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Sekhulla: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|High]]
! [[w:Close vowel|High]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || iː || [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] || || rowspan="2" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || rowspan="2" | uː
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || iː || [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] || ɨː || rowspan="2" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || rowspan="2" | uː
|-
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
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|}
|}


*/ɨ/ only occurs postvocalically.
*/u(ː)/ is in free variation with [o(ː)]
*/u(ː)/ is in free variation with [o(ː)]


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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
====Alignment====
====Alignment====
Sekhulla has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.
Sekhulla has fluid active–stative morphosyntactic alignment.


===Nouns and pronouns===
===Nouns and pronouns===
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|+ Noun particles
|+ Noun particles
|-
|-
! !! {{gcl|ACC}} !! {{gcl|POSS|possessive}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|LOC}}
! !! {{gcl|ACC}}/{{gcl|ERG}} !! {{gcl|POSS|possessive}} !! {{gcl|LOC}}
|-
|-
! {{gcl|1}}
! {{gcl|1}}
| rowspan="4" | a || ən || rowspan="7" | əzːə || aə
| rowspan="4" | a || ən || aə
|-
|-
! {{gcl|2}}
! {{gcl|2}}
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====Pronouns====
====Pronouns====
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Sekhulla#Possession|Possession]]); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Sekhulla#Possession|Possession]]); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.
The demonstrative ''haːl'' can also be used as a pronoun.


====Possession====
====Possession====
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|+ Verb agreement prefixes
|+ Verb agreement prefixes
|-
|-
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|CL1}} !! >{{gcl|CL2}} !! >{{gcl|CL3}} !! >{{gcl|CL4}} !! >{{gcl|CL5}}
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|CL1}} !! >{{gcl|CL2}} !! >{{gcl|CL3}}/{{gcl|CL4}} !! >{{gcl|CL5}}
|-
|-
! {{gcl|1}}
! {{gcl|1}}
| sək- || səkʷ- || səkju- || səp- || sətna- || saŋːi- || su-
| sək- || səkʷ- || səkju- || səp- || sətna- || su-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|2}}
! {{gcl|2}}
| kʷər- || kʷəzə- || kʷərju- || kʷəp- || kʷəriɬ- || kʷəran- || kʷu-
| kʷər- || kʷəzə- || kʷərju- || kʷəp- || kʷəriɬ- || kʷu-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL1}}
! {{gcl|CL1}}
| jːuːsə- || jːuːɣʷə- || ajːu- || jːuːp- || jːuːwin- || jːuːwan- || jːuːuː-
| jːuːsə- || jːuːɣʷə- || ajːu- || jːuːp- || jːuːwin- || jːuːuː-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL2}}
! {{gcl|CL2}}
| parə- || paɣʷ- || pazajːu- || pah- || parin- || paŋːi- || pu-
| parə- || paɣʷ- || pazajːu- || pah- || parin- || pu-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL3}}
! {{gcl|CL3}}
| ina- || naɣʷ- || iɬjːuː- || nalː- || naɬ- || inɮə- || nu-
| ina- || naɣʷ- || iɬjːuː- || nalː- || inɮə- || nu-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL4}}
! {{gcl|CL4}}
| ansə- || ŋʷːə- || ŋːajːu- || ŋːip- || aŋːi- || ŋːin- || rowspan="2" | u-
| ansə- || ŋʷːə- || ŋːajːu- || ŋːip- || aŋːi- || rowspan="2" | u-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL5}}
! {{gcl|CL5}}
| us- || uɣʷ- || uwajːu- || ba- || uwiɬ- || uwaŋːi-
| us- || uɣʷ- || uwajːu- || ba- || uwiɬ-
|}
|}


*Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.
*Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.
**In western Sekhulla, ''pah-'' may be omitted; in eastern Sekhulla, ''u-'' may be omitted.
**In western Sekhulla, ''pah-'' may be omitted; in eastern Sekhulla, ''u-'' may be omitted with class-5 patients.


