
| colspan=2 | i
| i
| ιωτα
| ι
| /i/
| /i/
|-
|-
| ϊ
| ϊ
| j
| ï
| ï
|  
| ϊο
| /j/
| /j/, /ʲ/
|-
|-
| κ
| κ
| colspan=2 | k
| k
| καππα
| κε
| /k/
| /k/
|-
|-
| λ
| λ
| colspan=2 | l
| l
| λαμδα
| λε
| /l/
| /l/
|-
|-
| μ
| μ
| colspan=2 | m
| m
| μυ
| με
| /m/
| /m/
|-
|-
| ν
| ν
| colspan=2 | n
| n
| νυ
| νε
| /n/
| /n/
|-
|-
| ο
| ο
| colspan=2 | o
| o
| ομικρον
| ο
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| ό
| ö
| ó
|
| /ø/
|-
|-
| π
| π
| colspan=2 | p
| p
| πι
| πε
| /p/
| /p/
|-
|-
| ρ
| ρ
| colspan=2 | r
| r
| ρο
| ρε
| /r/
| /r/
|-
|-
| σ
| ς
| colspan=2 | s
| s
| σιγμα
| ςε
| /s/
| /s/
|-
|-
| τ
| τ
| colspan=2 | t
| t
| ταυ
| τε
| /t/
| /t/
|-
|-
| υ
| υ
| colspan=2 | u
| u
| υπσιλον
| υ
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| ύ
| ü~y
| ú
|
| /y/
|-
|-
| ϋ
| ϋ
| w
| ü
| ü
|
| υ βενη¹
| /w/
| /ʷ/
|-
|-
| φ
| φ
| colspan=2 | ph~f
| f
| φι
| φε
| /f/
| /f/
|-
|-
| χ
| χ
| colspan=2 | h
| h
| χι
| χε
| /x/
| /x/
|-
|-
| ω
| ω
| å
| ō
| ō
| ωμεγα
| ω
| /ɔ/
| /ɔ/
|-
|-
| ώ
| ô
| ṓ
|
| /œ/
|}
|}


It is important to note that handwritten Kiryattic often looks nothing like its displayed counterpart, as handwritten Kiryattic uses many unique letter forms, and also makes extensive use of ligatures and shorthand symbols, some of which are for Greek words, rather than native ones, as with the symbol for "και" often being used in place of native "ϊα"
:1: Literally "υ as β", referencing the /w/-like sound.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel digraphs
|-
! Letters
! Transcription
! Pronunciation
|-
| αι
| ai
| /ai̯/
|-
| αυ
| au
| /au̯/
|-
| ει
| ei
| /ei̯/
|-
| ευ
| eu
| /eu̯/
|-
| οι
| oi
| /oi̯/
|-
| ου
| ou
| /ou̯/
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant digraphs
|-
! Letter
! Transcription
! Pronunciation
|-
| βπ
| vp
| /b/
|-
| γκ
| gk
| /g/
|-
| δτ
| dt
| /d/
|-
| νγ
| ng
| /ŋ(ɣ)/
|-
| νκ
| nk
| /ŋk/
|-
|}
 
Doubled letters are always long unless representing the coda position, where they're short, such as in "κϊαλϊλγ" /caʎʝ/.


[[File:"κιρϊάάκιάν κιάλε".jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|<small>A short sample of handwritten Kiryattic, reading "κιρϊάάκιάν κιάλε", this particular sample lacks the acutes</small>]]
A consonant followed by "ϊ" is always palatalized, in clusters, all consonants are palatalized, such as "λϊγκ" being /ʎɟ/. A general rule is only one "ϊ" per cluster, and it's always the earliest one, so if a compound would end up with "κϊλγϊ", it'll become "κϊλγ".


