Carnian grammar: Difference between revisions

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| te

| tega

|colspan=3| ~~tech~~

|colspan=3| te

|-

! colspan=2| Dative

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=== Masculine Declension ===

Masculine nouns are declined according to hard, soft, or a-stem patterns. The majority of masculine nouns follow the hard or soft declension, whereas the a-stem declension is reserved for a small category of words and is identical to the feminine a-stem declension. While Carnian preserves the hard-soft stem distinction, these two declension patterns have merged to some extent, similarly to neighboring South Slavic languages.

Masculine nouns are declined according to hard, soft, or a-stem patterns. The majority of masculine nouns follow the hard or soft declension, whereas the a-stem declension is reserved for a small category of words and is identical to the feminine a-stem declension. Nouns belonging to the hard-stem declension typically have stems ending in a consonant, although a group of nouns which used to have a stem ending in /h/ now end in a vowel. While Carnian preserves the hard-soft stem distinction, these two declension patterns have merged to some extent, similarly to neighboring South Slavic languages.

Masculine nouns are further divided between animate and inanimate nouns:

* For inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the nominative singular

* For animate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the genitive singular

* In plural, the distinction is significant for hard stems ending in velar consonant /k, g~~, x~~/, which are palatalized to /s/ ~~(for /k, x/)~~ and /z/ ~~(for /g/~~) in animate nouns and remain unchanged in inanimate nouns. This is not true for a great part of Carniolan dialects, which always preserve the hard velar consonant (as in Slovene)

* In plural, the distinction is significant for hard stems ending in velar consonant /k, g/ (which are palatalized to /s/ and /z/, respectively) in animate nouns and remain unchanged in inanimate nouns. This is not true for a great part of Carniolan dialects, which always preserve the hard velar consonant (as in Slovene)

* a-stems are not differentiated by animacy

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=== Feminine Declension ===

Feminine nouns are declined according to four patterns. Majority of them belong to the a-stem declension, which is further divided into hard and soft. Carnian differs from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian in preserving this distinction although the differences ~~between~~ have been leveled, just as in masculine nouns.

Feminine nouns are declined according to four patterns. Majority of them belong to the a-stem declension, which is further divided into hard and soft. Carnian differs from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian in preserving this distinction although the differences have been leveled, just as in masculine nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

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| e

| ega

|colspan=3| ~~ich~~

|colspan=3| i

|-

! colspan=2| Dative

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==== Past participle ====

The past participle is used mainly to form the past and future tense and is formed by ~~adding~~ -''u̯'' ~~to the infinitive~~ stem. It appears in analytical forms and therefore exists primarily in predicative (although some fossilized forms of non-predicative use exist, for example in ''dobrosli'' 'welcome') and must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. ~~As with all~~ predicative ~~adjectival~~ expressions, it receives ultimate accent ~~unless it contains an old spurious vowel in the final syllable (compare ''reckeu'' [rɛ̌ːkɛʊ̯], ''ċitau'' [dɐʋǎʊ̯])~~.

The past participle is used mainly to form the past and future tense and is formed by extending the infinitive stem with -''u̯'' (when stem ends in a vowel) or with -ø (when stem ends in a consonant); compare ''davau'' [dɐʋǎʊ̯], ''rec'' [rɛ̌k].

It appears in analytical forms and therefore exists primarily in predicative (although some fossilized forms of non-predicative use exist, for example in ''dobrosli'' 'welcome') and must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. Like other predicative expressions, it receives ultimate accent.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

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|-

! C-t

|rowspan=2| -eu

|rowspan=2| -ø

|-

! -ø-it

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| rowspan=2 | nas

| rowspan=2 | vas

| rowspan=2 colspan=3 | ~~ich~~

| rowspan=2 colspan=3 | i

| rowspan=2 | se

|-

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Line 1,235:

! Possesive

| moi

| ~~tuoi~~

| toi

| ~~vuoi~~

| voi

| niega

| nie

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| naṡ

| vaṡ

| colspan=3| ~~nich~~

| colspan=3| ni

| ~~suoi~~

| soi

|-

|}

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! colspan=2| Genitive

| tiene

| colspan=3| ~~tienech~~

| colspan=3| tiene

|-

! colspan=2| Dative

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Line 1,328:

