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Mariupol Gothic: Difference between revisions

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During World War II many Goths were expelled to various oblasts in Siberia to work as slave labour for the Soviet war machine. Like the Germans in the USSR, the Goths were feared to be sympathetic to the Nazis and therefore were persecuted heavily during World War II. While some Goths returned to the Black Sea after the war, many others had emigrated abroad to countries such as Brazil and Argentina.
During World War II many Goths were expelled to various oblasts in Siberia to work as slave labour for the Soviet war machine. Like the Germans in the USSR, the Goths were feared to be sympathetic to the Nazis and therefore were persecuted heavily during World War II. While some Goths returned to the Black Sea after the war, many others had emigrated abroad to countries such as Brazil and Argentina.
== Historical Development ==
=== Classical Gothic (c. 400–800) ===
* Loss of initial /h/ in all positions.
** ''handu'' → ''andu'' "hand"
** ''hūs'' → ''ūs'' "house"
* Simplification of geminate consonants.
** /tt kk ss/ → /t k s/
** ''sittan'' → ''sitan'' “to sit”
* Raising of long mid vowels.
** /eː/ → /iː/
*** ''dēdan'' → ''dīdan'' “to do”
** /oː/ → /uː/
*** ''bōks'' → ''būks'' “book”
* Short vowels remained unchanged during this stage.
==== Early Middle Gothic (c. 800–1200) ====
* Palatalization of velar consonants before front vowels.
** /k/ → /t͡ʃ/
*** ''mikils'' → /mit͡ʃils/ “big”
** /g/ → /j/
*** ''giban'' → /jiban/ "to give"
* Reduction of unstressed non-high vowels.
** /a e o/ → [ə] in unstressed syllables
*** ''sunō'' → ''sunə'' “sons”
* Fronting of /β/
** /β/ → /v/
*** /jiban/ → /jivan/ "to give"
==== Late Middle Gothic (after c. 1200) ====
* Lowering of short /i/.
** /i/ → /ɪ/
* Loss of vowel length contrast.
** Long and short vowels merged, with /ɪ/ remaining distinct from /i/.
*** ''dīdan'' → ''didan'' “to do”
*** ''mikils'' → /mɪt͡ʃəls/ “big”
** /uː u/ → /u/
*** ''būks'' → ''buks'' “book”
* Loss of word-final high vowels.
** Final /i u/ → ∅
*** ''suni'' → ''sun'' "son"
*** ''andu'' → ''and'' "hand"
* General weakening of /g/ in all positions.
** /g/ → /ɣ/ → /ɦ/
*** ''dag'' → /daɦ/ “day”
==== Modern Gothic (c. 1600 onwards) ====
* Word-final obstruent devoicing.
** /b d z v ɦ/ → [p t s f h] word-finally
*** /daɦ/ → [dah] “day”
* Secondary palatalization of dental consonants and affricates before front vowels.
** /t d s z n r l t͡ʃ/ → [Cʲ] / _ {i, e}
*** ''nі'' → [nʲi] “not”


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
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Since the 1800s Mariupol Gothic has been written in a Cyrillic alphabet based off of the Ukrainian script. The Biblical Gothic alphabet is also used, but it has been mostly limited to the liturgy. However, the Biblical Gothic letter þiuþ <𐌸> was imported to represent the /θ/ sound, it takes a form identical to that of Cyrillic psi.
Since the 1800s Mariupol Gothic has been written in a Cyrillic alphabet based off of the Ukrainian script. The Biblical Gothic alphabet is also used, but it has been mostly limited to the liturgy. However, the Biblical Gothic letter þiuþ <𐌸> was imported to represent the /θ/ sound, it takes a form identical to that of Cyrillic psi.