====Copula====
====Copula====
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|+ Copulae
|+ Copulae
|-
|-
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|CL1}} !! >{{gcl|CL2}} !! >{{gcl|CL3}} !! >{{gcl|CL4}} !! >{{gcl|CL5}}
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|CL1}} !! >{{gcl|CL2}} !! >{{gcl|CL3}}/{{gcl|CL4}} !! >{{gcl|CL5}}
|-
|-
! {{gcl|1}}
! {{gcl|1}}
| səɣən || səɣʷəːn || səɣajːuːən || səpaən || sətnaɮən || saŋːiən || suən
| səɣən || səɣʷəːn || səɣajːuːən || səpaən || sətnaɮən || suən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|2}}
! {{gcl|2}}
| kʷərən || kʷəzən || kʷərajːuːən || kʷəbaən || kʷəriɮən || kʷəranən || kʷuən
| kʷərən || kʷəzən || kʷərajːuːən || kʷəbaən || kʷəriɮən || kʷuən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL1}}
! {{gcl|CL1}}
| jːuːsəɣən || jːuːɣʷəzən || ajːuːən || jːuːbaən || jːuːwinən || jːuːwanən || jːuːuːən
| jːuːsəɣən || jːuːɣʷəzən || ajːuːən || jːuːbaən || jːuːwinən || jːuːuːən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL2}}
! {{gcl|CL2}}
| parəɣən || paɣʷəːn || pazajːuːən || pazən || parinən || paŋːiən || puən
| parəɣən || paɣʷəːn || pazajːuːən || pazən || parinən || puən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL3}}
! {{gcl|CL3}}
| nasən || naɣʷəːn || naɮjːuːən || naplaən || naɮən || naɮanən || nuən
| nasən || naɣʷəːn || naɮjːuːən || naplaən || naɮən || nuən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL4}}
! {{gcl|CL4}}
| ansəɣən || ŋʷːəːn || ŋːajːuːən || ŋːibaən || aŋːinən || ŋːiən || rowspan="2" | uən
| ansəɣən || ŋʷːəːn || ŋːajːuːən || ŋːibaən || ŋːiən || rowspan="2" | uən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL5}}
! {{gcl|CL5}}
| səːn || ɣʷəːn || wajːuːən || baən || winaɮən || uwaŋːiən
| səːn || ɣʷəːn || wajːuːən || baən || winaɮən
|}
|}


===Adjectives and adverbs===
===Adjectives and adverbs===
===Adpositions===
===Prepositions===
 
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Sekhulla uses base-12 numerals which agree in class with their head noun.
Sekhulla uses base-12 numerals which agree in class with their head noun.
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|-
|-
| ɬi haːlkan || əh ɬiɣan || sʰiɣan || ɬiɣaŋːan || sʰiɣaŋːan || ɬi sʰiɣaŋːan
| ɬi haːlkan || əh ɬiɣan || sʰiɣan || ɬiɣaŋːan || sʰiɣaŋːan || ɬi sʰiɣaŋːan
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-2 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːlə || əzə || taə || amə || kʷiə || kuːə
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːlə || əːzə || ədaə || əamə || əɣʷiə || ɬiə
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːlə || əh ɬiə || sʰiə || ɬiɣanə || sʰiɣanə || ɬi sʰiɣanə
|}
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-3 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːlːa || əlːa || tala || amla || kʷila || kuːla
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːlːa || əːlːa || ədala || əamla || əɣʷila || ɬila
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːlːa || əh ɬila || sʰila || ɬiɣanla || sʰiɣanla || ɬi sʰiɣanla
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-4 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːlː || əɬʰ || taɬ || amɬə || kʷiɬ || kuːɬ
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːlː || əːɬʰ || ədaɬ || əamɬə || əɣʷiɬ || ɬiɬ
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːlː || əh ɬiə || sʰiɬ || ɬiɣanɬə || sʰiɣanɬə || ɬi sʰiɣanɬə
|}
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-5 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːladi || əzadi || taːdi || amadi || kʷiadi || kuːadi
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːladi || əːzadi || ədaːdi || əamadi || əɣʷiadi || ɬiadi
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːladi || əh ɬiadi || sʰiadi || ɬiɣanadi || sʰiɣanadi || ɬi sʰiɣanadi
|}
|}
|}
|}
In East Sekhulla, ''ɬiɣan'' "1,728" and ''sʰiɣan'' "20,736" (as opposed to class-1 ''ɬiɣan'' "12" and ''sʰiɣan'' "144") may be replaced by indeclinable ''saːaːt'' and ''saːsaː'' respectively.
Classless numerals are used when modifying a non-noun, including when non-final in multiword numerals, when numerating an agreement-marked first- or second-person argument, and when numerating a possessive particle. Classless numerals are also variably used in counting regardless of the thing counted, and classed numerals are used when themselves functioning as nouns.


Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.
Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.
====Questions====
Questions are marked by dipping intonation.


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
====Part-of-speech modifiers====
====Part-of-speech modifiers====
====-aʃ====
====aʃ====
The causative suffix ''-aʃ'' can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.
The causative enclitic ''aʃ'' can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.


====-suʃ====
====-suʃ====
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
SVO or VSO order is most common, but word order is flexible.
SVO order is most common, but word order is flexible and VSO is also common in western Sekhulla.


===Noun and verb phrases===
===Noun and verb phrases===
All modifiers follow their head noun or verb, except aspect-mood particles precede verbs and the demonstrative ''haːl'' precedes nouns. Generally numerators follow adjectives and possessors follow all other modifiers, but otherwise modifier order is flexible.
All modifiers follow their head noun or verb, except aspect-mood particles precede verbs. Generally numerators follow adjectives and possessors follow all other modifiers, but otherwise modifier order is flexible.


===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
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[[Category:Wasc languages]]
[[Category:Wasc languages]]
[[Category:Sekhulla languages]]
[[Category:Sekhulla languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Pollasena]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
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