! colspan=2| Genitive

| ove

| colspan=3| ~~ovech~~

| colspan=3| ove

|-

! colspan=2| Dative

@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 | te
 | tega
-|colspan=3| tech
+|colspan=3| te
 |-
 ! colspan=2| Dative
@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 === Masculine Declension ===
-Masculine nouns are declined according to hard, soft, or a-stem patterns. The majority of masculine nouns follow the hard or soft declension, whereas the a-stem declension is reserved for a small category of words and is identical to the feminine a-stem declension. While Carnian preserves the hard-soft stem distinction, these two declension patterns have merged to some extent, similarly to neighboring South Slavic languages.
+Masculine nouns are declined according to hard, soft, or a-stem patterns. The majority of masculine nouns follow the hard or soft declension, whereas the a-stem declension is reserved for a small category of words and is identical to the feminine a-stem declension. Nouns belonging to the hard-stem declension typically have stems ending in a consonant, although a group of nouns which used to have a stem ending in /h/ now end in a vowel. While Carnian preserves the hard-soft stem distinction, these two declension patterns have merged to some extent, similarly to neighboring South Slavic languages.
 Masculine nouns are further divided between animate and inanimate nouns:
 * For inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the nominative singular
 * For animate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the genitive singular
-* In plural, the distinction is significant for hard stems ending in velar consonant /k, g, x/, which are palatalized to /s/ (for /k, x/) and /z/ (for /g/) in animate nouns and remain unchanged in inanimate nouns. This is not true for a great part of Carniolan dialects, which always preserve the hard velar consonant (as in Slovene)
+* In plural, the distinction is significant for hard stems ending in velar consonant /k, g/ (which are palatalized to /s/ and /z/, respectively) in animate nouns and remain unchanged in inanimate nouns. This is not true for a great part of Carniolan dialects, which always preserve the hard velar consonant (as in Slovene)
 * a-stems are not differentiated by animacy
@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 === Feminine Declension ===
-Feminine nouns are declined according to four patterns. Majority of them belong to the a-stem declension, which is further divided into hard and soft. Carnian differs from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian in preserving this distinction although the differences between have been leveled, just as in masculine nouns.
+Feminine nouns are declined according to four patterns. Majority of them belong to the a-stem declension, which is further divided into hard and soft. Carnian differs from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian in preserving this distinction although the differences have been leveled, just as in masculine nouns.
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 308: / Line 308: @@
 | e
 | ega
-|colspan=3| ich
+|colspan=3| i
 |-
 ! colspan=2| Dative
@@ Line 635: / Line 635: @@
 ==== Past participle ====
-The past participle is used mainly to form the past and future tense and is formed by adding -''u̯'' to the infinitive stem. It appears in analytical forms and therefore exists primarily in predicative (although some fossilized forms of non-predicative use exist, for example in ''dobrosli'' 'welcome') and must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. As with all predicative adjectival expressions, it receives ultimate accent unless it contains an old spurious vowel in the final syllable (compare ''reckeu'' [rɛ̌ːkɛʊ̯], ''ċitau'' [dɐʋǎʊ̯]).
+The past participle is used mainly to form the past and future tense and is formed by extending the infinitive stem with -''u̯'' (when stem ends in a vowel) or with -ø (when stem ends in a consonant); compare ''davau'' [dɐʋǎʊ̯], ''rec'' [rɛ̌k].
+It appears in analytical forms and therefore exists primarily in predicative (although some fossilized forms of non-predicative use exist, for example in ''dobrosli'' 'welcome') and must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. Like other predicative expressions, it receives ultimate accent.
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 654: / Line 656: @@
 |-
 ! C-t
-|rowspan=2| -eu
+|rowspan=2| -ø
 |-
 ! -ø-it
@@ Line 1,214: / Line 1,216: @@
 | rowspan=2 | nas
 | rowspan=2 | vas
-| rowspan=2 colspan=3 | ich
+| rowspan=2 colspan=3 | i
 | rowspan=2 | se
 |-
@@ Line 1,233: / Line 1,235: @@
 ! Possesive
 | moi
-| tuoi
+| toi
-| vuoi
+| voi
 | niega
 | nie
@@ Line 1,240: / Line 1,242: @@
 | naṡ
 | vaṡ
-| colspan=3| nich
+| colspan=3| ni
-| suoi
+| soi
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 1,283: / Line 1,285: @@
 ! colspan=2| Genitive
 | tiene
-| colspan=3| tienech
+| colspan=3| tiene
 |-
 ! colspan=2| Dative
@@ Line 1,326: / Line 1,328: @@
 ! colspan=2| Genitive
 | ove
-| colspan=3| ovech
+| colspan=3| ove
 |-
 ! colspan=2| Dative