Gothevian: Difference between revisions

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[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: East Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]]

[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: East Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]][[Category:Gothevian]]

{{Infobox language

|image = Gothevian Flag.png

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|imagecaption = Flag of the Republic of Gothevia

|name = Gothevian

|nativename = {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|~~Gutšk~~}}

|nativename = {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}

|pronunciation = ɡuʃk

|states = Gothevia

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|familycolor = Indo-European

|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]

|fam3 = [[w:East Germanic languages|~~West~~ Germanic]]

|fam3 = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]

|fam4 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]

|creator = User:Vrianne

|stand1 = Standard Central Gothevian

|dia1 = Central dialects

|dia2 = Eastern dialects

|dia3 = Southern Dialects

|dia4 = Northern dialects

|dia5 = Western Dialects

|dia6 = Pyre Dialects

|script1 = Gthv

|nation = Gothevia

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}}

'''Gothevian''' ('''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}''', '''''gušk''''' [ɡuʃk], formally '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždun gúškun}}''', '''''róždun gúškun''''' [ˈrwɤ̞ʒdun ˈɡuʃkun]) is an [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] language descendant from [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] or a language mutually intelligible with it. Its speakers mainly reside within the borders of [[Gothevia]], though there exist significant Gothevian-speaking communities in [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], and [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]. it is the only surviving member of the East Germanic branch of the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]], though with being a member of [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]], it has evolved to be quite distinct in some aspects of its structure compared to other Germanic languages, with features such as [[w:evidentiality|evidentiality]] and the eradication of the [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]].

Old Gothevian shares most of its features with [[w:Ulfilas|Wulfilan]] Gothic, likely being descendent from dialects mutually intelligible with it. It was written in a descendant of the [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic script]], which modern Gothevian still uses. Gothevian, however, would begin to diverge from Wulfilan Gothic, with the biggest drivers being the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]] and [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]] and [[w:Greek language|Greek]] [[w:Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum|superstrata]].

==Classification==

Gothevian is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] that belongs to the [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] branch of the [[:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. It is the only surviving member of the East Germanic languages, with its closest living relatives being from other Branches of Germanic, such as [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:German language|German]], and [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Within the East Germanic branch, its closest relative is [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]], followed by other East Germanic languages such as [[w:Vandalic language|Vandalic]], [[w:Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]], and likely [[w:Crimean Gothic|Crimean Gothic]].

Due to being located within the core [[w:Balkans|Balkan region]], it has features that set it apart from other Germanic languages. Such features include post-fixed articles, syncretism of locative and directional expressions, a future-tense particle, an inferential mood, among others. Gothevian was also under [[w:Greek language|Greek]] and [[w:South Slavic languages|Slavic]] language influence for most of its history. This influence came with many lexical borrowings, but also several grammatical influences, such as the retention of a synthetic [[w:Modern_Greek_grammar#Grammatical_voice|passive voice]] and creation of a synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]].

==History==

The history of Gothevian can be divided into several periods.

* '''The Migratory period''' (6th-8th century)...

* '''Old Gothevian''' (9th–12th century)...

* '''Middle Gothevian''' (13th–16th century)...

* '''Modern Gothevian''' (17th century–present)...

==Etymology==

The exonym "Gothevian" is a [[w:Medieval Latin|Latinized borrowing]] of the [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] term "Γότθευικος" (Góttheuikos), itself a variant of older "Γότθευδικος" (Góttheudikos), a borrowing from "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃" (gutþiudisks), from "[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰|𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰]]" (gutþiuda) + "[[wikt:-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃|-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃]]" (-isks), thus meaning "of the Goths". The endonym {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}} (gušk) is a cognate of the Latin exonym, being a simplification of earlier {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsišk}} (gútsišk), from Old Gothevian {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsiudišk}} (gutþiudisk).

==Phonology==

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! style="vertical-align:middle;" |

! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]

! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]

! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|- style="vertical-align:middle;"

! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]

| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]

| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]

|- style="vertical-align:middle;"

! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:mid vowel|Mid]]

| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]]

| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|o]]

|- style="vertical-align:middle;"

! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]

|

| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]

|

|}

* Gothevian lacks a phonemic length distinction, but vowels in stressed syllables may allophonically be slightly lengthened.

* Mid vowels /e, o/ are mostly [[w:mid vowel|true-mid]] [e̞, o̞]. They may be allophonically pronounced closer to open-mid [e, o] in the vicinity of open vowels /i, u/, or closer to open-mid [ɛ, ɔ] in the vicinity of central vowels /a, ɨ/.

* /o/ consistently unrounds to [ɤ̞] when near [w]. This behavior rarely applies to /u/ however.

* The open vowel /a/ is [[w:Central vowel|true-central]] [ä].

* The non-open central vowel (notated here on out as /ɨ/) takes on a couple of realizations. In stressed positions it is commonly [ɨ]. In unstressed positions it is either also [ɨ], [ə], or, particularly in eastern and far-western dialects, [ɐ].

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! colspan="2" |

! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]

! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]

! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]

|-

! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]

| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]

|

|-

! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]

! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]

| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]

| [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]

| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]

| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]

| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]

| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]

| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]

| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]

|-

! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]

| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]

| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]

| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]

| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]~[[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]

| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]

| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]

|

|-

! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]

|

| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]

|

|-

! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]

|

| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]

| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]

| ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]])

|}

* /p, t, k/ are unaspirated [p, t, k].

* /s, z/ are denti-alveolar [s̟, z̟].

* /v/ may be a true fricative [v] or an approximant [ʋ].

* /r/ may be pronounced as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ]. The trilled pronunciation is commonplace when it is followed by a glide, such as in ⟨[[Contionary:róždy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždy}}]]⟩ [ˈ'''r'''wɤ̞ʒdə ~ ˈ'''r'''ʷɤ̞ʒdə].

* In eastern dialects, /l/ is velarized [ɫ].

* Consonant-Glide clusters /Cj, Cw/ may coalesce into a palatalized/labialized consonant /Cʲ, Cʷ/.

* [w] is an allophone of /v/ when directly preceded or followed by a consonant. Compare ⟨[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]⟩ ['''v'''o̞ʃ] and ⟨[[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]]⟩ [ʃ'''w'''ɤ̞ʃ ~ ʃ'''ʷ'''ɤ̞ʃ].

===Stress===

===Historical evolution===

====From Classical Gothic to Pre-Gothevian====

* /ɸ/ shifts to /θ/ before a coronal consonant.

*: Got. {{l|got|flōdus}} /ˈfloː.ðus/ → P-G ''þlṓdus ~ þlōþs'' /ˈθloː.ðus ~ θloːθs/ ("river")

*: Got. {{l|got|*lifnan}} /ˈlif.nan/ → P-G ''*líþnan'' /ˈliθ.nan/ ("to leave")

*: Got. {{l|got|afta}} /ˈaɸ.ta/ → P-G ''*áþta'' /ˈaθ.ta/ ("behind")

* /h/, /w/ fortify into /k/, /p/ before /l/, /r/.

*: Got. {{l|got|wlits}} /wlits/ → P-G ''plits'' /plits/ ("face")

*: Got. {{l|got|hrōþs}} /hroːθs/ → P-G ''krōþs'' /kroːθs/ ("glory")

* /β/ merges into /w/ intervocalically.

*: Got. {{l|got|gabei}} /ˈɡa.βiː/ → P-G ''gáwɛi(n)'' /ˈɡa.wiː(n)/ ("wealth")

* /β/, /ɣ/ merge into /w/ before /m/.

*: Got. ''*sib(u)m'' /ˈsi.β(u)m/ → P-G ''siwm'' /siwm/ ("seven")

====From Pre-Gothevian to Old Gothevian====

* /t, d/, /k, ɡ/ palatalize to /c/, /ɟ/ respectively before /i(ː)/, /eː/, /j/. /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/ are unaffected.

*: P-G ''tɛíhan'' /ˈtiː.han/ → OG ''cɛíhan'' /ˈciː.han/ ("to show")

*: P-G ''gílþa'' /ˈɡil.θa/ → early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ ("sickle")

* /ɣ/ is elided intervocalically or in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, without compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel.

*: P-G ''*ígil'' /ˈi.ɣil/ → OG ''íǥil, íil'' /ˈi.il ~ iːl/ ("hedgehog")

*: P-G ''rign'' /riɣn/ → OG ''rin'' /rin/ ("rain")

* /ɣr/, /rɣ/ coalesce into /ɣː/.

*: P-G ''baírgan'' /ˈbɛr.ɣan/ → OG ''bɛ́ǥǥan'' /ˈbɛɣ.ɣan/ ("to keep")

* /ɸ/, /β/ develop into /f/, /v/.

* /l/ is elided in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short.

*: early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ → OG ''đɛíþa'' /ˈɟiː.θa/ ("sickle")

* /h/ is elided in syllable codas, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. If /h/ is followed by a consonant, then that consonant is geminated too.

*: P-G ''módah'' /ˈmoː.dah/ → OG ''módah, módaa'' /ˈmoː.daː/ ("angry")

*: P-G ''naht'' /naht/ → OG ''nahtt, naatt'' /naːtt/ ("night")

* /ɟː/ causes nearby non-front vowels /a(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/, /oː/, /u(ː)/ to front into /ɛ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. Non-geminate /ɟ/ does not trigger this shift.

*: P-G ''wadj'' /waɟɟ/ → OG ''wɛdj'' /wɛɟɟ/ ("wall")

* /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/, /ʍ/ cause nearby unrounded vowels /a(ː)/, /ɛ(ː)/, /eː/, /i(ː)/ to round into /ɔ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/.

*: P-G ''qen'' /kʷeːn/ → OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ ("woman")

====From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian====

* /θ/, /ð/ fortify to /t/, /d/ when directly followed by another consonant that is not a glide or a plosive.

*: OG ''þrɛi'' /θri(ː)/ → early MG ''trɛi'' /tri(ː)/ ("three")

*: OG ''þloþ'' /θloːθ/ → early MG ''tloþ'' /tloːθ/ ("river")

* One of /θ, ð/, /s, z/ retracts to /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, triggering a chain shift that causes the second to also retract.

*: OG ''síwþan'' /ˈsiw.θan/ → MG ''šíwsan'' /ˈʃiw.sɨn/ ("to boil")

*: OG ''seþ'' /seːθ/ → early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ ("seed")

*: OG ''raz'' /raz/ → MG ''raž'' /raʒ/ ("house")

* /ŋk, ŋɡ/, /ŋkʷ, ŋɡʷ/ coalesce into /nː/, /wː/ respectively.

*: OG ''drínkan'' /ˈdriŋ.kan/ → early MG ''drínnan'' /ˈdrin.nan/ ("to drink")

*: OG ''síngwan'' /ˈsiŋ.ɡʷan/ → early MG ''šíwwan'' /ˈʃiw.wan/ ("to sing")

* /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/ lose their labialization and merge with /k/, /ɡ/, /h/.

*: OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ → early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ ("woman")

*: OG ''ƕass'' /ʍɔss/ → early MG ''ƕašš'' /hɔʃʃ/ ("sharp")

* /ɣ/, /w/ are elided before back vowels /u(ː)/, /oː/.