(This chart is to be updated later as a picture.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
|+ Orthography of Mariupol Gothic
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Cyrillic !! Latin !! Phoneme !! Notes
|-
| а || a || /a/ || Also represents unstressed /ə/
|-
| б || b || /b/ ||
|-
|-
! Cyrillic
| в || w || /v/ ||
! Biblical Gothic
! Romanization
! Phoneme
|-
|-
| [[w:A (Cyrillic)|А а]] || 𐌰 || a || /ɐ/
| г || h || /ɦ/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]] || 𐌱 || b || /b/
| ґ || g || /g/ || Mostly loanwords
|-
|-
| [[w:Ve (Cyrillic)|В в]] || 𐌱 (but smaller) || v || /v/
| д || d || /d/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Ge (Cyrillic)|Г г]] || 𐌲 || gh || /ɣ/
| е || e || /e/ || Also represents unstressed /ə/
|-
|-
| [[w:Ghe with upturn|Ґ ґ]] || 𐌲' || g || /g/
| є || je || /je/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:De (Cyrillic)|Д д]] || 𐌳 || d || /d/
| з || z || /z/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Ye (Cyrillic)|Е e]] || 𐌴 || e || /e/
| и || ĭ / ï || /ɪ/ || Often written ''i'' in non-scholarly Latin
|-
|-
| [[w:Ukrainian Ye|Є є]] || 𐌾𐌴 || je || /je/
| i || i || /i/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]] || 𐌶 || z || /z/
| ї || ji || /ji/ || Can also represent /jɪ/
|-
|-
| [[w:I (Cyrillic)|И и]] || 𐌹 || i || /i/
| й || j || /j/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]] || 𐌺 || k || /k/
| к || k || /k/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:El (Cyrillic)|Л л]] || 𐌻 || l || /l/
| л || l || /l/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Em (Cyrillic)|М м]] || 𐌼 || m || /m/
| м || m || /m/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:En (Cyrillic)|Н н]] || 𐌽 || n || /n/
| н || n || /n/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:O (Cyrillic)|О o]] || 𐍉 || o || /o/
| о || o || /o/ || Also represents unstressed /ə/
|-
|-
| [[w:Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]] || 𐍀 || p || /p/
| п || p || /p/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Er (Cyrillic)|Р р]] || 𐍂 || r || /r/
| р || r || /r/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Es (Cyrillic)|С с]] || 𐍃 || s || /s/
| с || s || /s/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]] || 𐍄 || t || /t/
| т || t || /t/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:U (Cyrillic)|У у]] || 𐌿 || u || /u/
| у || u || /u/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]] || 𐍆 || f || /f/
| ф || f || /f/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Psi (Cyrillic)|Ѱ ѱ]] || 𐌸 || th || /θ/  
| ѱ || þ || /θ/ || Inherited from Gothic ''𐌸''
|-
|-
| [[w:Kha (Cyrillic)|Х х]] || 𐍇 || ch || /x/
| ч || č || /t͡ʃ/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш ш]] || 𐌵 || sch || /ʃ/
| ш || š || /ʃ/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Shcha|Щ щ]] || 𐍁 || scht || /ʃt/
| ю || ju || /ju/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Ya (Cyrillic)| Я я]] || 𐌾𐌰 || ja || /ja/
| я || ja || /ja/ ||
|}
|}


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==


=== Vowels ===
=== Consonants ===
 
Relative to most other Germanic languages, Mariupol Gothic has an incredibly small vowel inventory of just 10 vowels.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Mariupol Gothic
!              !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
|-
!
! Plosive
! Front
| p&nbsp;b || || || t&nbsp;d || || || k (g) ||
! Central
! Back
|-
|-
! High
! Fricative
| i iː
| || f&nbsp;v || θ || s&nbsp;z || ʃ || || || ɦ
|
| u uː
|-
|-
! Mid
! Affricate
| e eː
| || || || || t͡ʃ || || ||
|  
| o oː
|-
|-
! Low
! Nasal
!
| m || || || n || || || ||
| a aː
!
|-
|-
! Approximant
| || || || r&nbsp;l || || j || ||
|}
|}


Additionally, /a/, /i/ and /u/ have the following allophones when unstressed:</br>
* All consonants may undergo secondary palatalization [ʲ] before front vowels; this palatalization is allophonic and not phonemic.
* Word-final obstruents are devoiced phonetically but remain voiced phonemically.


* /i/ is realized as [ɪ].
=== Vowels ===
* /u/ is realized as [ʊ].
* /a/ is either realized as a schwa, [ə] or sometimes [ɐ].
 
== Nouns ==
 
=== Masculine Stems ===
 
==== u-stems ====


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes of Mariupol Gothic
!        !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
|-
!
! Close
! Singular
| i || ɪ || u
! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Mid
| винтс </br>''wints''
| e || ə || o
| виндэс </br>''windes''
|-
! Accusative
| винт </br>''wint''
| виндэнс </br>''windens''
|-
! Genitive
| виндэс </br>''windes''
| виндэ </br>''winde''
|-
! Genitive
| виндэ </br>''winde''
| виндэм </br>''windem''
|-
|-
! Open
| || a ||
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
* The vowel /ə/ occurs only as an allophone of unstressed /a e o/ and is not considered phonemic.
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| фаψэр </br>''faþer'' /ˈfaðər/
| фаψрэс </br>''faþres'' /ˈfaðrəs/
|-
! Accusative
| фаψэр </br>''faþer''
| фаψрэнс </br>''faþrens''
|-
! Genitive
| фаψэрс </br>''faþers''
| фаψрэ </br>''faþre''
|-
! Genitive
| фаψэр </br>''faþer''
| фаψрэм </br>''faþrem''
|-
|}


