Minhast: Difference between revisions
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====Oblique Cases==== | ====Oblique Cases==== | ||
===== Marked Oblique===== | |||
Position and directional information are marked on the NP by various clitics. A few clitics are used to mark an argument that has been demoted by antipassivation, or by displacement by applicative formation. Some forms are dialectal or rare, such as the Inessive =''kīr/=kir''. The Oblique clitics have two forms, one form with a short medial vowel, and the other with a long medial vowel. Use of both forms are acceptable, but native speakers tend to use the clitics with short vowels when the clitic is preceded by a long vowel, while the converse is true for the clitics forms with long vowels. Highly uncommon postpositions, such as the aforementioned Inessive =''kīr/=kir'' are indicated in the following table with a double asterisk (**). | Position and directional information are marked on the NP by various clitics. A few clitics are used to mark an argument that has been demoted by antipassivation, or by displacement by applicative formation. Some forms are dialectal or rare, such as the Inessive =''kīr/=kir''. The Oblique clitics have two forms, one form with a short medial vowel, and the other with a long medial vowel. Use of both forms are acceptable, but native speakers tend to use the clitics with short vowels when the clitic is preceded by a long vowel, while the converse is true for the clitics forms with long vowels. Highly uncommon postpositions, such as the aforementioned Inessive =''kīr/=kir'' are indicated in the following table with a double asterisk (**). | ||
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===== Unmarked Oblique===== | |||
====Tense-Aspect Marking==== | ====Tense-Aspect Marking==== | ||
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! Distributed-Periodic | ! Distributed-Periodic | ||
| -(a)x- | | -(a)x- | ||
|- | |||
! Iterative 2 | |||
| -(a)š-<ref>For numeric roots only</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Partial Completion | ! Partial Completion | ||
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! rowspan="9" |Evidentials | ! rowspan="9" |Evidentials | ||
! Factive | ! Factive | ||
| -∅- <br/>-ne <br/>-št(a)-<br/>-štanne | | -∅- <br/>-ne- <br/>-št(a)-<br/>-štanne- | ||
| Referred to as the Gnomic, Aorist, and Neutral in other comparative linguistics material, the term Factive is used due to the influence of Iroquoian linguistic literature, since early treatises of Minhast were conducted by experts in the Iroquoian languages, who noticed structural and typological similarities between the two otherwise different language groups. | | Referred to as the Gnomic, Aorist, and Neutral in other comparative linguistics material, the term Factive is used due to the influence of Iroquoian linguistic literature, since early treatises of Minhast were conducted by experts in the Iroquoian languages, who noticed structural and typological similarities between the two otherwise different language groups. | ||
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! rowspan="4" |Miratives | ! rowspan="4" |Miratives | ||
! Unexpected | ! Unexpected | ||
| -kil- <br/> -kila | | -kil- <br/> -kila- | ||
| Indicates the verb is a sudden, unexpected event or state. The second form occurs in verb-final position. | | Indicates the verb is a sudden, unexpected event or state. The second form occurs in verb-final position. | ||
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# *Wakektaltahan (Intended: "Your horse") | # *Wakektaltahan (Intended: "Your horse") | ||
In Modern Standard Minhast, the verb ''ittaħšu'' "to take" can secondarily mean "to have". Amongst younger speakers, the secondary meaning has actually eclipsed the original meaning. Because of this semantic bleaching, the Durative affix is now added to the verb stem to convey the meaning "to have", as in ''iħtašittaħšu'', whilst the Semelfactive, as in ''minnittaħšu'', is used by these speakers too convey "to take". | In Modern Standard Minhast, the verb ''ittaħšu'' "to take" can secondarily mean "to have". Amongst younger speakers, the secondary meaning has actually eclipsed the original meaning. Because of this semantic bleaching, the Durative affix is now added to the verb stem to convey the meaning "to have", as in ''iħtašittaħšu'', whilst the Semelfactive, as in ''minnittaħšu'', is used by these speakers too convey "to take", displacing its original meaning, "to seize". | ||
For animate possessa, the verb ''rununk-'' (to guide, to command) is used, but there is a noticeable avoidance of it for humans or other high agency nouns: | For animate possessa, the verb ''rununk-'' (to guide, to command) is used, but there is a noticeable avoidance of it for humans or other high agency nouns: | ||