*: OG ''wulkán'' /wul.ˈkan/ → MG ''ulkán'' /ul.ˈkan/ ("volcano")

* Geminate consonants lose their gemination.

* /œ/, /y/ merge into /ɨ~ə/. Unstressed /a/ also develops into /ɨ~ə/. Other short unstressed vowels may also sporadically develop into /ɨ~ə/.

*: OG ''smýrna'' /ˈsmyr.na/ → MG ''šmýrna, šmýrny'' /ˈʃmɨr.nə/ ("myrrh")

* Vowels preceding a nasal consonant coalesce into a long nasalized vowel if followed by a fricative or a liquid. These nasalized vowels lose their nasalization shortly after. /ẽː/, /ø̃ː/, /õː/ develop into /aː/ during this process.

*: OG ''swinþ'' /swinθ/ → early MG ''šwins, *šwɛis'' /ʃwiːs/ ("strong")

*: late OG ''ξanθ'' /skanθ ~ ksanθ/ → early MG ''ξanθ, ξanþ'' /ʃkaːs/ ("blond")

* /iː, eː/, /yː, øː/, /uː, oː/ develop into /je̞/, /we̞/, /wo̞/ respectively.

*: early MG ''fimf'' /fiːf/ → MG ''fimf, fɛif'' /fjef/ ("five")

*: early MG ''dówẅa'' /ˈduː.a/ → MG ''dow, *do'' /dwo/ ("dove; bird")

*: early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ → MG ''qen'' /kwen/ ("woman")

*: early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ → MG ''šes'' /ʃjes/ ("seed")

*: early MG ''bóka'' /ˈboː.ka/ → MG ''bóka'' /ˈbwo.kɨ/ ("book")

* /ɛː/, /œː/, /ɔː/, /aː/ develop into /ja/, /wɨ~wə/, /wa/, /a/ respectively.

*: early MG ''klaif'' /klɛːf/ → MG ''klaif'' /kljaf/ ("bread")

*: early MG ''qain'' /kœːn/ → MG ''qain'' /kwɨn/ ("wail")

*: early MG ''šawjl'' /ʃɔːjl/ → MG ''šawjl'' /ʃwajl/ ("sun")

*: early MG ''ahš, aašš'' /aːʃʃ/ → MG ''aašš, ašš'' /aʃ/ ("hand, ear of corn")

* /iu̯/ merges into /wɨ/.

*: early MG ''niwm'' /niu̯m/ → MG ''niwm'' /nwɨm/ ("nine")

*: early MG ''biwž'' /biu̯ʒ/ → MG ''biwž'' /bwɨʒ/ ("beer")

* /ɛ/, /ɔ/ develop into /e̞/, /o̞/.

* /tj, kj, cj/, /dj, ɡj, ɟj/, /sj, zj/, /wj, jw/ coalesce into /c/, /ɟ/, /ʃ, ʒ/, /j, w/.

*: MG ''twai'' /twja/ → late MG ''twai, cai, cwai'' /ca/ ("two")

*: MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /wje.siʃk/ → late MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /je.siʃk/ ("Macedonian Slav")

====From Middle Gothevian to Modern Gothevian====

* /h/ is completely lost.

* /c/, /ɟ/ affricate to /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/.

*: early mod. Gthv ''đíštry'' /ˈɟiʃt.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:đíštry|đíštry]]'' /ˈd͡ʒiʃt.rɨ/ ("tomorrow")

*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.cɨ.rɨ/ → early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")

* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ de-affricate in unstressed and/or coda positions.

*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:mécyry|mécyry]]'' /ˈmje.ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")

*: early mod. Gthv ''kácky'' /ˈkat͡ʃ.kɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:kácky|kácky]]'' /ˈkaʃ.kɨ/ ("spoon")

* /sc/, /ʃc/ develop into /st/, /ʃt/.

*: early mod. Gthv ''šcányn'' /ʃca.nɨn/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:šcányn|šcányn]]'' /ʃta.nɨn/ ("to shine")

* /w/, /ɣ/ merge into /v/, except when within a consonant cluster, then they merge into /w/.

* Final fricatives devoice.

==Orthography==

Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}}⟩ (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}}⟩ ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).

The modern Gothevian script contains 31 letters in common use. Most letters are mapped to a single phoneme, with a few others mapped onto more than one phoneme but in regular and predictable contexts.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! Letter

! Translit.

! Name

! IPA

! Source

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|a}}

| a

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áfy}} (áfy)

| /a/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌰]] (a)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|b}}

| b

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|béty}} (béty)

| /b/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌱]] (b)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|g}}

| g

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gámy}} (gámy)

| /ɡ/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌲]] (g)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d}}

| d

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|déty}} (déty)

| /d/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌳]] (d)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}}

| ɛ

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ècy}} (ɛ́cy)

| /e/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌴]] (ē)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}

| q

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qèrsy}} (qɛ́rsy)

| /k/1

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌵]] (q)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ž}}

| ž

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žéty}} (žéty)

| /ʒ/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌶]] (z)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}

| z

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zéty}} (zéty)

| /z/

| Cyrillic [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З]] (z)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}

| e

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éty}} (éty)

| /je/

| Greek [[w:Eta|Η]] (ē)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}

| đ

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đèty}} (đɛ́ty)

| /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/2

| see below

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|h}}

| h

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hály}} (hály)

| /Ø/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌷]] (h)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}

| s

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|séty}} (séty)

| /s/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌸]] (þ)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}

| i

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöty}} (íöty)

| /i/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌹]] (i)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|k}}

| k

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kápy}} (kápy)

| /k/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌺]] (k)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|l}}

| l

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|léty}} (léty)

| /l/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌻]] (l)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}

| m

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mvɛ}} (mvɛ)

| /m/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌼]] (m)

|}

</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! Letter

! Translit.

! Name

! IPA

! Source

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}

| n

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nvɛ}} (nvɛ)

| /n/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌽]] (n)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|j}}

| j

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éry}} (éry)

| /j/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌾]] (j)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}

| ɔ

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|òmy}} (ɔ́my)

| /o/

| Greek or Cyrillic [[w:Omicron|Ο]] (o)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|u}}

| u

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|úry}} (úry)

| /u/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌿]] (u)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|p}}

| p

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pe}} (pe)

| /p/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍀]] (p)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|r}}

| r

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ro}} (ro)

| /r/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍂]] (r)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}

| š

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šíwmy}} (šíwmy)

| /ʃ/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍃]] (s)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}}

| t

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|taw}} (taw)

| /t/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍄]] (t)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}

| y

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ýcy}} (ýcy)

| /ɨ/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍅]] (w)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v}}

| v

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vècy}} (vɛ́cy)

| /v~w/

| derived from {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} (y)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|f}}

| f

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|fe}} (fe)

| /f/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍆]] (f)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|x}}

| x

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|xe}} (xe)

| /x/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍇]] (x)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}

| ƕ

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaíry}} (ƕaíry)

| /Ø/1

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍈]] (ƕ)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}

| c

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cèty}} (cɛ́ty)

| /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/2

| see below

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}

| o

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ómy}} (ómy)

| /vo~wo/

| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍉]] (ō)

|}

</div>

# Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry are pronounced identically to kápy and hály respectively but alter the pronunciation of the following vowel ([[#Digraphs_and_Trigraphs|see below]]).

# Đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty are pronounced as /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ in unstressed and/or coda positions.

Apart from zéty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}⟩, éty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}⟩, ɔ́my ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}⟩, and cɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}⟩, all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:

# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ⟨ϭ⟩ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ⟨ϯ⟩. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ⟨ϫ⟩, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.

# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ⟨ц⟩ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ⟨ч⟩ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ⟨ꙉ⟩ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] ⟨ь~ъ⟩.

# A popular yet unsupported theory proposes [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] [[wikt:𐍁|𐍁]] (90) based wholly on its similar form. This comes with a host of unexplained inconsistencies, such as its sudden shift in alphabetical and numeric order, and its missing usage as a numeral. Others point to [[wikt:𐍊|𐍊]] (900) as another Gothic source, but those are even less supported and outright rejected.

# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}}⟩ (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.

# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ⟨ծ⟩ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ⟨ճ⟩ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ⟨չ⟩ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ⟨ջ⟩ for đɛ́ty.

===Digraphs and letter combinations===

Additionally, Gothevian contains several letter combinations that have phonetic values different from those of their single components. These include vocalic digraphs from historic long vowels and consonants that modify certain vowels.

Vocalic diphthongs take the form ⟨'''{{abbtip|vowel - glide/approximant|VG}}'''⟩ and phonetically represent /'''{{abbtip|glide/approximant - vowel|GV}}'''/ sequences. Most of these formerly represented long vowels /Vː/ which had later broken up into their current forms.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! Letter

! Translit.

! IPA

! IPA (hist.)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}

| ai

| /ja/

| /ɛː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}

| aw

| /va~wa/

| /ɔː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}

| ɛi

| /je/

| /iː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iw}}

| iw

| /vɨ~wɨ/

| /iu̯/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ow}}

| ow

| ''deprecated''

| /uː/

|}

The letters qɛ́rsy ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}⟩ and ƕaíry ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}⟩ can also alter the pronunciation of certain vowels when directly preceding them. Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry formerly represented labialized consonants /kʷ, ʍ/ and as such triggered the rounding of unrounded vowels, causing them to diverge from their unaffected counterparts.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! Letter

! Translit.

! IPA

! IPA (hist.)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qa}}

| qa

| /kwa/

| /k(ʷ)ɔː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qai}}

| qai

| /kwɨ/

| /k(ʷ)œː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛ}}

| qɛ

| /kɨ/

| /k(ʷ)œ/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛi}}

| qɛi

| rowspan="2" | /kwe/

| /k(ʷ)yː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qe}}

| qe

| /k(ʷ)øː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qi}}

| qi

| /kɨ/

| /k(ʷ)y/

|}

</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! Letter

! Translit.

! IPA

! IPA (hist.)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕa}}

| ƕa

| /va~wa/

| /h(ʷ)ɔː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕai}}

| ƕai

| /vɨ~wɨ/

| /h(ʷ)œː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛ}}

| ƕɛ

| /ɨ/

| /h(ʷ)œ/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛi}}

| ƕɛi

| rowspan="2" | /ve~we/

| /h(ʷ)yː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}

| ƕe

| /h(ʷ)øː/

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕi}}

| ƕi

| /ɨ/

| /h(ʷ)y/

|}

</div>

===Obsolete letters===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! Letter

! Translit.