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 349: Line 393:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| κϊάλέ
| κϊαλη
| κϊάλέ
| κϊαλη
| κϊάλέ
| κϊαλη
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| κϊάλετ
| κϊαλετ
| κϊάλάτ
| κϊαλατ
| κϊάλϊτ
| κϊαλϊτ
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| κϊάλε
| κϊαλε
| κϊάλά
| κϊαλα
| κϊάλϊ
| κϊαλϊ
|-
! Inessive
| κϊάλεσσέ
| κϊάλάσσέ
| κϊάλϊσσέ
|-
! Elative
| κϊάλεστέ
| κϊάλάστέ
| κϊάλϊστέ
|-
! Illative
| κϊάλεε
| κϊάλάε
| κϊάλϊε
|-
! Adessive
| κϊάλελλέ
| κϊάλάλλέ
| κϊάλϊλέ
|-
! Ablative
| κϊάλελτέ
| κϊάλάλτέ
| κϊάλϊτέ
|-
! Allative
| κϊάλελγ
| κϊάλάλγ
| κϊάλϊγ
|-
! Essive
| κϊάλενέ
| κϊάλάνέ
| κϊάλϊνέ
|-
|-
! Translative
! Dative
| κϊάλεδέ
| κϊαλελγ
| κϊάλάδέ
| κϊαλαλγ
| κϊάλϊδέ
| κϊαλϊλγ
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Formal
| κϊάλεν
| κϊαλενη
| κϊάλάν
| κϊαλανη
| κϊάλϊν
| κϊαλϊνη
|-
|-
! Abessive
| κϊάλεττέ
| κϊάλάττέ
| κϊάλϊττέ
|}
|}


Line 440: Line 445:
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! 1st
! 1st
| -μι
| -μϊ
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| -σι
| -σϊ
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| -κι
| -κϊ
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Noun patterns====
====Noun patterns====
There's several patterns, they can be generalized to a few characteristics:
There's several patterns, they can be generalized to the endings of the genitive
:Ending of the genitive singular
Above you saw "κϊάλη", an -ε/-ά/-ι pattern noun, so the others will be presented below.
:Ending of the genitive dual
:Ending of the genitive plural
Above you saw "κϊάλέ", an -ε/-ά/-ι pattern noun, so the others will be presented below.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Line 466: Line 468:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| χαρα
| χαρυ
| χαραα
| χαρυυ
| χαρυο
| χαρβυ
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| χαρατ
| χαρατ
| χαραατ
| χαραατ
| χαρυοτ
| χαρβοτ
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| χαρα
| χαρα
| χαραα
| χαραα
| χαρυο
| χαρβο
|-
! Inessive
| χαρασσα
| χαραασσα
| χαρυοσσα
|-
! Elative
| χαραστα
| χαρααστα
| χαρυοστα
|-
! Illative
| χαραε
| χαρααε
| χαρυοε
|-
! Adessive
| χαραλλα
| χαρααλλα
| χαρυολλα
|-
! Ablative
| χαραλτα
| χαρααλτα
| χαρυολτα
|-
|-
! Allative
! Dative
| χαραλγ
| χαραλγ
| χαρααλγ
| χαρααλγ
| χαρυολγ
| χαρβολγ
|-
! Essive
| χαρανα
| χαραανα
| χαρυονα
|-
! Translative
| χαραδέ
| χαρααδέ
| χαρυοδέ
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Formal
| χαραν
| χαρανυ
| χαρααν
| χαραανυ
| χαρυον
| χαρβονυ
|-
|-
! Abessive
| χαραττα
| χαρααττα
| χαρυοττα
|}
|}


