Carnian dialects: Difference between revisions
Created page with "Carnian is traditionally divided into five dialect groups: Carinthian (''corinsc''), Upper (''gorn''), Lower (''doln''), Central (''centraln''), and Kvarner (''cuarn'') as well as one sociolect Fyn. The dialects can also have several subdialects, which are further divided into microdialects. == Background == The rise of the March of Carinthia allowed Northwestern Alpine Slavic to become a prestigious vernacular and spread beyond the territory of Carinthia proper. I..." |
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=== Carinthian === | === Carinthian === | ||
The '''Carinthian''' dialect is spoken in Carnian Carinthia and a few places in Upper Carniola, as well as by Austrian Carnians. During the Middle Ages it was the most prestigious dialect and the vernacular of the nobility and clergy, and therefore strongly influenced the other regions. At the same time, Carinthian is the most Germanized of all Carnian dialects due to Carnian-German bilingualism existing there since the very beginning of Carnian statehood. These factors account for the presence of German-influenced features across Carnian speech territory, such as four-case system, uninflected predicative adjectives, stem-initial accent, vowel reduction, and syncope. Traces of German influence can be seen in spelling, although nowadays to a much smaller extent, and visible in the use of ⟨œ⟩ for /ɜ/ (realized as [œ] in Carinthian), ⟨ch⟩ for / | The '''Carinthian''' dialect is spoken in Carnian Carinthia and a few places in Upper Carniola, as well as by Austrian Carnians. During the Middle Ages it was the most prestigious dialect and the vernacular of the nobility and clergy, and therefore strongly influenced the other regions. At the same time, Carinthian is the most Germanized of all Carnian dialects due to Carnian-German bilingualism existing there since the very beginning of Carnian statehood. These factors account for the presence of German-influenced features across Carnian speech territory, such as four-case system, uninflected predicative adjectives, stem-initial accent, vowel reduction, and syncope. Traces of German influence can be seen in spelling, although nowadays to a much smaller extent, and visible in the use of ⟨œ⟩ for /ɜ/ (realized as [œ] in Carinthian), ⟨ch⟩ for /ʃ/ (former /ç/), or ⟨tz⟩ for /t͡s/, and ⟨ck⟩ for /k/ before front vowels. Other features like open-syllable lengthening and the use of articles are attributed to both German and Romance/Italian influence. | ||
Carinthian maintains several conservative features not present anymore in modern Carnian, yet does not lack its own innovations. Its main features are: | Carinthian maintains several conservative features not present anymore in modern Carnian, yet does not lack its own innovations. Its main features are: | ||
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* Lenition of voiced stops /b, d, g/ > /β, ð, ɣ/. The degree of lenition ranges from full lenition in all positions to medial positions only | * Lenition of voiced stops /b, d, g/ > /β, ð, ɣ/. The degree of lenition ranges from full lenition in all positions to medial positions only | ||
* Realization of ''ea'' in its traditional form [æ], with the diphthongal pronunciation becoming more popular only recently | * Realization of ''ea'' in its traditional form [æ], with the diphthongal pronunciation becoming more popular only recently | ||
* Preservation of the palatal fricative /ç/ in most regions | |||
* ''ą'' raised to ''ỹ'' in unstressed syllables, visible in words like ''minint'' (vs. standard ''minant'' 'to pass') or in ''Corintia'', the name of Carinthia which spread to the standard (vs. ''Corantia'' in some conservative southern dialects) | * ''ą'' raised to ''ỹ'' in unstressed syllables, visible in words like ''minint'' (vs. standard ''minant'' 'to pass') or in ''Corintia'', the name of Carinthia which spread to the standard (vs. ''Corantia'' in some conservative southern dialects) | ||