! Name

! IPA

! Source

! Replaced by

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ}}

| θ

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θéty}} (θéty)

| /t, s/

| Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] (th)

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}} (t), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} (s)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξ}}

| ξ

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξe}} (ξe)

| /kʃ, ʃk, ks/

| Greek [[w:Xi|ξ]] (x)

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kš}} (kš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šk}} (šk), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ks}} (ks)

|-

! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψ}}

| ψ

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψe}} (ψe)

| /pʃ, ʃp, ps/

| Greek [[w:Psi|ψ]] (ps)

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pš}} (pš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šp}} (šp), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ps}} (ps)

|}

===History===

By the time of the first standardization of the Gothevian script based on the [[w:Stobi|Štoven]] Dialect, influence from literary Greek had taken its course on vowel glyphs. {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}} would be remapped onto short ''e'', with ''ē'' becoming represented by {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} taken from Greek [[w:eta|eta]] (η). A similar system came about for the mid-back vowels, using native {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} for ''ō'', due to the perceived similarity of its written form to Greek [[w:omega|omega]] (ω), and Hellenic {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}} for ''o''. Other long vowels would become disambiguated using the digraphs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi, ow, ai, aw,}} and rarely {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aa}} for ''ī, ū, ɛ̄, ɔ̄,'' and ''ā'' respectively. A monotonic system would also be adopted, with vowels in stressed syllables gaining an [[w:Acute accent|acute]] (◌́) and vowels in [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]] gaining a [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] (◌̈). {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}} (th, ks, ps) would also begin their usage during this period.

...

==Grammar==

===Syntax===

The predominant word order in Gothevian is [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO), but in practice, word order exhibits a high degree of flexibility without much ambiguity.

====General features====

Adjectives commonly precede the noun.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''

They can however follow the noun when marked for emphasis.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘that ''leather'' book’'''

Although not present in the standard variety, a common feature of southern dialects is placing all adjectives ''after'' the noun.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''

Possessors commonly follow the noun.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}}''' — '''‘my book’'''

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Myxaílen}}''' — '''‘Mykhail’s book’'''

For pronominal emphasis however, a genitive phrase with a dative pronoun is used.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bókun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}}''' — '''‘the book of me’'''

Possessors are allowed to go before the noun for poetic license without any loss of meaning.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šcánijus}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}-{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dáprun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uf}}''' — '''‘overshone, our bravery’'''

Subject pronouns are normally [[w:pro-drop language|dropped]], as they can be inferred from verbal endings.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘I saw’'''

Though they can be included to emphasize the subject.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘''I'' saw’'''

Verbs go before participles in compound tenses.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšynɔvis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|túklivyn}}''' — '''‘he was arrested [reportedly]’'''

===Morphology===

Gothevian is a largely [[w:synthetic language|synthetic language]], in some aspects more so than others. However, it also heavily displays [[w:analytic language|analytic]] features. Nominal declension was heavily reduced, while verbal conjugation was expanded upon. Most of these innovations were due to the Balkan sprachbund, among them are:

* Lack of an infinitive. Contexts where English would use an infinitive are typically formed with either [[w:Finite verb|finite forms]] or participles.

* Innovation of a post-fixed declining article. The [[w:Gothic_declension#The_weak_declension|weak adjective declension]] was re-analyzed and spread to nouns via the old [[w:Gothic_declension#Weak_noun_declensions_(n-stems)|n-stem declensions]].

* Syncretism of the dative and genitive cases. Particles are used to form distinct dative and genitive constructions.

* reshaped and expanded compound tenses. The future and perfect tenses were reshaped to be more in line with those of their neighbors. A synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]] was later analogically innovated, and analytic [[w:evidentiality|evidential forms]] later followed.

* Loss of synthetic comparative and superlative forms. The original method of deriving degrees of comparison using suffixation fell out of use in favor of analytic preposed markers.

===Nominals===

====Nouns====

Gothevian nouns decline for two cases ([[w:direct case|direct]], [[w:dative case|dative]]), three genders ([[w:Grammatical gender|masculine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|feminine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|neuter]]), two numbers ([[w:Grammatical number|singular]], [[w:Grammatical number|plural]]), and two states ([[w:definiteness|indefinite]], [[w:definiteness|definite]]). The original Gothic four cases in nouns synchronized into two cases (nominative-accusative → direct; dative-genitive → dative), and the six strong declensions levelled into three declension, largely correlating with the three genders. The weak declensions were re-analyzed as indicating definiteness and were subsequently joined with the indefinite strong declensions.

=====Masculine declension=====

This declension is completely made up of masculine nouns. It came about from a merger of nearly all of the Gothic strong declensions except for the [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]], which is the predecessor to the feminine declension.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"

|-

! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''

! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:šal|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}]] (''šal'', "room")

! rowspan="5" |

! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:klaif|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}]] (''klaif'', "bread")

! rowspan="5" |

! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:ško|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}]] (''ško'', "shoe")

|-

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural

! colspan="2" | singular

! colspan="2" | plural

! colspan="2" | singular

! colspan="2" | plural

|-

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

|- style="font-weight:normal;"

! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct

| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}} ''šal''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šályn''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šalš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šálaš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}} ''klaif''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''klaívyn''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''klaifš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''klaívaš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}} ''ško''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿn}} ''škóÿn''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škoš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''škóäš''

|- style="font-weight:normal;"

! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative

| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šályš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šále''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šálen''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''klaívyš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''klaíve''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''klaíven''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿš}} ''škóÿš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ë}} ''škóë''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''škóën''

|}

=====Feminine declension=====

This declension is completely made up of feminine nouns. It evolved directly from the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]]. As such, all feminine nouns that originally belonged to the -ō declension alongside later-derived nouns end with {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y ← -a). All [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ōn_declension|-ōn declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ein_declension|-ein declension]] nouns later transitioned into Gothevian feminine declension nouns, gaining the {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y) ending as well. A small subset of feminine nouns however lacks the ending.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"

|-

! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''

! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:bóky|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}]] (''bóky'', "book")

! rowspan="5" |

! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:as|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}]] (''as'', "age")

! rowspan="5" |

! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:do|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}]] (''do'', "bird")

|-

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural

! colspan="2" | singular

! colspan="2" | plural

! colspan="2" | singular

! colspan="2" | plural

|-

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

|- style="font-weight:normal;"

! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct

| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} ''bóky''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bókun''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bok}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''bokš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bókaš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}} ''as''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''ázun''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''ázyš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''ázaš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}} ''do''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ün}} ''dóün''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''doš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''dóäš''

|- style="font-weight:normal;"

! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative

| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''bókuš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bóko''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bóken''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''ázuš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''ázo''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''ázen''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|üš}} ''dóüš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ö}} ''dóö''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''dóën''

|}

======Anomalous feminine declension======

A closed class of feminine nouns declines according to the masculine declension instead of the feminine declension. This is the result of the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-i_declension|-i declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-jō_declension|-jō declension]] ultimately merging into the Gothevian masculine declension, with the feminine nouns of those declensions adopting the same endings.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"

|-

! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''

! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:qen|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}]] (''qen'', "woman")

! rowspan="5" |

! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šɛs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}]] (''šɛs'', "seed")

! rowspan="5" |

! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:škaft|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}]] (''škaft'', "animal")

|-

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural

! colspan="2" | singular

! colspan="2" | plural

! colspan="2" | singular

! colspan="2" | plural

|-

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

|- style="font-weight:normal;"

! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct

| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}} ''qen''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''qényn''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''qenš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''qénaš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}} ''šɛs''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šɛ́zyn''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šɛ́zaš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}} ''škaft''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''škáftyn''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škaftš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''škáftaš''

|- style="font-weight:normal;"

! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative

| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''qényš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''qéne''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''qénen''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šɛ́ze''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šɛ́zen''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''škáftyš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''škáfte''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''škáften''

|}

=====Neuter declension=====

This declension is completely made up of neuter nouns. It evolved directly from the neuter [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-a_declension|-a declension]], [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ja_declension|-ja declension]], and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-u_declension|-u declension]]. It mirrors the masculine declension in the indefinite singular, but mirrors the feminine indefinite singular direct and plural dative in its indefinite plurals. It also mirrors the feminine declension in the definite singular.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"

|-

! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''

! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:hairt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}}]] (''hairt'', "heart")

! rowspan="5" |

! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:biwš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}}]] (''biwš'', "beer")

! rowspan="5" |

! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:raš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}}]] (''raš'', "house")

|-

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural

! colspan="2" | singular

! colspan="2" | plural

! colspan="2" | singular

! colspan="2" | plural

|-

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

! indefinite

! definite

|- style="font-weight:normal;"

! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct

| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}} ''hairt''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''haírtun''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''haírty''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''haírtaš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}} ''biwš''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bíwžun''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=bíwž|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''bíwžy''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bíwžaš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}} ''raš''

| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''rážun''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''rážy''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''rážaš''

|- style="font-weight:normal;"

! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative

| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''haírtyš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''haírto''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''haírten''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''bíwžyš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bíwžo''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bíwžen''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''rážyš''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''rážo''

| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''rážen''

|}

====Adjectives====

====Pronouns====

=====Personal pronouns=====

{| class="wikitable"

|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"

! number

! colspan="2" | person

! nominative

! accusative (long)

! dative (long)

! acc./dat./poss. (short)

|-

! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | singular

! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first

| [[Contionary:ci|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}}]] ''ci''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mic}} ''mic''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}} ''min''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}} ''my''

|-

! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second

| [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]] ''so''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|suk}} ''suk''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sun}} ''sun''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sy}} ''sy''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine

| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ša|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ša}}]] ''ša''

| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šic}} ''šic''

| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šin}} ''šin''

| rowspan="3" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šy}} ''šy''

|-

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter

|-

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine

| colspan="2" | [[Contionary:šo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}}]] ''šo''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛj}} ''šɛj''

|-

! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | plural

! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first

| [[Contionary:ɛiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}}]] ''ɛiš''

| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}} ''oš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''o''

|-

! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second

| [[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]] ''oš''

| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''ɛiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}} ''ɛi''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine

| colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šai}}]] ''šai''

|-

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter

| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | [[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]] ''šoš''

| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}} ''šo''

|-

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine

|}

=====Demonstrative and relative pronouns=====

{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"

|-

! number

! gender

! proximal (''this'')

! distal (''that'')

|-

! rowspan="3" | singular

! masculine

| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:iš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}}]] ''iš''

| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:ai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}]] ''ai''

|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter

|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine

| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}}]] ''ížy''

| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíny}}]] ''aíny''

|-

! rowspan="3" | plural

! masculine

|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter

| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížo}}]] ''ížo''

| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíno|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíno}}]] ''aíno''

|-

! feminine

|}

=====Interrogative pronouns=====

{| class="wikitable"

|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"

! gender

! personal (''who'')

! possessive (''whose'')

! for quality (''what; what kind'')

! for quantity (''how much; how many'')

! for size (''how big'')

! for place/source (''where; from where'')

! for destination (''where to'')

! for manner (''why'')

! for manner (''how'')

! for time (''when'')

|-

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine

| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔn}}]] ''ƕɔn''

| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕiš}}]] ''ƕiš''

| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔr|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔr}}]] ''ƕɔr''

| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕaf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaf}}]] ''ƕaf''

| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕel|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕel}}]] ''ƕel''

| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] ''ƕɔrs''

| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔt}}]] ''ƕɔt''

| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕe|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}]] ''ƕe''

| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] ''ƕɔm''

| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔmán|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔmán}}]] ''ƕɔmán''

|-

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter

|-

! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine

| [[Contionary:ƕin|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕin}}]] ''ƕin''

| [[Contionary:ƕòry|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòry}}]] ''ƕɔ́ry''

| [[Contionary:ƕávy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕávy}}]] ''ƕávy''

| [[Contionary:ƕély|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕély}}]] ''ƕély''

| [[Contionary:ƕòrzy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòrzy}}]] ''ƕɔ́rzy''

| [[Contionary:ƕòty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòty}}]] ''ƕɔ́ty''

|}

=====Indefinite pronouns=====

===Prepositions and particles===

====Particles====

Gothevian employs the use of particles for various purposes.