Line 540: Line 503:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ελάϊέ
| ελαϊη
| ελάϊέέ
| ελαϊηη
| ελάιϊέ
| εληϊη
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| ελάϊάτ
| ελαϊατ
| ελάϊάάτ
| ελαϊατ
| ελάιϊετ
| εληϊετ
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ελάϊά
| ελαϊα
| ελάϊάά
| ελαϊα
| ελάιϊε
| εληϊε
|-
! Inessive
| ελάϊάσσέ
| ελάϊάάσσέ
| ελάιϊεσσέ
|-
! Elative
| ελάϊάστέ
| ελάϊάάστέ
| ελάιϊεστέ
|-
! Illative
| ελάϊάε
| ελάϊάάε
| ελάιϊεε
|-
! Adessive
| ελάϊάλλέ
| ελάϊάάλλέ
| ελάιϊελλέ
|-
! Ablative
| ελάϊάλτέ
| ελάϊάάλτέ
| ελάιϊελτέ
|-
! Allative
| ελάϊάλγ
| ελάϊάάλγ
| ελάιϊελγ
|-
! Essive
| ελάϊάνέ
| ελάϊάάνέ
| ελάιϊενέ
|-
|-
! Translative
! Dative
| ελάϊάδέ
| ελαϊαλγ
| ελάϊάάδέ
| ελαϊααλγ
| ελάιϊεδέ
| εληϊελγ
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Formal
| ελάϊάν
| ελαϊανη
| ελάϊάάν
| ελαϊαανη
| ελάιϊεν
| εληϊενη
|-
|-
! Abessive
| ελάϊάττέ
| ελάϊάάττέ
| ελάιϊεττέ
|}
|}
====Cases====
The cases are a rather central part of Kiryattic, but many are falling out of use.
The abessive and comitative are essentially extinct, and the cases for movement are quickly becoming the same.
The lost cases are typically replaced by an adverb of adposition, or their meaning is taken by another case.
:Comitative: "-ν", replaced by "μιτ", thought to come from Old High German "mit".
:Abessive: "-ττη", replaced by "αανω", thought to be from Old High German "āno", "āna", or "ānu"
:Allative: Developed into the dative case, original allative meaning replaced by "προς" + the dative. "προς" is believed to be from the Ancient Greek of the same spelling.
:Illative: "-ε", replaced by "ις", thought to be from Ancient Greek "εις".
:Elative, Ablative, Translative: "-στη",  "-λτη", "-δη", replaced by "εγ", apparently from Ancient Greek "εκ".
:Adessive: "-λλη", replaced by "πρη'", thought to be from Old Church Slavonic "pri".
:Inessive: "-σση", replaced by "ε", apparently from Ancient Greek "εν".


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Line 627: Line 566:
! Nominative
! Nominative
| μινυ
| μινυ
| μινυα
| μινβυ
| μινύέ
| μινϊη
| σινυ
| ςινυ
| σινυα
| ςινβυ
| σινύέ
| ςινϊη
| ινυ
| ινυ
| ινυα
| ινβυ
| ινύέ
| ινϊη
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| μινυτ
| μινυτ
| μινυατ
| μινβατ
| μινύάτ
| μινϊατ
| σινυτ
| ςινυτ
| σινυατ
| ςινβατ
| σινύάτ
| ςινϊατ
| ινυτ
| ινυτ
| ινυατ
| ινβατ
| ινύάτ
| ινϊατ
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| μινυ
| μινυ
| μινυα
| μινβα
| μινύά
| μινϊα
| σινυ
| ςινυ
| σινυα
| ςινβα
| σινύά
| ςινϊα
| ινυ
| ινυ
| ινυα
| ινβα
| ινύά
| ινϊα
|-
! Inessive
| μινυσσα
| μινυασσα
| μινύάσσέ
| σινυσσα
| σινυασσα
| σινύάσσέ
| ινυσσα
| ινυασσα
| ινύάσσέ
|-
|-
! Elative
! Dative
| μινυστα
| μινυαστα
| μινύάστέ
| σινυστα
| σινυαστα
| σινύάστέ
| ινυστα
| ινυαστα
| ινύάστέ
|-
! Illative
| μινυε
| μινυαε
| μινύάε
| σινυε
| σινυαε
| σινύάε
| ινυε
| ινυαε
| ινύάε
|-
! Adessive
| μινυλλα
| μινυαλλα
| μινύάλλέ
| σινυλλα
| σινυαλλα
| σινύάλλέ
| ινυλλα
| ινυαλλα
| ινύάλλέ
|-
! Ablative
| μινυλτα
| μινυαλτα
| μινύάλτέ
| σινυλτα
| σινυαλτα
| σινύάλτέ
| ινυλτα
| ινυαλτα
| ινύάλτέ
|-
! Allative
| μινυλγ
| μινυλγ
| μινυαλγ
| μινβαλγ
| μινύάλγ
| μινϊαλγ
| σινυλγ
| ςινυλγ
| σινυαλγ
| ςινβαλγ
| σινύάλγ
| ςινϊαλγ
| ινυλγ
| ινυλγ
| ινυαλγ
| ινβαλγ
| ινύάλγ
| ινϊαλγ
|-
! Essive
| μινυνα
| μινυανα
| μινύάνέ
| σινυνα
| σινυανα
| σινύάνέ
| ινυνα
| ινυανα
| ινύάνέ
|-
! Translative
| μινυδέ
| μινυαδέ
| μινύάδέ
| σινυδέ
| σινυαδέ
| σινύάδέ
| ινυδέ
| ινυαδέ
| ινύάδέ
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Formal
| μινυν
| μινυνυ
| μινυαν
| μινβανυ
| μινύάν
| μινϊανη
| σινυν
| ςινυνυ
| σινυαν
| ςινβανυ
| σινύάν
| ςινϊανη
| ινυν
| ινυνυ
| ινυαν
| ινβανυ
| ινύάν
| ινϊανη
|-
|-
! Abessive
| μινυττα
| μινυαττα
| μινύάττέ
| σινυττα
| σινυαττα
| σινύάττέ
| ινυττα
| ινυαττα
| ινύάττέ
|}
|}