* Retention of nasality and extension toward previously non-nasalized contexts. Some of these nasal phonemes later underwent changes (/ʊ̃/ merged with /œ̃/, /ĩ/ lowered to [ɪ̃ ~ ẽ]) | * Retention of nasality and extension toward previously non-nasalized contexts. Some of these nasal phonemes later underwent changes (/ʊ̃/ merged with /œ̃/, /ĩ/ lowered to [ɪ̃ ~ ẽ]) | ||
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* The accent is predominantly penultimate, although some valley dialects retain stem-initial accent with varying degree of length-syllable correlation | * The accent is predominantly penultimate, although some valley dialects retain stem-initial accent with varying degree of length-syllable correlation | ||
* Lenition of voiced stops varies from medial positions in the | * Lenition of voiced stops varies from medial positions in the northwest to no lenition at all in the south | ||
* | * Northwestern subdialects preserve monophthongal ''ea'' [æ] | ||
* Uvular ''r'' in the Middle Sava part (stretching from Beld to northern Lubiana), realized usually as an approximant [ʁ̞] or trill [ʀ] (especially in the onset and some consonant clusters) | |||
* L-Ł distinction in most parts, lost in the southern areas | * L-Ł distinction in most parts, lost in the southern areas | ||
* Delabialization [ɒ] > [ɑ] | * Delabialization [ɒ] > [ɑ] | ||
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* ''y'' ranges from [ɛɪ̯] to [aɪ̯] | * ''y'' ranges from [ɛɪ̯] to [aɪ̯] | ||
* No lenition, except Inner Carniolan dialects with consistent spirantization ''g'' > ''ɣ'' | * No lenition, except Inner Carniolan (Route) dialects with consistent spirantization ''g'' > ''ɣ'' | ||
* Loss of pitch accent in some dialects | * Loss of pitch accent in some dialects | ||
* Voiced final obstruents are preserved in | * Voiced final obstruents are preserved in Horol subdialect | ||
* Rhotacization of the infinitive suffix -''t'' > -''r'' in the southwestern coastal regions | * Rhotacization of the infinitive suffix -''t'' > -''r'' in the southwestern coastal regions | ||
* Mixed use of ''kei'' and '' | * Mixed use of ''kei'' and ''che'' 'what', the latter being used in the southwestern parts | ||
* Higher degree of Romance loanwords | * Higher degree of Romance loanwords | ||
* Loss of animacy distinction in majority of Obale-Cars region | * Loss of animacy distinction in majority of Obale-Cars region | ||
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=== Kvarner === | === Kvarner === | ||
The '''Kvarner''' dialect, spoken in | The '''Kvarner''' dialect, spoken in Istra and Libursca, represents a type of newer, mixed dialect which evolved as a consequence of Carnian territorial expansion southwards. It evolved from the mix of the traditional dialects, primarily Central, and had been significantly influenced by Chakavian and local Romance varieties. While those influences were stronger locally (i.e., Romance in western Istra and Reaca, Chakavian in the other areas), those features are found beyond the borders of the traditional settlement due to population mixing. | ||
Main features: | Main features: | ||
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* Weak to no vowel reduction. It should not be understood as the lack of reduction, but rather as fuller realization of unstressed vowels (e.g., [ɔ ~ o̞] instead of [ɞ]) | * Weak to no vowel reduction. It should not be understood as the lack of reduction, but rather as fuller realization of unstressed vowels (e.g., [ɔ ~ o̞] instead of [ɞ]) | ||
* Moderate and varying degree of syncope | * Moderate and varying degree of syncope | ||