=====Function particles=====

Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles.

'''[[Contionary:dy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dy}}]] (dy, "dative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to mark it as an [[wikt:indirect object|indirect object]] of a verb.

* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gycáhiva}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ášto}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cánty my}} — ‘I showed my bag '''to Ášty'''’

'''[[Contionary:zy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}]] (zy, "possessive/partitive particle")''' — Placed before a noun to express [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]], origin, or [[w:Partitive|partitivity]], or [[w:Compound (linguistics)|attributively]] in relation to the noun preceding it.

* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš i}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|katt}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Somáë}}''' — ‘that is '''Somá’s cat'''’

'''[[Contionary:vy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}]] (vy, "interrogative particle")''' — Placed after the main verb to form a [[w:Yes/no question|yes–no question]].

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''have you drunk''' water'''?'''’

'''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ suk!}} — ‘'''I don’t like''' you!’

* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš'ƕɔn qízɛis jy,}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''the not-strong'''?’

'''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]].

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfe}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''O Ázlyf'''! Come here!’

'''[[Contionary:ɛísy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}]] (ɛísy, "optative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express wish, hope, or desire. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaílaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I wish to travel''' around Europe’

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕail}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I want to travel''' around Europe’

'''[[Contionary:ma|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}]] (ma, "dynamic particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express ability. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express permission.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kawš}}''' — ‘'''I can try'''’

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|káwšaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy?}} — ‘'''may I try'''?’

'''[[Contionary:á|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}]] (á, "hortative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to form a [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''it'd be better if you sleep''', you look tired’

'''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žóvvivny}}''' — ‘'''I heard she used to like to draw'''’

'''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''you have to leave'''!’

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándaiš}}''' — ‘'''you probably should leave'''’

'''[[Contionary:aw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}]] (aw, "desiderative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express desire towards the verb. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m'ai búđaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I would love to be able to buy''' the camera’

* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|buđ}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I want to buy''' the camera’

=====Discourse particles=====

Discourse particles in Gothevian are contextual, optional particles used to highlight the mood or the attitude of the speaker or to highlight the sentence's focus. These particles are mainly present in spoken, informal standard Gothevian or throughout its many dialects. In formal, written contexts, they are mostly seen as unprofessional. Below are some discourse particles.

'''[[Contionary:jy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jy}}]] (jy)''' — Used as a general intensifying particle.

* ...

'''[[Contionary:ɛi|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}]] (ɛi)''' — Used to indicate that the utterance happened as a consequence to an earlier even or action.

* ...

'''[[Contionary:nušt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nušt}}]] (nušt)''' — Used to indicate something is being offered to the listener.

* ...

'''[[Contionary:níjy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|níjy}}]] (níjy)''' — Used to intensify a negative or opposing utterance. Also used before nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs for stronger negation.

* ...

'''[[Contionary:aš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}]] (aš)''' — Used to intensify imperatives.

* ...

'''[[Contionary:dɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ}}]] (dɛ)''' — Used as indicate haste or urgency. Also used to indicate the speaker is in a state of haste, or in a state of anger or hatred towards the listener or a third party.

* ...

'''[[Contionary:mis|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mis}}]] (mis)''' — Used to intensify adjectives and adverbs.

* ...

'''[[Contionary:hax|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hax}}]] (hax)''' — Used as a indicate a sudden shift or deviation of topic.

* ...

'''[[Contionary:áđby|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}}]] (áđby)''' — Used to indicate that the speaker has been ignorant of newly-provided information or fact.

* ...

'''[[Contionary:ɛx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛx}}]] (ɛx)''' — Used to indicate dissatisfaction or disgust.

* ...

'''[[Contionary:óšy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óšy}}]] (óšy)''' — Used to add a sense indeterminateness to interrogative pronouns or to add a sense greater indeterminateness to indefinite pronouns. Also used insultingly to add a sense of diminutivity.

* ...

'''[[Contionary:bɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bɛ}}]] (bɛ)''' — Used to indicate frustration or anger.

* ...

=====Lexical particles=====

====Prepositions====

===Verbs===

Gothevian lost many of the complex verbal conjugations it inherited from [[w:Gothic verbs|Gothic]], such as [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms, the old passive conjugation, and [[w:Germanic strong verb|strong verb classes]]. Nevertheless, Gothevian verb conjugation is the most complex out of any surviving Germanic language, due to the acquisition of an [[w:aorist|aorist]], a new synthetic passive, and other analytic moods such as the [[w:Inferential mood|inferential]] and [[w:Conditional mood|conditional]] moods.

====Irregular stems====

Irregular verbs in Gothevian are verbs whose stems either slightly alter or completely change across the paradigm. These changes mostly occur across tense-aspect-mood forms, but two verbs (''to have, to be'') also alter their stems depending on person.

While most strong verbs would regularize by applying one form throughout the whole paradigm, some common verbs would retain reduced stem vowel alternation in their "past" (''imperfect and aorist'') conjugations. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ícyn}} (ícyn, "to eat") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éc-}}, éc-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qízyn}} (qízyn, "to talk") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòz-}}, qɔ́z-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qímyn}} (qímyn, "to come") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòm-}}, qɔ́m-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ályn}} (ályn, "to grow") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ól-}}, ól-).

Another source of irregular verbs are Gothic [[w:Gothic_verbs#Irregular_weak_verbs|weak irregular verbs]] that have also resisted full regularization. Instead, these verbs underwent partial regularization, by reforming the present stems with the consonantism of the past stem (which mostly would have followed a ''CV̄̆ht-'' pattern) and the vocalism of the present stem, thus in a way appearing to mimic the previous class of irregular verbs. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sútyn}} (sútyn, "to seem") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sót-}}, sót-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bútyn}} (bútyn, "to buy") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|báwt-}}, báwt-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vòtyn}} (vɔ́tyn, "to make") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vát-}}, vát-), alongside the verb {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drítyn}} (drítyn, "to drink") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drɛít-}}, drɛít-).

The last category of irregular verbs, specifically the two verbs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} (ain, "to have") and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn}} (víšyn, "to be") use multiple different stems throughout their paradigm ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aí-, á-, aíc-}}; {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v-, š-, ší-}}).

====Synthetic forms====

Approximately one third of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are synthetic, meaning they indicate grammatical information via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|bound affixation]] rather than by [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound morphemes]]. With the exception of participles and the aorist, synthetic forms all represent direct evolutions from old Gothic conjugations.

=====Participles=====

Gothevian verbs have five participles based on aspect and voice, declining for 2 gender categories (''masculine-neuter, feminine'').

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="text-align:left;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [[Contionary:šócyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócyn}}]] ''(šócyn, "to see")''

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! present active participle

! present passive participle

! imperfect active participle

! imperfect passive participle

! aorist participle

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | masculine (+ neuter)

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šócyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šócynyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''šócis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔs}} ''šócinɔs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''šócivyn''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | feminine

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}} ''šócny''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyny}} ''šócnyny''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''šócizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔzy}} ''šócinɔzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivny}} ''šócivny''

|}

=====Present=====

The present tense is used for:

* Events happening in the present,

* Current states of being,

* Facts that are always true.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|+ Present Indicative

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''

! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''gaf''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''ɛ́ö''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''ai''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''avn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''im''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šin''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''gávɛiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''gávyniš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈iš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''ɛ́öniš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''aiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''avniš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''iš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šiniš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''gávɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''gávynis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈is''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''ɛ́önis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''ais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''avnis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''i''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šinis''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''gávym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''gávynym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''ɛ́öm''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''ɛ́önym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''aim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''avnym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šam''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šinym''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''gávyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''gávynyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ɛ́öš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''ɛ́önyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ajš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''avnyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šu''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šinyš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''gávynyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''ɛ́önyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''avnyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šan''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šinyn''

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|+ Present Subjunctive

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''

! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''gávaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''gávynaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''ɛ́öäw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ɛ́önaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''aícaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ávnaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šínaw''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''gávaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''gávynaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''ɛ́öäiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ɛ́önaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''aícaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ávnaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šínaiš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''gávais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''gávynais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''ɛ́öäis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ɛ́önais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''aícais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ávnais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šínais''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''gávaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''gávynaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''ɛ́öäim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ɛ́önaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''aícaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ávnaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šínaim''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''gávawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''gávynawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''ɛ́öäwš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ɛ́önawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''aícawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ávnawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šínawš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''gávain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''gávynain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''ɛ́öäin''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ɛ́önain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''aícain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ávnain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šínain''

|}

=====Imperfect=====

The [[w:Imperfect|Imperfect]] fuses the [[w:Past tense|past tense]] (and marginally the present tense) with [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] and is used for:

* Ongoing events that happened in the past,

* States of being in the past that still have some sort of effect in the present,

* Events or states of being that started in the past and are still ongoing in the present, if context is clear.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|+ Imperfect Indicative

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''

! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔva}} ''gávynɔva''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''ɛ́önɔva''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''ája''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''avnɔva''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vam''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''šija''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijɛš}} ''gávijɛš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛš}} ''gávynɔvɛš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjɛš}} ''ɛ́öïjɛš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''ájɛš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''avnɔvɛš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vaš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''šijɛš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijus}} ''gávijus''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvus}} ''gávynɔvus''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjus}} ''ɛ́öïjus''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''ɛ́önɔvus''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''ájus''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''avnɔvus''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vas''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''šijus''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijym}} ''gávijym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvym}} ''gávynɔvym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjym}} ''ɛ́öïjym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''ɛ́önɔvym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''ájym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''avnɔvym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''šijym''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyš}} ''gávijyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyš}} ''gávynɔvyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyš}} ''ɛ́öïjyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''ɛ́önɔvyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''ájyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''avnɔvyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''šijyš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyn}} ''gávijyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyn}} ''gávynɔvyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyn}} ''ɛ́öïjyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''ɛ́önɔvyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''ájyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''avnɔvyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''šijyn''

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|+ Imperfect Subjunctive

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''

! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvaw}} ''gávynɔvaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''ɛ́önɔvaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''aícija''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''avnɔvaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íja}} ''šíja''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''šinɔvaw''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''gáviɛ̈iš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛiš}} ''gávynɔvɛiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêiš}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈iš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''aíciɛ̈iš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''avnɔvɛiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêiš}} ''šíɛ̈iš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''šinɔvɛiš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''gáviɛ̈is''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvis}} ''gávynɔvis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêis}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈is''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''ɛ́önɔvis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''aíciɛ̈is''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''avnɔvis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêis}} ''šíɛ̈is''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''šinɔvis''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''gáviɛ̈im''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛim}} ''gávynɔvɛim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêim}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈im''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''aíciɛ̈im''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''avnɔvɛim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêim}} ''šíɛ̈im''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''šinɔvɛim''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''gáviöš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvoš}} ''gávynɔvoš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïöš}} ''ɛ́öïöš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''ɛ́önɔvoš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''aíciöš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''avnɔvoš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöš}} ''šíöš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''šinɔvoš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''gáviɛ̈in''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛin}} ''gávynɔvɛin''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêin}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈in''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛin''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''aíciɛ̈in''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''avnɔvɛin''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêin}} ''šíɛ̈in''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''šinɔvɛin''

|}

=====Aorist=====

The [[w:Aorist|Aorist]] differs from the imperfect in that is expresses the [[w:perfective aspect|perfective aspect]]. It is used for:

* Event that began and ended in the past, viewed as a single whole rather than a process,

* States of being in the past that do not have any effect in the present,

* Events or states of being that are fully contained within a certain timeframe, such as when storytelling.