Line 775: Line 627:
|+ Inflection of "λόύτάάγ" (a-ie)
|+ Inflection of "λόύτάάγ" (a-ie)
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Present Indicative
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Positive
! Positive
! colspan=2 | Indicative
! Negative
! colspan=2 | Conditional
! colspan=2 | Present Conditional
! colspan=2 | Optative
! Positive
! colspan=2 | Potential
! Negative
! rowspan=2 | Imperative
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! Present
! 1st
! Past
| λόύτά
! Present
| λόύτάκε
! Past
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! Present
! 1st
! Past
| λόύτάδϊ
! Present
| λόύτάδϊκε
! Past
|-
! 2nd
| λόύτάτ
| λόύτάκετ
! 2nd
| λόύτάδϊτ
| λόύτάδϊκετ
|-
! 3rd
| λόυτέ
| λόύτάκέ
! 3rd
| λόύτάδέ
| λόύτάδϊκέ
|-
! rowspan=3 | Dual
! 1st
| λόύτάνδ
| λόύτάκενδ
! rowspan=3 | Dual
! 1st
| λόύτάδϊνδ
| λόύτάδϊκενδ
|-
! 2nd
| λόύτάδ
| λόύτάκεδ
! 2nd
| λόύτάδϊδ
| λόύτάδϊκεδ
|-
! 3rd
| λόυτάδ
| λόύτάκεδ
! 3rd
| λόύτάδϊδ
| λόύτάδϊκεδ
|-
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! 1st
| λόύτάνέ
| λόύτάκενέ
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! 1st
| λόύτάδϊνέ
| λόύτάδϊκενέ
|-
! 2nd
| λόύτάτέ
| λόύτάκετέ
! 2nd
| λόύτάδϊτέ
| λόύτάδϊκετέ
|-
! 3rd
| λόυτέέ
| λόύτάκέέ
! 3rd
| λόύτάδέέ
| λόύτάδϊκέέ
|-
! colspan=2 | Past Indicative
! Positive
! Negative
! colspan=2 | Past Conditional
! Positive
! Negative
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! 1st
! 1st
| λόύτϊε
| λευτα
| λόύτϊεκε
| λευτϊε
! rowspan=3 | Singular
| λευταδ
! 1st
| λευτϊεδ
| λόύτϊεδϊ
| λευταυ
| λόύτϊεδϊκε
| λευτϊε
| λευτανε
| λευτϊενε
| λευταα
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| λόύτϊετ
| λευτατ
| λόύτϊεκετ
| λευτϊετ
! 2nd
| λευταθ
| λόύτϊεδϊτ
| λευτϊεθ
| λόύτϊεδϊκετ
| λευταυτ
| λευτϊετ
| λευτανετ
| λευτϊενετ
| λευταατ
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| λόυτϊέ
| λευτη
| λόύτϊεκέ
| λευτϊη
! 3rd
| λευταδη
| λόύτϊεδέ
| λευτϊεδη
| λόύτϊεδϊκέ
| λευταυ
|-
| λευτϊη
! rowspan=3 | Dual
| λευτανη
! 1st
| λευτϊενη
| λόύτϊενδ
| λευτηη
| λόύτϊεκενδ
! rowspan=3 | Dual
! 1st
| λόύτϊεδϊνδ
| λόύτϊεδϊκενδ
|-
! 2nd
| λόύτϊεδ
| λόύτϊεκεδ
! 2nd