* The accent is predominantly penultimate. Eastern | * The accent is predominantly penultimate. Eastern Istra and Gorski Kotar exhibit some degree of free accent influenced by Chakavian. Parts of Cres preserve stem-initial accent | ||
* Presence of pitch accent with tones often agreeing with the Chakavian words | * Presence of pitch accent with tones often agreeing with the Chakavian words | ||
* '' | * ''che'' or ''cha'' instead of ''kei'' | ||
* Lack of geminated consonants | * Lack of geminated consonants | ||
* ''ea'' either merged with ''e'' or ''a'', or decomposed to [ɛ.ä] | * ''ea'' either merged with ''e'' or ''a'', or decomposed to [ɛ.ä] | ||
* ''œ'' usually merged with ''a'', except for Reaca agglomeration which has standard [ɜ] | * ''œ'' usually merged with ''a'', except for Reaca agglomeration which has standard [ɜ] | ||
* Non-palatal ''tzacavizm'': ''ċ'', ''ṡ'', and ''ġ'' are replaced with ''tz'', ''s'', and ''z'', or transitive ''tzj'', ''sj'', ''zj''. This is most common in eastern | * Non-palatal ''tzacavizm'': ''ċ'', ''ṡ'', and ''ġ'' are replaced with ''tz'', ''s'', and ''z'', or transitive ''tzj'', ''sj'', ''zj''. This is most common in eastern Istra and on the islands | ||
* Varying degree of accent retraction in place of old word-final nasal vowels (blocked entirely in areas with stem-initial accent) | * Varying degree of accent retraction in place of old word-final nasal vowels (blocked entirely in areas with stem-initial accent) | ||
* Mid vowels are often true mid [e̞] and [o̞] | * Mid vowels are often true mid [e̞] and [o̞] | ||
* The realization of ''y'' ranges from [ei] to [iː] | * The realization of ''y'' ranges from [ei] to [iː] | ||
* The infinitive is usually long -''ti'', with rhotacization to -''ri'', -''re'', or -''r'' in western | * The infinitive is usually long -''ti'', with rhotacization to -''ri'', -''re'', or -''r'' in western Istra | ||
* Fossilized instrumental and locative expressions | * Fossilized instrumental and locative expressions | ||
* High degree of Romance and Chakavian loanwords | * High degree of Romance and Chakavian loanwords | ||
* Presence of unadapted ''ć'' and ''đ'' in Chakavian loanwords | * Presence of unadapted ''ć'' and ''đ'' in Chakavian loanwords | ||
* Loss of animacy distinction in Western | * Loss of animacy distinction in Western Istra | ||
* Neuter-masculine merger in the Western | * Neuter-masculine merger in the Western Istra dialects | ||
=== Fyn === | === Fyn === | ||
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Main characteristics: | Main characteristics: | ||
* R-vocalization in coda: /ɾ/ | * R-vocalization in coda: /ɾ/ is elided with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel. Stressed vowels become long (e.g., ''er'' [ɛː], ''ar'' [aː]); high vowels ''ir'' and ''ur'' additionally are lowered and merged with ''œr'' [œ̈ː]. Unstressed /Vɾ/ are merged into half-long [əˑ] (usually) or short [ə] (word-finally), cf. ''[[Contionary:partit#Carnian|partit]]'' [pəˑtɪ̂t] 'to depart', ''[[Contionary:conner#Carnian|conner]]'' [kɒ̂nːə] 'love'. In the northern Lubiana variety of Fyn, unstressed /Vɾ/ tends to be uvularized [əʶ]. Lengthening occurs across all syllable structures, in contrast to the standard Carnian, which allows long vowels in stressed open syllables only. | ||
* Merger of ''e'' and ''ea'' into [ɛ] | * Merger of ''e'' and ''ea'' into [ɛ] | ||
* Realization of ''œ'' as rounded [œ̈] | * Realization of ''œ'' as rounded [œ̈] | ||
* Monophthongization of ''ou'' and merger with /ʊ/ | |||
* Diphthongization of long close vowels: [iː] and [ʊ̟ː] become [ɪj] and [ʊ̟w] respectively | * Diphthongization of long close vowels: [iː] and [ʊ̟ː] become [ɪj] and [ʊ̟w] respectively | ||
* Merger of many imperfective-perfective pairs into biaspectual verbs | * Merger of many imperfective-perfective pairs into biaspectual verbs | ||