The Gothevian aorist has no passive forms. Instead, imperfect or perfect passives may be used.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|+ Aorist Indicative

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''

! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''

! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''

! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |

! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''

! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iva}} ''gáviva''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïva}} ''ɛ́öïva''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|va}} ''áva''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íva}} ''šíva''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛš}} ''gávivɛš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛš}} ''ávɛš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛš}} ''šívɛš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivus}} ''gávivus''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvus}} ''ɛ́öïvus''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vus}} ''ávus''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívus}} ''šívus''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivym}} ''gávivym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvym}} ''ɛ́öïvym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vym}} ''ávym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívym}} ''šívym''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyš}} ''gávivyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyš}} ''ɛ́öïvyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyš}} ''ávyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyš}} ''šívyš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''gávivyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyn}} ''ɛ́öïvyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyn}} ''ávyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyn}} ''šívyn''

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|+ Aorist Subjunctive

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''

! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''

! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''

! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |

! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''

! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''gávivaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvaw}} ''ɛ́öïvaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''aícivaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívaw}} ''šívaw''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''gávivɛiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛiš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''aícivɛiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛiš}} ''šívɛiš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''gávivɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛis}} ''ɛ́öïvɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''aícivɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛis}} ''šívɛis''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''gávivɛim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛim}} ''ɛ́öïvɛim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''aícivɛim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛim}} ''šívɛim''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''gávivoš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvoš}} ''ɛ́öïvoš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''aícivoš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívoš}} ''šívoš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''gávivɛin''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛin}} ''ɛ́öïvɛin''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''aícivɛin''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛin}} ''šívɛin''

|}

====Analytic forms====

The other two thirds of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are analytic, meaning they are contructed via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound particles]] accompanying the main verb.

=====Future=====

The future tense is used for events or states of being occurring in the future. It is formed by adding the particle [[Contionary:šta|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}]] (šta) directly before the simple present form of a verb.

In less formal speech or writing, {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} may contract to {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'}} (št'). This is especially prevalent if the main verb begins with a vowel ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta èö}} → {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'èö}}).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|+ Future Indicative

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''

! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''šta gaf''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''šta ɛ́ö''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''šta ai''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta avn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''šta im''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta šin''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''šta gávɛiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''šta gávyniš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈iš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta ɛ́öniš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta aiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta avniš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''šta iš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta šiniš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''šta gávɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''šta gávynis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈is''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta ɛ́önis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''šta ais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta avnis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''šta i''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta šinis''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''šta gávym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''šta gávynym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta ɛ́öm''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta ɛ́önym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta aim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta avnym''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šta šam''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta šinym''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šta gávyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''šta gávynyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ɛ́öš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta ɛ́önyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ajš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta avnyš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šta šu''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta šinyš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šta gávynyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta ɛ́önyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta avnyn''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šta šan''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta šinyn''

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|+ Future Subjunctive

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''

! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta gávaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''šta gávynaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''šta ɛ́öäw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ɛ́önaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta aícaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ávnaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta šaw''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta šínaw''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta gávaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''šta gávynaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''šta ɛ́öäiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ɛ́önaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta aícaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ávnaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta šaiš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta šínaiš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta gávais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''šta gávynais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''šta ɛ́öäis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ɛ́önais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta aícais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ávnais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta šais''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta šínais''

|-

! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta gávaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''šta gávynaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''šta ɛ́öäim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ɛ́önaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta aícaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ávnaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta šaim''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta šínaim''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta gávawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''šta gávynawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''šta ɛ́öäwš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ɛ́önawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta aícawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ávnawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta šawš''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta šínawš''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta gávain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''šta gávynain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''šta ɛ́öäin''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ɛ́önain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta aícain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ávnain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta šain''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta šínain''

|}

=====Present Perfect=====

The present perfect tense is used for events or states of being occurring wholly in the past, viewed as a single whole, with a lasting effect on the present state. It also refers to a past event that happened fully before another event in the present. It is formed by using the simple present tense of [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}]] (ain, "to have") alongside the imperfect active participle of the main verb. Both active and passive constructions use the imperfect active participle, with the voice distinction being codified into the auxiliary's conjugation.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|+ Present Perfect Indicative

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''

! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''

|-

! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ai gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''avn gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ai ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''avn ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ai ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''avn ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ai vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''avn vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávniš gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávniš gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ais gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnis gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ais ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ais gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnis gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ais ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''

|-

! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aim gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnym gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aim ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnym ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aim ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnym ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aim vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnym vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyš gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyš gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ain gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyn gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ain ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ain gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyn gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ain ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|+ Present Perfect Subjunctive

! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''

! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''

! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''

|-

! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaw gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaw gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaw ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaw ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaw ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaw ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaw vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaw vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaiš gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaiš gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícaiš gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnaiš gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícais gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnais gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícais ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícais gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnais gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícais ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''

|-

! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaim gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaim gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaim ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaim ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaim ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaim ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaim vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaim vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícawš gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnawš gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícawš gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnawš gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícain gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnain gávis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícain ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïs''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícain gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnain gávizy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícain ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïzy''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''

|}

=====Past Perfect=====

=====Future Perfect=====

====Inferential====

==Vocabulary==

===Phrasebook===

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! Gothevian

! English

! Usage notes

|-

| [[Contionary:vɛl qòmivyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl qòmivyn/qòmivny}}]] (vɛl qɔ́mivyn/qɔ́mivny)

| welcome

| style="font-style:italic;" | must agree in gender

|-

| [[Contionary:vèly mòvvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vèly mòvvy}}]] (vɛ́ly mɔ́vvy)

| good morning

| rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic;" | fairly formal in usage

|-

| [[Contionary:vɛl lix|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl lix/yslíx}}]] (vɛl lix/yslíx)

| good evening

|-

| [[Contionary:vɛl daf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl daf}}]] (vɛl daf)

| good day

|-

| [[Contionary:yn aršóc|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn aršóc}}]] (yn aršóc)

| farewell, goodbye

|-

| [[Contionary:hail sy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hail sy/ɛi}}]] (hail sy/ɛi)

| rowspan="2" | hello

| rowspan="2" style="font-style:italic;" | must agree in formality, formal-leaning

|-

| [[Contionary:đan sy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đan sy/ɛi}}]] (đan sy/ɛi)

|-

| [[Contionary:hail|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hai(l)}}]] (hai(l))

| rowspan="2" | hello, hi

| rowspan="2" style="font-style:italic;" | casual, forms without the final consonant are very informal

|-

| [[Contionary:đan|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đa(n)}}]] (đa(n))

|-

| [[Contionary:álɔ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|álɔ}}]] (álɔ)

| hello

| style="font-style:italic;" | used when answering the (tele)phone

|-

| [[Contionary:cáü|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cáü}}]] (cáü)

| goodbye

| style="font-style:italic;" | fairly casual in usage

|-

| [[Contionary:cy-cáü|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cy-cáü}}]] (cy-cáü)

| bye

| style="font-style:italic;" | very informal in usage

|}

</div>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Introductions

|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"

! Gothevian

! English

! Usage notes

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] [[Contionary:haítyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haítyniš/haítynyš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔm haítyniš/haítynyš?)

| what is your name? ''(lit. "what are you called?")''

| must agree in formality

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:haítyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haítyn}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|...}} (haítyn...)

| my name is... ''(lit. "I am called...")''

|

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš/šu}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔm iš/šu?)

| how are you?

| rowspan="5" | must agree in formality

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] [[Contionary:šun|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|súêiš/šuš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔm súɛ̈iš/šuš?)

| how are you? ''(lit. "how do you?")''

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}}]] [[Contionary:bac|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bac}}]], [[Contionary:i|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}]] [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|/}}[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (im bac, i so/oš?)

| I am fine, and you?

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:šun|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}}]] [[Contionary:vɛl|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl}}]], [[Contionary:i|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}]] [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|/}}[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (šu vɛl, i so/oš?)

| I am fine, and you? ''(lit. "I do well, and you?")''

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš/šu}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔrs iš/šu?)

| where are you from?

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}}]] [[Contionary:yf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yf}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|...}} (im yf...)

| I am from...

|

|}

</div>

===Numerals===

===Swadesh list===

===Colors===

===Units of time===

====Times of day====

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mélaš zy dávyn}} (''mélaš zy dávyn'')

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]

| [[Contionary:natt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|natt}}]] ''natt''

| [[Contionary:óttvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óttvy}}]] ''óttvy''

| [[Contionary:mòvvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mòvvy}}]] ''mɔ́vvy''

| [[Contionary:pland|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pland}}]] ''pland''

| [[Contionary:ysmáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ysmáty}}]] ''ysmáty''

| [[Contionary:lix|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|lix}}]] ''lix''

| [[Contionary:yslíx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yslíx}}]] ''yslíx''

|-

! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]

| ''night''

| ''dawn''

| ''morning''

| ''noon''

| ''afternoon''

| ''dusk''

| ''evening''

|}

====Weekdays====

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vícɛinaš dávaš}} (''vícɛinaš dávaš'')

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]

| [[Contionary:Lúndy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Lúndy}}]] ''Lúndy''

| [[Contionary:Márty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Márty}}]] ''Márty''

| [[Contionary:Mɛrkòdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Mɛrkòdy}}]] ''Mɛrkɔ́dy''

| [[Contionary:Đvódy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Đvódy}}]] ''Đvódy''

| [[Contionary:Vɛnèrdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛnèrdy}}]] ''Vɛnɛ́rdy''

| [[Contionary:Šambáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šambáty}}]] ''Šambáty''

| [[Contionary:Rèišty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Rèišty}}]] ''Rɛ́išty''

|-

! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]

| ''Monday''

| ''Tuesday''

| ''Wednesday''

| ''Thursday''

| ''Friday''

| ''Saturday''

| ''Sunday''

|}

====Months====

====Seasons====

==Sample texts==

===''The Cold Winter is Near''===

{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

|-

! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian

!

! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English

|-

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.}} ''(Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.)''

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come.

|-

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žèškyš rážyš my, o játɛl.}} ''(Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žɛ́škyš rážyš my, o játɛl.)''