| λόύτϊεδϊδ
| λόύτϊεδϊκεδ
|-
|-
! 3rd
! colspan=2 | Dual
| λόυτϊεδ
| λευταδ
| λόύτϊεκεδ
| λευτϊεδ
! 3rd
| λευταδ
| λόύτϊεδϊδ
| λευτϊεδ
| λόύτϊεδϊκεδ
| λευταυδ
| λευτϊεδ
| λευτανεδ
| λευτϊενεδ
| λευτααδ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! 1st
! 1st
| λόύτϊενέ
| λευτανη
| λόύτϊεκενέ
| λευτϊενη
! rowspan=3 | Plural
| λευταζϊη
! 1st
| λευτϊεζϊη
| λόύτϊεδϊνέ
| λευταυνη
| λόύτϊεδϊκενέ
| λευτϊενη
| λευτανενη
| λευτϊενενη
| λευταανη
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| λόύτϊετέ
| λευτατη
| λόύτϊεκετέ
| λευτϊετη
! 2nd
| λευταθη
| λόύτϊεδϊτέ
| λευτϊεθη
| λόύτϊεδϊκετέ
| λευταυτη
| λευτϊετη
| λευτανετη
| λευτϊενετη
| λευταατη
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| λόυτϊέέ
| λευτηη
| λόύτϊεκέέ
| λευτϊηη
! 3rd
| λευταδηη
| λόύτϊεδέέ
| λευτϊεδηη
| λόύτϊεδϊκέέ
| λευταυη
| λευτϊηη
| λευτανηη
| λευτϊενηη
| λευτηη
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Present Optative
! colspan=2 | Participle
! Positive
| λευταβη
! Negative
| λευτϊεβη
! colspan=2 | Present Potential
| λευταζη
! Positive
| λευτϊεζη
! Negative
| λευταυβη
| λευτϊεβη
| λευτανεβη
| λευτϊενεβη
| λευτααβη
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Negative
! 1st
! colspan=2 | Indicative
| λόύτάό
! colspan=2 | Conditional
| λόύτάόκε
! colspan=2 | Optative
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Potential
! 1st
! rowspan=2 | Imperative
| λόύτάνε
| λόύτάνκε
|-
|-
! 2nd
! Present
| λόύτάότ
! Past
| λόύτάόκετ
! Present
! 2nd
! Past
| λόύτάνετ
! Present
| λόύτάνκετ
! Past
|-
! Present
! 3rd
! Past
| λόύτάό
| λόύτάόκέ
! 3rd
| λόύτάνέ
| λόύτάνκέ
|-
! rowspan=3 | Dual
! 1st
| λόύτάόνδ
| λόύτάόκενδ
! rowspan=3 | Dual
! 1st
| λόύτάνενδ
| λόύτάνκενδ
|-
! 2nd
| λόύτάόδ
| λόύτάόδ
! 2nd
| λόύτάνεδ
| λόύτάνκεδ
|-
! 3rd
| λόύτάόδ
| λόύτάόκεδ
! 3rd
| λόύτάνεδ
| λόύτάνκεδ
|-
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! 1st
| λόύτάόνέ
| λόύτάόκενέ
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! 1st
| λόύτάνενέ
| λόύτάνκενέ
|-
! 2nd
| λόύτάότέ
| λόύτάόκετέ
! 2nd
| λόύτάνετέ
| λόύτάνκετέ
|-
! 3rd
| λόύτάόέ
| λόύτάόκέέ
! 3rd
| λόύτάνέέ
| λόύτάνκέέ
|-
! colspan=2 | Past optative
