Koṭärt: Difference between revisions

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(This page is heavily a WIP)

(This page is heavily a WIP, a lot of data here is incorrect and/or inaccurate. Major changes coming soon)

{{Infobox language

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|ancestor3=Archaic Old Koṭärt

|ancestor4=Mainlands Old Koṭärt

|stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect

|stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect (previously)

|dia1=Koṭärt dialect cluster

|dia2=Koṭärt-Western dialect cluster

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Notes:<br>

* Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.

* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are dependent on the speaker. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/

* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are [[w:Free variation|dependent on the speaker]]. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/

* [‌[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]‌] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].

* [‌[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.

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===Vowels===

Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being ~~phonologically~~ different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.

Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonetically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.

All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.

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Notes:<br>

* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different ~~phonological~~ values, depending on a dialect, and even speaker's idiolect ~~(just as certain aforementioned nuances with some consonants)~~, it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].

* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonetic values, depending on a dialect, and even [[w:Free variation|speaker's idiolect]], it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].

* [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], in addition to its role as a phoneme, is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].

* [‌[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]‌] is a stressed allophone of /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/, however some put stress on /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ nonetheless.

* [‌[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.

* If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a [[w:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]], then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a [[w: R-colored vowel|r-colored vowel]].

* Mid vowels except [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], when unstressed, may be raised to [e~ɪ], [o] and [ø~ɵ] after [j].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

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|}

Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning ~~phonologically~~ there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]].

Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonetically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

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==Phonetics==

~~WIP~~

Below is the phonemic analysis of Koṭärt vowels.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|+ Short monophthongs

! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |

! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]]

! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]]

! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]'''

| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]] [[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]

| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]

| [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]]

|-

! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]'''

| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]

|

|-

! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open vowel|Open]]'''

| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]

|

|-

|}

The phonemic vowels of the Koṭärt-Weśte dialect are quite asymmetrical, three front vowels, one central vowel, and one back vowel. Most phonemic vowels are mid, except for /a/ and /æ/. It contrasts very similar sounding /a/, /æ/, and /ə/, although in some dialects /a/ is more back, making it more distinct.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|+ Diphthongs (phonemic values and romanisation)

! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |

! colspan=1|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]

! colspan=1|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]

! colspan=1|[[w:R-colored vowel|Rhotic]]

|-

! rowspan=4 |Closed

|/e̞i̯/ ⟨ei⟩

|/e̞u̯/ ⟨eu⟩

|/e̞ɹ/ ⟨er⟩

|-

|

|/əu̯/ ⟨ëu⟩

|

|-

|/ai̯/ ⟨ai⟩

|/au̯/ ⟨au⟩

|/aɹ/ ⟨ar⟩

|-

|

|/æu̯/ ⟨äu⟩

|

|-

! rowspan=4 |[[Wiktionary:schwebeablaut|Open]]

|/je̞/ ⟨ye⟩

|/we̞/ ⟨we⟩

|/ɹe̞/ ⟨re⟩

|-

|

|/wə/ ⟨wë⟩

|

|-

|/ja/ ⟨ya⟩

|/wa/ ⟨wa⟩

|/ɹa/ ⟨ra⟩

|-

|

|/wæ/ ⟨wä⟩

|

|-

|}

==Phonotactics==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{privatelang}}
-(This page is heavily a WIP)
+(This page is heavily a WIP, a lot of data here is incorrect and/or inaccurate. Major changes coming soon)
 {{Infobox language
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 |ancestor3=Archaic Old Koṭärt
 |ancestor4=Mainlands Old Koṭärt
-|stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect
+|stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect (previously)
 |dia1=Koṭärt dialect cluster
 |dia2=Koṭärt-Western dialect cluster
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 Notes:<br>
 * Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.
-* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are dependent on the speaker. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/
+* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are [[w:Free variation|dependent on the speaker]]. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/
 * [‌[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]‌] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].
 * [‌[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.
@@ Line 167: / Line 167: @@
 ===Vowels===
-Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonologically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.
+Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonetically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.
 All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.
@@ Line 212: / Line 212: @@
 Notes:<br>
-* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonological values, depending on a dialect, and even speaker's idiolect (just as certain aforementioned nuances with some consonants), it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].
+* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonetic values, depending on a dialect, and even [[w:Free variation|speaker's idiolect]], it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].
 * [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], in addition to its role as a phoneme, is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].
 * [‌[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]‌] is a stressed allophone of /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/, however some put stress on /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ nonetheless.
 * [‌[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.
 * If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a [[w:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]], then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a [[w: R-colored vowel|r-colored vowel]].
+* Mid vowels except [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], when unstressed, may be raised to [e~ɪ], [o] and [ø~ɵ] after [j].
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 346: / Line 347: @@
 |}
-Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonologically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]].
+Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonetically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]].
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 368: / Line 369: @@
 ==Phonetics==
-WIP
+Below is the phonemic analysis of Koṭärt vowels.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+|+ Short monophthongs
+! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
+! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
+! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+|-
+! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]'''
+| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]] [[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]
+| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]
+| [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]]
+|-
+! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]'''
+| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]
+|
+|
+|-
+! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open vowel|Open]]'''
+| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
+|
+|
+|-
+|}
+The phonemic vowels of the Koṭärt-Weśte dialect are quite asymmetrical, three front vowels, one central vowel, and one back vowel. Most phonemic vowels are mid, except for /a/ and /æ/. It contrasts very similar sounding /a/, /æ/, and /ə/, although in some dialects /a/ is more back, making it more distinct.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+|+ Diphthongs (phonemic values and romanisation)
+! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
+! colspan=1|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+! colspan=1|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+! colspan=1|[[w:R-colored vowel|Rhotic]]
+|-
+! rowspan=4 |Closed
+|/e̞i̯/ ⟨ei⟩
+|/e̞u̯/ ⟨eu⟩
+|/e̞ɹ/ ⟨er⟩
+|-
+|
+|/əu̯/ ⟨ëu⟩
+|
+|-
+|/ai̯/ ⟨ai⟩
+|/au̯/ ⟨au⟩
+|/aɹ/ ⟨ar⟩
+|-
+|
+|/æu̯/ ⟨äu⟩
+|
+|-
+! rowspan=4 |[[Wiktionary:schwebeablaut|Open]]
+|/je̞/ ⟨ye⟩
+|/we̞/ ⟨we⟩
+|/ɹe̞/ ⟨re⟩
+|-
+|
+|/wə/ ⟨wë⟩
+|
+|-
+|/ja/ ⟨ya⟩
+|/wa/ ⟨wa⟩
+|/ɹa/ ⟨ra⟩
+|-
+|
+|/wæ/ ⟨wä⟩
+|
+|-
+|}
 ==Phonotactics==