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend.

|-

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛl qòm'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!}} ''(Vɛl qɔ́m'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!)''

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink!

|-

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Iš i plan my.}} ''(Iš i plan my.)''

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.

|-

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.}} ''(Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.)''

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow.

|-

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ax, i žèšky còbry!}} ''(Ax, i žɛ́šky cɔ́bry!)''

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!

|}

===''The North Wind and the Sun''===

{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

|-

! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian

!

! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English

|-

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cèđaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsènđivyn ínyn žèškuš paízuš.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cɛ́đaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsɛ́nđivyn ínyn žɛ́škuš paízuš.)''

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind and the Sun were disputing who of the two was stronger, when a traveler came along, wrapped around in a warm cloak.

|-

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕònuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.}} ''(Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕɔ́nuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.)''

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | They agreed, that whoever can force the traveler, so that he takes off his cloak, will then have to be deemed stronger than the other.

|-

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn èöïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš èöïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn ɛ́öïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš ɛ́öïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.)''

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind then blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the more closely did the traveler hold his cloak around himself, and at last he gave up.

|-

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šáwjlun šcánijus san žèšky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.}} ''(Šáwjlun šcánijus san žɛ́šky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.)''

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | The Sun then shone warmly, and the traveler immediately took off his cloak.

|-

| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn sar ynèhaitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn sar ynɛ́haitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.)''

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind was then obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger [of the two].