! Positive
! Negative
! colspan=2 | Past potential
! Positive
! Negative
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! 1st
! 1st
| λόύτϊό
| λευτακε
| λόύτϊόκε
| λευτϊεκε
! rowspan=3 | Singular
| λευταχε
! 1st
| λευτϊεχε
| λόύτϊενε
| λευταυκε
| λόύτϊενκε
| λευτϊεκε
| λευτανκε
| λευτϊενκε
| λευταακε
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| λόύτϊότ
| λευτακετ
| λόύτϊόκετ
| λευτϊεκετ
! 2nd
| λευταχετ
| λόύτϊενετ
| λευτϊεχετ
| λόύτϊενκετ
| λευταυκετ
| λευτϊεκετ
| λευτανκετ
| λευτϊενκετ
| λευταακετ
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| λόύτϊό
| λευτακη
| λόύτϊόκέ
| λευτϊεκη
! 3rd
| λευταχη
| λόύτϊενέ
| λευτϊεχη
| λόύτϊενκέ
| λευταυκη
|-
| λευτϊεκη
! rowspan=3 | Dual
| λευτανκη
! 1st
| λευτϊενκη
| λόύτϊόνδ
| λευταακη
| λόύτϊόκενδ
! rowspan=3 | Dual
! 1st
| λόύτϊενενδ
| λόύτϊενκενδ
|-
! 2nd
| λόύτϊόδ
| λόύτϊόκεδ
! 2nd
| λόύτϊενεδ
| λόύτϊενκεδ
|-
|-
! 3rd
! colspan=2 | Dual
| λόύτϊόδ
| λευτακεδ
| λόύτϊόκεδ
| λευτϊεκεδ
! 3rd
| λευταχεδ
| λόύτϊενεδ
| λευτϊεχεδ
| λόύτϊενκεδ
| λευταυκεδ
| λευτϊεκεδ
| λευτανκεδ
| λευτϊενκεδ
| λευταακεδ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! 1st
! 1st
| λόύτϊόνέ
| λευτακενη
| λόύτϊόκενέ
| λευτϊεκενη
! rowspan=3 | Plural
| λευταχενη
! 1st
| λευτϊεχενη
| λόύτϊενενέ
| λευταυκενη
| λόύτϊενκενέ
| λευτϊεκενη
| λευτανκενη
| λευτϊενκενη
| λευταακενη
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| λόύτϊότέ
| λευτακετη
| λόύτϊόκετέ
| λευτϊεκετη
! 2nd
| λευταχετη
| λόύτϊενετέ
| λευτϊεχετη
| λόύτϊενκετέ
| λευταυκετη
| λευτϊεκετη
| λευτανκετη
| λευτϊενκετη
| λευταακετη
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| λόύτϊόέ
| λευτακηη
| λόύτϊόκέέ
| λευτϊεκηη
! 3rd
| λευταχηη
| λόύτϊενέέ
| λευτϊεχηη
| λόύτϊενκέέ
| λευταυκηη
| λευτϊεκηη
| λευτανκηη
| λευτϊενκηη
| λευταακηη
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Imperative¹
! colspan=2 | Participle
! Positive
| λευτακεβη
! Negative
| λευτϊεκεβη
! colspan=2 | Non-finite
| λευταχεβη
! Active
| λευτϊεχεβη
! Passive
| λευταυκεβη
| λευτϊεκεβη
| λευτανκεβη
| λευτϊενκεβη
| λευταακεβη
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Singular
|}
! 1st
 