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
== Nouns ==
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| фаψар </br>''faþar'' [ˈfaðər]
| фаψрюс </br>''faþrjus'' [ˈfaðrʲʊs]
|-
! Accusative
| фаψар </br>''faþar'' [ˈfaðər]
| фаψрунс </br>''faþruns'' [ˈfaðrʊns]
|-
! Genitive
| фаψарс </br>''faþars'' [ˈfaðərs]
| фаψри </br>''faþri'' [ˈfaðri]
|-
! Genitive
| фаψар </br>''faþar'' [ˈfaðər]
| фаψрам </br>''faþram'' [ˈfaðrəm]
|-
|}


=== Masculine Stems ===


=== Strong Masculine Stems ===


=== Inanimate Masculine Stems ===
Mariupol Gothic inanimate masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of an inanimate masculine stem noun, '''мiна''' (moon):  
 
Mariupol Gothic inanimate masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of an inanimate masculine stem noun, '''мина''' (moon):  
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| минa </br>''mīnа''
| минaнс </br> ''mīnаns''
|-
! Accusative
| минa </br> ''mīnа''
| минaнс </br>''mīnаns''
|-
! Genitive
| минaнс </br>''mīnаns''
| мини </br>''mīni''
|-
|}
 
=== Animate Feminine Stems ===
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| раздэ
| раздэс
|-
! Oblique
| раздэ
| раздэс
|-
|}


=== Inanimate Feminine Stems ===
=== Strong Feminine Stems ===


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
=== Weak Feminine Stems ===
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| разда</br> ''razda''
| раздус</br> ''razdus''
|-
! Accusative
| разда</br> ''razda''
| раздус</br> ''razdus''
|-
! Genitive
| раздус</br> ''razdus''
| разду</br> ''razdu''
|-
|}


=== Strong Neuter Stems ===
=== Strong Neuter Stems ===


Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''бро̄т''' (bread):  
Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''брот''' (bread):
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| брөт</br> ''brøt''
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
|-
! Accusative
| брөт</br> ''brøt''
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
|-
! Genitive
| брөдэс</br> ''brødes''
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
|-
! Dative
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
| брөдэм</br> ''brødem''
|-
|}


=== Weak Neuter Stems ===
=== Weak Neuter Stems ===
Mariupol Gothic weak neuter stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem neuters. Example of a weak neuter stem noun, '''о̄гэ''' (eye):
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| өгэ</br> ''øge''
| өгэнэ</br> ''øgene''
|-
! Accusative
| өгэ</br> ''øge''
| өгэнэ</br> ''øgene''
|-
! Genitive
| өгэнс</br> ''øgens''
| өгэнэ</br> ''øgene''
|-
! Dative
| өгэн</br> ''øgen''
| өгэм</br> ''øgem''
|-
|}


== Adjectives ==
== Adjectives ==


The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree in case, number and gender with the noun they modify.
The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree in case, number and gender with the noun they modify.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!colspan=7|Strong
!colspan=6|Weak
|-
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
|-
!NOM
| -с || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -эс || rowspan=2 | -этэ <br> - || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -энс || -э || rowspan=2 | -энс || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -энэ
|-
!OBL
| - || -эн
|}


== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==


Verbs are usually cited in four parts: the infinitive, the
All verbs regardless of class share an infinitive ending in -eн.
Typically, the preterite
 
All verbs regardless of class share an infinitive ending in -эн.
 
The passive voice is formed with the past participle and the word геэн ''geen'' "to go."
 
== Class II ==


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
The passive voice is formed with the past participle and the word геeн ''geen'' "to go."
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Present
!colspan=2|Preterite
|-
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
|-
!1st
| бю̄дэ || бю̄дэмс || бōт || будэм
|-
!2nd
| бю̄дэс || бю̄дэт || бōст || будэт
|-
!3rd
| бю̄дэт || бю̄дэн || бōт || будэн
|-
!rowspan=2|
!INF
!IMP
!PART.PRS
!PART.PST
|-
|| бю̄дэн || бю̄т || бю̄дэнс || бодэнс
|}


== Lord's Prayer ==
== Lord's Prayer ==
'''атта унсар ѳу ин еминам</br>
вихна ѳин нама</br>
квема ѳин рика</br>
верѳа ѳинс виля</br>
шве ин емина ях ана ерѳа'''
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