|}

==See also==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: East Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]]
+[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: East Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]][[Category:Gothevian]]
+{{private}}
 {{Infobox language
 |image             = Gothevian Flag.png
@@ Line 5: / Line 6: @@
 |imagecaption      = Flag of the Republic of Gothevia
 |name              = Gothevian
-|nativename        = {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Gutšk}}
+|nativename        = {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}
 |pronunciation     = ɡuʃk
 |states            = Gothevia
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 |familycolor       = Indo-European
 |fam2              = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
-|fam3              = [[w:East Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
+|fam3              = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]
 |fam4              = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
 |creator           = User:Vrianne
+|stand1            = Standard Central Gothevian
+|dia1              = Central dialects
+|dia2              = Eastern dialects
+|dia3              = Southern Dialects
+|dia4              = Northern dialects
+|dia5              = Western Dialects
+|dia6              = Pyre Dialects
 |script1           = Gthv
 |nation            = Gothevia
@@ Line 33: / Line 41: @@
 }}
 {{Contains Gothevian}}
+'''Gothevian''' ('''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}''', '''''gušk''''' [ɡuʃk], formally '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždun gúškun}}''', '''''róždun gúškun''''' [ˈrwɤ̞ʒdun ˈɡuʃkun]) is an [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] language descendant from [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] or a language mutually intelligible with it. Its speakers mainly reside within the borders of [[Gothevia]], though there exist significant Gothevian-speaking communities in [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], and [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]. it is the only surviving member of the East Germanic branch of the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]], though with being a member of [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]], it has evolved to be quite distinct in some aspects of its structure compared to other Germanic languages, with features such as [[w:evidentiality|evidentiality]] and the eradication of the [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]].
+Old Gothevian shares most of its features with [[w:Ulfilas|Wulfilan]] Gothic, likely being descendent from dialects mutually intelligible with it. It was written in a descendant of the [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic script]], which modern Gothevian still uses. Gothevian, however, would begin to diverge from Wulfilan Gothic, with the biggest drivers being the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]] and [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]] and [[w:Greek language|Greek]] [[w:Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum|superstrata]].
 ==Classification==
+Gothevian is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] that belongs to the [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] branch of the [[:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. It is the only surviving member of the East Germanic languages, with its closest living relatives being from other Branches of Germanic, such as [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:German language|German]], and [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Within the East Germanic branch, its closest relative is [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]], followed by other East Germanic languages such as [[w:Vandalic language|Vandalic]], [[w:Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]], and likely [[w:Crimean Gothic|Crimean Gothic]].
+Due to being located within the core [[w:Balkans|Balkan region]], it has features that set it apart from other Germanic languages. Such features include post-fixed articles, syncretism of locative and directional expressions, a future-tense particle, an inferential mood, among others. Gothevian was also under [[w:Greek language|Greek]] and [[w:South Slavic languages|Slavic]] language influence for most of its history. This influence came with many lexical borrowings, but also several grammatical influences, such as the retention of a synthetic [[w:Modern_Greek_grammar#Grammatical_voice|passive voice]] and creation of a synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]].
 ==History==
+The history of Gothevian can be divided into several periods.
+* '''The Migratory period''' (6th-8th century)...
+* '''Old Gothevian''' (9th–12th century)...
+* '''Middle Gothevian''' (13th–16th century)...
+* '''Modern Gothevian''' (17th century–present)...
 ==Etymology==
+The exonym "Gothevian" is a [[w:Medieval Latin|Latinized borrowing]] of the [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] term "Γότθευικος" (Góttheuikos), itself a variant of older "Γότθευδικος" (Góttheudikos), a borrowing from "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃" (gutþiudisks), from "[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰|𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰]]" (gutþiuda) + "[[wikt:-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃|-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃]]" (-isks), thus meaning "of the Goths". The endonym {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}} (gušk) is a cognate of the Latin exonym, being a simplification of earlier {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsišk}} (gútsišk), from Old Gothevian {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsiudišk}} (gutþiudisk).
 ==Phonology==
+===Vowels===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! style="vertical-align:middle;" |
+! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
+! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
+| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
+| rowspan="2" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]~[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]~[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
+| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
+|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:mid vowel|Mid]]
+| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
+| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|o]]
+|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
+|
+| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
+|
+|}
+* Gothevian lacks a phonemic length distinction, but vowels in stressed syllables may allophonically be slightly lengthened.
+* Mid vowels /e, o/ are mostly [[w:mid vowel|true-mid]] [e̞, o̞]. They may be allophonically pronounced closer to open-mid [e, o] in the vicinity of open vowels /i, u/, or closer to open-mid [ɛ, ɔ] in the vicinity of central vowels /a, ɨ/.
+* /o/ consistently unrounds to [ɤ̞] when near [w]. This behavior rarely applies to /u/ however.
+* The open vowel /a/ is [[w:Central vowel|true-central]] [ä].
+* The non-open central vowel (notated here on out as /ɨ/) takes on a couple of realizations. In stressed positions it is commonly [ɨ]. In unstressed positions it is either also [ɨ], [ə], or, particularly in eastern and far-western dialects, [ɐ].
+===Consonants===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! colspan="2" |
+! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
+! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
+! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
+! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
+| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
+|
+|
+|-
+! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | <small>[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
+| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
+| [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]
+| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
+| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | <small>[[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
+| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
+| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]
+| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
+| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
+|-
+! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | <small>[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
+| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
+| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
+| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | <small>[[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
+| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]~[[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]
+| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
+| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
+|
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
+|
+| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
+|
+|
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
+|
+| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
+| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
+| ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]])
+|}
+* /p, t, k/ are unaspirated [p, t, k].
+* /s, z/ are denti-alveolar [s̟, z̟].
+* /v/ may be a true fricative [v] or an approximant [ʋ].
+* /r/ may  be pronounced as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ]. The trilled pronunciation is commonplace when it is followed by a glide, such as in ⟨[[Contionary:róždy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždy}}]]⟩ [ˈ'''r'''wɤ̞ʒdə ~ ˈ'''r'''ʷɤ̞ʒdə].
+* In eastern dialects, /l/ is velarized [ɫ].
+* Consonant-Glide clusters /Cj, Cw/ may coalesce into a palatalized/labialized consonant /Cʲ, Cʷ/.
+* [w] is an allophone of /v/ when directly preceded or followed by a consonant. Compare ⟨[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]⟩ ['''v'''o̞ʃ] and ⟨[[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]]⟩ [ʃ'''w'''ɤ̞ʃ ~ ʃ'''ʷ'''ɤ̞ʃ].
+===Stress===
+===Historical evolution===
+====From Classical Gothic to Pre-Gothevian====
+* /ɸ/ shifts to /θ/ before a coronal consonant.
+*: <small>Got.</small> {{l|got|flōdus}} /ˈfloː.ðus/ → <small>P-G</small> ''þlṓdus ~ þlōþs'' /ˈθloː.ðus ~ θloːθs/ ("river")
+*: <small>Got.</small> {{l|got|*lifnan}} /ˈlif.nan/ → <small>P-G</small> ''*líþnan'' /ˈliθ.nan/ ("to leave")
+*: <small>Got.</small> {{l|got|afta}} /ˈaɸ.ta/ → <small>P-G</small> ''*áþta'' /ˈaθ.ta/ ("behind")
+* /h/, /w/ fortify into /k/, /p/ before /l/, /r/.
+*: <small>Got.</small> {{l|got|wlits}} /wlits/ → <small>P-G</small> ''plits'' /plits/ ("face")
+*: <small>Got.</small> {{l|got|hrōþs}} /hroːθs/ → <small>P-G</small> ''krōþs'' /kroːθs/ ("glory")
+* /β/ merges into /w/ intervocalically.
+*: <small>Got.</small> {{l|got|gabei}} /ˈɡa.βiː/ → <small>P-G</small> ''gáwɛi(n)'' /ˈɡa.wiː(n)/ ("wealth")
+* /β/, /ɣ/ merge into /w/ before /m/.
+*: <small>Got.</small> ''*sib(u)m'' /ˈsi.β(u)m/ → <small>P-G</small> ''siwm'' /siwm/ ("seven")
+====From Pre-Gothevian to Old Gothevian====
+* /t, d/, /k, ɡ/ palatalize to /c/, /ɟ/ respectively before /i(ː)/, /eː/, /j/. /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/ are unaffected.
+*: <small>P-G</small> ''tɛíhan'' /ˈtiː.han/ → <small>OG</small> ''cɛíhan'' /ˈciː.han/ ("to show")
+*: <small>P-G</small> ''gílþa'' /ˈɡil.θa/ → <small>early OG</small> ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ ("sickle")
+* /ɣ/ is elided intervocalically or in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, without compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel.
+*: <small>P-G</small> ''*ígil'' /ˈi.ɣil/ → <small>OG</small> ''íǥil, íil'' /ˈi.il ~ iːl/ ("hedgehog")
+*: <small>P-G</small> ''rign'' /riɣn/ → <small>OG</small> ''rin'' /rin/ ("rain")
+* /ɣr/, /rɣ/ coalesce into /ɣː/.
+*: <small>P-G</small> ''baírgan'' /ˈbɛr.ɣan/ → <small>OG</small> ''bɛ́ǥǥan'' /ˈbɛɣ.ɣan/ ("to keep")
+* /ɸ/, /β/ develop into /f/, /v/.
+* /l/ is elided in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short.
+*: <small>early OG</small> ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ → <small>OG</small> ''đɛíþa'' /ˈɟiː.θa/ ("sickle")
+* /h/ is elided in syllable codas, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. If /h/ is followed by a consonant, then that consonant is geminated too.
+*: <small>P-G</small> ''módah'' /ˈmoː.dah/ → <small>OG</small> ''módah, módaa'' /ˈmoː.daː/ ("angry")
+*: <small>P-G</small> ''naht'' /naht/ → <small>OG</small> ''nahtt, naatt'' /naːtt/ ("night")
+* /ɟː/ causes nearby non-front vowels /a(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/, /oː/, /u(ː)/ to front into /ɛ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. Non-geminate /ɟ/ does not trigger this shift.
+*: <small>P-G</small> ''wadj'' /waɟɟ/ → <small>OG</small> ''wɛdj'' /wɛɟɟ/ ("wall")
+* /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/, /ʍ/ cause nearby unrounded vowels /a(ː)/, /ɛ(ː)/, /eː/, /i(ː)/ to round into /ɔ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/.
+*: <small>P-G</small> ''qen'' /kʷeːn/ → <small>OG</small> ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ ("woman")
+====From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian====
+* /θ/, /ð/ fortify to /t/, /d/ when directly followed by another consonant that is not a glide or a plosive.
+*: <small>OG</small> ''þrɛi'' /θri(ː)/ → <small>early MG</small> ''trɛi'' /tri(ː)/ ("three")
+*: <small>OG</small> ''þloþ'' /θloːθ/ → <small>early MG</small> ''tloþ'' /tloːθ/ ("river")
+* One of /θ, ð/, /s, z/ retracts to /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, triggering a chain shift that causes the second to also retract.
+*: <small>OG</small> ''síwþan'' /ˈsiw.θan/ → <small>MG</small> ''šíwsan'' /ˈʃiw.sɨn/ ("to boil")
+*: <small>OG</small> ''seþ'' /seːθ/ → <small>early MG</small> ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ ("seed")
+*: <small>OG</small> ''raz'' /raz/ → <small>MG</small> ''raž'' /raʒ/ ("house")
+* /ŋk, ŋɡ/, /ŋkʷ, ŋɡʷ/ coalesce into /nː/, /wː/ respectively.
+*: <small>OG</small> ''drínkan'' /ˈdriŋ.kan/ → <small>early MG</small> ''drínnan'' /ˈdrin.nan/ ("to drink")
+*: <small>OG</small> ''síngwan'' /ˈsiŋ.ɡʷan/ → <small>early MG</small> ''šíwwan'' /ˈʃiw.wan/ ("to sing")
+* /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/ lose their labialization and merge with /k/, /ɡ/, /h/.
+*: <small>OG</small> ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ → <small>early MG</small> ''qen'' /køːn/ ("woman")
+*: <small>OG</small> ''ƕass'' /ʍɔss/ → <small>early MG</small> ''ƕašš'' /hɔʃʃ/ ("sharp")
+* /ɣ/, /w/ are elided before back vowels /u(ː)/, /oː/.
+*: <small>OG</small> ''wulkán'' /wul.ˈkan/ → <small>MG</small> ''ulkán'' /ul.ˈkan/ ("volcano")
+* Geminate consonants lose their gemination.
+* /œ/, /y/ merge into /ɨ~ə/. Unstressed /a/ also develops into /ɨ~ə/. Other short unstressed vowels may also sporadically develop into /ɨ~ə/.
+*: <small>OG</small> ''smýrna'' /ˈsmyr.na/ → <small>MG</small> ''šmýrna, šmýrny'' /ˈʃmɨr.nə/ ("myrrh")
+* Vowels preceding a nasal consonant coalesce into a long nasalized vowel if followed by a fricative or a liquid. These nasalized vowels lose their nasalization shortly after. /ẽː/, /ø̃ː/, /õː/ develop into /aː/ during this process.
+*: <small>OG</small> ''swinþ'' /swinθ/ → <small>early MG</small> ''šwins, *šwɛis'' /ʃwiːs/ ("strong")
+*: <small>late OG</small> ''ξanθ'' /skanθ ~ ksanθ/ → <small>early MG</small> ''ξanθ, ξanþ'' /ʃkaːs/ ("blond")
+* /iː, eː/, /yː, øː/, /uː, oː/ develop into /je̞/, /we̞/, /wo̞/ respectively.
+*: <small>early MG</small> ''fimf'' /fiːf/ → <small>MG</small> ''fimf, fɛif'' /fjef/ ("five")
+*: <small>early MG</small> ''dówẅa'' /ˈduː.a/ → <small>MG</small> ''dow, *do'' /dwo/ ("dove; bird")
+*: <small>early MG</small> ''qen'' /køːn/ → <small>MG</small> ''qen'' /kwen/ ("woman")
+*: <small>early MG</small> ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ → <small>MG</small> ''šes'' /ʃjes/ ("seed")
+*: <small>early MG</small> ''bóka'' /ˈboː.ka/ → <small>MG</small> ''bóka'' /ˈbwo.kɨ/ ("book")
+* /ɛː/, /œː/, /ɔː/, /aː/ develop into /ja/, /wɨ~wə/, /wa/, /a/ respectively.
+*: <small>early MG</small> ''klaif'' /klɛːf/ → <small>MG</small> ''klaif'' /kljaf/ ("bread")
+*: <small>early MG</small> ''qain'' /kœːn/ → <small>MG</small> ''qain'' /kwɨn/ ("wail")
+*: <small>early MG</small> ''šawjl'' /ʃɔːjl/ → <small>MG</small> ''šawjl'' /ʃwajl/ ("sun")
+*: <small>early MG</small> ''ahš, aašš'' /aːʃʃ/ → <small>MG</small> ''aašš, ašš'' /aʃ/ ("hand, ear of corn")
+* /iu̯/ merges into /wɨ/.
+*: <small>early MG</small> ''niwm'' /niu̯m/ → <small>MG</small> ''niwm'' /nwɨm/ ("nine")
+*: <small>early MG</small> ''biwž'' /biu̯ʒ/ → <small>MG</small> ''biwž'' /bwɨʒ/ ("beer")
+* /ɛ/, /ɔ/ develop into /e̞/, /o̞/.
+* /tj, kj, cj/, /dj, ɡj, ɟj/, /sj, zj/, /wj, jw/ coalesce into /c/, /ɟ/, /ʃ, ʒ/, /j, w/.
+*: <small>MG</small> ''twai'' /twja/ → <small>late MG</small> ''twai, cai, cwai'' /ca/ ("two")
+*: <small>MG</small> ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /wje.siʃk/ → <small>late MG</small> ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /je.siʃk/ ("Macedonian Slav")
+====From Middle Gothevian to Modern Gothevian====
+* /h/ is completely lost.
+* /c/, /ɟ/ affricate to /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/.
+*: <small>early mod. Gthv</small> ''đíštry'' /ˈɟiʃt.rɨ/ → <small>Gthv</small> ''[[Contionary:đíštry|đíštry]]'' /ˈd͡ʒiʃt.rɨ/ ("tomorrow")
+*: <small>early mod. Gthv</small> ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.cɨ.rɨ/ → <small>early mod. Gthv</small> ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
+* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ de-affricate in unstressed and/or coda positions.
+*: <small>early mod. Gthv</small> ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ → <small>Gthv</small> ''[[Contionary:mécyry|mécyry]]'' /ˈmje.ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
+*: <small>early mod. Gthv</small> ''kácky'' /ˈkat͡ʃ.kɨ/ → <small>Gthv</small> ''[[Contionary:kácky|kácky]]'' /ˈkaʃ.kɨ/ ("spoon")
+* /sc/, /ʃc/ develop into /st/, /ʃt/.
+*: <small>early mod. Gthv</small> ''šcányn'' /ʃca.nɨn/ → <small>Gthv</small> ''[[Contionary:šcányn|šcányn]]'' /ʃta.nɨn/ ("to shine")
+* /w/, /ɣ/ merge into /v/, except when within a consonant cluster, then they merge into /w/.
+* Final fricatives devoice.
 ==Orthography==
+Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}}⟩ (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}}⟩ ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).
+The modern Gothevian script contains 31 letters in common use. Most letters are mapped to a single phoneme, with a few others mapped onto more than one phoneme but in regular and predictable contexts.
+<div style=display:inline-grid>
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+! Letter
+! Translit.
+! Name
+! IPA
+! Source
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|a}}
+| a
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áfy}} (áfy)
+| /a/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌰]] (a)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|b}}
+| b
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|béty}} (béty)
+| /b/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌱]] (b)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|g}}
+| g
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gámy}} (gámy)
+| /ɡ/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌲]] (g)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d}}
+| d
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|déty}} (déty)
+| /d/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌳]] (d)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}}
+| ɛ
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ècy}} (ɛ́cy)
+| /e/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌴]] (ē)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}
+| q
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qèrsy}} (qɛ́rsy)
+| /k/<sup>1</sup>
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌵]] (q)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ž}}
+| ž
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žéty}} (žéty)
+| /ʒ/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌶]] (z)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}
+| z
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zéty}} (zéty)
+| /z/
+| Cyrillic [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З]] (z)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}
+| e
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éty}} (éty)
+| /je/
+| Greek [[w:Eta|Η]] (ē)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}
+| đ
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đèty}} (đɛ́ty)
+| /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/<sup>2</sup>
+| see below
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|h}}