| λόύτάά
:1: The imperative was restructured early on, it now follows the present indicative, but with the vowel (here -á-) doubled.
| λόύτάάκε
:2: The difference between the old past and the new past is the forms alone, they're identical in usage.
! rowspan=3 | Participle
 
! Present
As can be seen, Kiryattic has unique negative forms, these developed from the suffixation of Proto-Finnic *e- (negative verb) to the connegative form, these connegative forms were later lost, leaving only the negative forms.
| λόύτάβέ
 
| λόύτάπέ
In modern everyday speech, the imperative is often reduced down to the 1st person singular forms (Ex. "λευτάά" and "λευτάάκε") and a pronoun is used instead of inflecting, so "You will find" is "σινυ λευτάά" in informal speech, while in proper speech it's "λευτάάτ"
 
The following table is the inflection of "-βη", the participle ending.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+ Inflection of "-βη" (ά/άά/ιε pattern)
|-
|-
! 2nd
!
| λόύτάάτ
! singular
| λόύτάάκετ
! dual
! Old past²
! plural
| λόύτάνύτ
| λόύτάύ
|-
|-
! 3rd
! Nominative
| λόύτέέ
| -βη
| λόύτάάκέ
| -βηη
! New past²
| -βϊη
| λόύτϊεβέ
| λόύτϊεπέ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Dual
! Accusative
! 1st
| -βατ
| λόύτάάνδ
| -βαατ
| λόύτάάκενδ
| -βϊετ
|-
|-
! 2nd
! Genitive
| λόύτάάδ
| -βα
| λόύτάάκεδ
| -βαα
! colspan=2 | Infinitive
| -βϊε
| λόύτάάγ
|-
|-
! 3rd
! Dative
| λόύτάάδ
| -βαλγ
| λόύτάάκεδ
| -βααλγ
! colspan=2 | Gerund
| -βϊελγ
| λόύτάμέ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Plural
! Formal
! 1st
| -βανη
| λόύτάάνέ
| -βαανη
| λόύτάάκενέ
| -βϊενη
! colspan=2 | Action noun
| λόύτάμινε
|-
! 2nd
| λόύτάάτέ
| λόύτάάκετέ
|-
! 3rd
| λόύτέέ
| λόύτάάκέέ
|-
|-
|}
|}
:1: The imperative was restructured early on, it now follows the present indicative, but with the vowel (here -á-) doubled.
:2: The difference between the old past and the new past is the forms alone, they're identical in usage.
As can be seen, Kiryattic has unique negative forms, these developed from the suffixation of Proto-Finnic *e- (negative verb) to the connegative form, these connegative forms were later lost, leaving only the negative forms.
In modern everyday speech, the imperative is often reduced down to the 1st person singular forms (Ex. "λόύτάά" and "λόύτάάκε") and a pronoun is used instead of inflecting, so "You will find" is "σινυ λόύτάά" in informal speech, while in proper speech it's "λόύτάάτ"


==Syntax and Semantics==
==Syntax and Semantics==
Line 1,163: Line 898:
'''Instrumental''': Closer to an instrumental. Identical to the genitive in form
'''Instrumental''': Closer to an instrumental. Identical to the genitive in form


'''Inessive''': Location within something.
'''Dative''': Indirect object.
 
'''Elative''': movement out of.
 
'''Illative''': movement into.
 
'''Adessive''': at or on something.
 
'''Ablative''': Movement from something.
 
'''Allative''': movement onto. Also used as a dative.
 
'''Essive''': Closer to a formal case, used to mark a state of being. Used in place of "to be" in some circumstances, especially when speaking of health, morality, and behavior.


'''Translative''': Change of states.
'''Formal''': Used to mark a state of being, or as "to be".


'''Comitative''': "with", as in the meaning of company.
===Comparison===
====UDHR Article 1====
'''Kiryattic'''<br>
κωκκη ιννιμιςε ςιννϊδη βαπαανυ και ςαμυ ε αρβολγ ϊυ ε δικϊεομβυ. ϊαρκη ϊυ ςινϊθς ινϊαλγ, και οφιλυ φερεςθωη ιςεγκϊλγ κϊινονϊανυ.


'''Abessive''': Absence of something.
/kɔk.kɛ in.ni.mi.se siɲ.ðʲɛ va.pa:.nu kai sa.mu e ar.volɣ ju e ði.ce.om.vu | jar.kɛ ju siɲθʲsʲ i.ɲalɣ kai o.fi.lu fe.res.θɔ.ɛ i.seɟʎʝ ci.no.ɲa.nu/


===Examples and Analysis===
'''Literal'''<br>
:'''μινύ ϊοκενα ολε'''
All human beings, if born, are free and equal in dignity and in rights. Reason and conscience to them, and they should act to themselves as a fellowship.
This example is the Biblical "I am what I am", though it reads extremely differently.
:1.SG.NOM REL.ESS be
This would read as roughly "I am what is", though several more interpretive translations exist, such as "I am what all things exist through".


'''English'''<br>
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.




Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Kiryaakattic"