+| h
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hály}} (hály)
+| /Ø/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌷]] (h)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}
+| s
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|séty}} (séty)
+| /s/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌸]] (þ)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}
+| i
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöty}} (íöty)
+| /i/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌹]] (i)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|k}}
+| k
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kápy}} (kápy)
+| /k/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌺]] (k)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|l}}
+| l
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|léty}} (léty)
+| /l/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌻]] (l)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}
+| m
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mvɛ}} (mvɛ)
+| /m/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌼]] (m)
+|}
+</div>
+<div style=display:inline-grid>
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+! Letter
+! Translit.
+! Name
+! IPA
+! Source
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}
+| n
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nvɛ}} (nvɛ)
+| /n/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌽]] (n)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|j}}
+| j
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éry}} (éry)
+| /j/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌾]] (j)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}
+| ɔ
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|òmy}} (ɔ́my)
+| /o/
+| Greek or Cyrillic [[w:Omicron|Ο]] (o)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|u}}
+| u
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|úry}} (úry)
+| /u/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌿]] (u)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|p}}
+| p
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pe}} (pe)
+| /p/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍀]] (p)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|r}}
+| r
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ro}} (ro)
+| /r/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍂]] (r)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}
+| š
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šíwmy}} (šíwmy)
+| /ʃ/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍃]] (s)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}}
+| t
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|taw}} (taw)
+| /t/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍄]] (t)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}
+| y
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ýcy}} (ýcy)
+| /ɨ/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍅]] (w)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v}}
+| v
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vècy}} (vɛ́cy)
+| /v~w/
+| derived from {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} (y)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|f}}
+| f
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|fe}} (fe)
+| /f/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍆]] (f)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|x}}
+| x
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|xe}} (xe)
+| /x/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍇]] (x)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}
+| ƕ
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaíry}} (ƕaíry)
+| /Ø/<sup>1</sup>
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍈]] (ƕ)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}
+| c
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cèty}} (cɛ́ty)
+| /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/<sup>2</sup>
+| see below
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}
+| o
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ómy}} (ómy)
+| /vo~wo/
+| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍉]] (ō)
+|}
+</div>
+# Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry are pronounced identically to kápy and hály respectively but alter the pronunciation of the following vowel ([[#Digraphs_and_Trigraphs|see below]]).
+# Đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty are pronounced as /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ in unstressed and/or coda positions.
+Apart from zéty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}⟩, éty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}⟩, ɔ́my ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}⟩, and cɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}⟩, all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:
+# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ⟨ϭ⟩ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ⟨ϯ⟩. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ⟨ϫ⟩, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.
+# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ⟨ц⟩ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ⟨ч⟩ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ⟨ꙉ⟩ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] ⟨ь~ъ⟩.
+# A popular yet unsupported theory proposes [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] [[wikt:𐍁|𐍁]] (90) based wholly on its similar form. This comes with a host of unexplained inconsistencies, such as its sudden shift in alphabetical and numeric order, and its missing usage as a numeral. Others point to [[wikt:𐍊|𐍊]] (900) as another Gothic source, but those are even less supported and outright rejected.
+# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}}⟩ (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.
+# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ⟨ծ⟩ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ⟨ճ⟩ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ⟨չ⟩ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ⟨ջ⟩ for đɛ́ty.
+===Digraphs and letter combinations===
+Additionally, Gothevian contains several letter combinations that have phonetic values different from those of their single components. These include vocalic digraphs from historic long vowels and consonants that modify certain vowels.
+Vocalic diphthongs take the form ⟨'''{{abbtip|vowel - glide/approximant|VG}}'''⟩ and phonetically represent /'''{{abbtip|glide/approximant - vowel|GV}}'''/ sequences. Most of these formerly represented long vowels /Vː/ which had later broken up into their current forms.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+! Letter
+! Translit.
+! IPA
+! IPA (hist.)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}
+| ai
+| /ja/
+| /ɛː/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}
+| aw
+| /va~wa/
+| /ɔː/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}
+| ɛi
+| /je/
+| /iː/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iw}}
+| iw
+| /vɨ~wɨ/
+| /iu̯/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ow}}
+| ow
+| ''<small><span style="color:gray">deprecated</span></small>''
+| /uː/
+|}
+The letters qɛ́rsy ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}⟩ and ƕaíry ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}⟩ can also alter the pronunciation of certain vowels when directly preceding them. Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry formerly represented labialized consonants /kʷ, ʍ/ and as such triggered the rounding of unrounded vowels, causing them to diverge from their unaffected counterparts.
+<div style=display:inline-grid>
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+! Letter
+! Translit.
+! IPA
+! IPA (hist.)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qa}}
+| qa
+| /kwa/
+| /k(ʷ)ɔː/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qai}}
+| qai
+| /kwɨ/
+| /k(ʷ)œː/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛ}}
+| qɛ
+| /kɨ/
+| /k(ʷ)œ/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛi}}
+| qɛi
+| rowspan="2" | /kwe/
+| /k(ʷ)yː/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qe}}
+| qe
+| /k(ʷ)øː/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qi}}
+| qi
+| /kɨ/
+| /k(ʷ)y/
+|}
+</div>
+<div style=display:inline-grid>
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+! Letter
+! Translit.
+! IPA
+! IPA (hist.)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕa}}
+| ƕa
+| /va~wa/
+| /h(ʷ)ɔː/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕai}}
+| ƕai
+| /vɨ~wɨ/
+| /h(ʷ)œː/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛ}}
+| ƕɛ
+| /ɨ/
+| /h(ʷ)œ/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛi}}
+| ƕɛi
+| rowspan="2" | /ve~we/
+| /h(ʷ)yː/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}
+| ƕe
+| /h(ʷ)øː/
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕi}}
+| ƕi
+| /ɨ/
+| /h(ʷ)y/
+|}
+</div>
+===Obsolete letters===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+! Letter
+! Translit.
+! Name
+! IPA
+! Source
+! Replaced by
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ}}
+| θ
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θéty}} (θéty)
+| /t, s/
+| Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] (th)
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}} (t), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} (s)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξ}}
+| ξ
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξe}} (ξe)
+| /kʃ, ʃk, ks/
+| Greek [[w:Xi|ξ]] (x)
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kš}} (kš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šk}} (šk), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ks}} (ks)
+|-
+! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψ}}
+| ψ
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψe}} (ψe)
+| /pʃ, ʃp, ps/
+| Greek [[w:Psi|ψ]] (ps)
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pš}} (pš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šp}} (šp), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ps}} (ps)
+|}
+===History===
+By the time of the first standardization of the Gothevian script based on the [[w:Stobi|Štoven]] Dialect, influence from literary Greek had taken its course on vowel glyphs. {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}} would be remapped onto short ''e'', with ''ē'' becoming represented by {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} taken from Greek [[w:eta|eta]] (η). A similar system came about for the mid-back vowels, using native {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} for ''ō'', due to the perceived similarity of its written form to Greek [[w:omega|omega]] (ω), and Hellenic {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}} for ''o''. Other long vowels would become disambiguated using the digraphs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi, ow, ai, aw,}} and rarely {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aa}} for ''ī, ū, ɛ̄, ɔ̄,'' and ''ā'' respectively. A monotonic system would also be adopted, with vowels in stressed syllables gaining an [[w:Acute accent|acute]] (◌́) and vowels in [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]] gaining a [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] (◌̈). {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}} (th, ks, ps) would also begin their usage during this period.
+...
 ==Grammar==
+===Syntax===
+The predominant word order in Gothevian is [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO), but in practice, word order exhibits a high degree of flexibility without much ambiguity.
+====General features====
+Adjectives commonly precede the noun.
+* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#C15959">leather</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">book</span>’'''
+They can however follow the noun when marked for emphasis.
+* '''<span style="color:#76B26C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}}</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#76B26C">that</span> <span style="color:#C15959">''leather''</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">book</span>’'''
+Although not present in the standard variety, a common feature of southern dialects is placing all adjectives ''after'' the noun.
+* '''<span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#C15959">leather</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">book</span>’'''
+Possessors commonly follow the noun.
+* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#709BBF">my</span> <span style="color:#C15959">book</span>’'''
+* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}</span> <span style="color:#76B26C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Myxaílen}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#709BBF">Mykhail</span><span style="color:#76B26C">’s</span> <span style="color:#C15959">book</span>’'''
+For pronominal emphasis however, a genitive phrase with a dative pronoun is used.
+* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bókun}}</span> <span style="color:#76B26C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#C15959">the book</span> <span style="color:#76B26C">of</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">me</span>’'''
+Possessors are allowed to go before the noun for poetic license without any loss of meaning.
+* '''<span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šcánijus}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}</span>-<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dáprun}}</span> <span style="color:#76B26C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uf}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#76B26C">over</span><span style="color:#C0945A">shone</span>, <span style="color:#709BBF">our</span> <span style="color:#C15959">bravery</span>’'''
+Subject pronouns are normally [[w:pro-drop language|dropped]], as they can be inferred from verbal endings.
+* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#C15959">I saw</span>’'''
+Though they can be included to emphasize the subject.
+* '''<span style="color:#76B26C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#76B26C">''I''</span> <span style="color:#C15959">saw</span>’'''
+Verbs go before participles in compound tenses.
+* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšynɔvis}}</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|túklivyn}}</span>''' — '''‘<span style="color:#C15959">he was</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">arrested</span> <span style="color:gray">[reportedly]</span>’'''
+===Morphology===
+Gothevian is a largely [[w:synthetic language|synthetic language]], in some aspects more so than others. However, it also heavily displays [[w:analytic language|analytic]] features. Nominal declension was heavily reduced, while verbal conjugation was expanded upon. Most of these innovations were due to the Balkan sprachbund, among them are:
+* Lack of an infinitive. Contexts where English would use an infinitive are typically formed with either [[w:Finite verb|finite forms]] or participles.
+* Innovation of a post-fixed declining article. The [[w:Gothic_declension#The_weak_declension|weak adjective declension]] was re-analyzed and spread to nouns via the old [[w:Gothic_declension#Weak_noun_declensions_(n-stems)|n-stem declensions]].
+* Syncretism of the dative and genitive cases. Particles are used to form distinct dative and genitive constructions.
+* reshaped and expanded compound tenses. The future and perfect tenses were reshaped to be more in line with those of their neighbors. A synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]] was later analogically innovated, and analytic [[w:evidentiality|evidential forms]] later followed.
+* Loss of synthetic comparative and superlative forms. The original method of deriving degrees of comparison using suffixation fell out of use in favor of analytic preposed markers.
+===Nominals===
+====Nouns====
+Gothevian nouns decline for two cases ([[w:direct case|direct]], [[w:dative case|dative]]), three genders ([[w:Grammatical gender|masculine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|feminine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|neuter]]), two numbers ([[w:Grammatical number|singular]], [[w:Grammatical number|plural]]), and two states ([[w:definiteness|indefinite]], [[w:definiteness|definite]]). The original Gothic four cases in nouns synchronized into two cases (nominative-accusative → direct; dative-genitive → dative), and the six strong declensions levelled into three declension, largely correlating with the three genders. The weak declensions were re-analyzed as indicating definiteness and were subsequently joined with the indefinite strong declensions.
+=====Masculine declension=====
+This declension is completely made up of masculine nouns. It came about from a merger of nearly all of the Gothic strong declensions except for the [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]], which is the predecessor to the feminine declension.
+{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|<small>MASC</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#C15959">{{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|<small>FEM</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|<small>BOTH</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:šal|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}]] (''šal'', "room")
+! rowspan="5" |
+! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:klaif|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}]] (''klaif'', "bread")
+! rowspan="5" |
+! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:ško|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}]] (''ško'', "shoe")
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
+! colspan="2" | singular
+! colspan="2" | plural
+! colspan="2" | singular
+! colspan="2" | plural
+|-
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+|- style="font-weight:normal;"
+! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
+| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}<br />''šal''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''šál<span style="color:#709BBF">yn</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''šal<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''šál<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}<br />''klaif''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''klaív<span style="color:#709BBF">yn</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''klaif<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''klaív<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}<br />''ško''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿn}}</span><br />''škó<span style="color:#709BBF">ÿn</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''ško<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}}</span><br />''škó<span style="color:#BCAB5C">äš</span>''
+|- style="font-weight:normal;"
+! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
+| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''šál<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}</span><br />''šál<span style="color:#709BBF">e</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''šál<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''klaív<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}</span><br />''klaív<span style="color:#709BBF">e</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''klaív<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿš}}</span><br />''škó<span style="color:#709BBF">ÿš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ë}}</span><br />''škó<span style="color:#709BBF">ë</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}}</span><br />''škó<span style="color:#BCAB5C">ën</span>''
+|}
+=====Feminine declension=====
+This declension is completely made up of feminine nouns. It evolved directly from the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]]. As such, all feminine nouns that originally belonged to the -ō declension alongside later-derived nouns end with {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y ← -a). All [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ōn_declension|-ōn declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ein_declension|-ein declension]] nouns later transitioned into Gothevian feminine declension nouns, gaining the {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y) ending as well. A small subset of feminine nouns however lacks the ending.
+{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|<small>MASC</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#C15959">{{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|<small>FEM</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|<small>BOTH</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:bóky|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}]] (''bóky'', "book")
+! rowspan="5" |
+! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:as|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}]] (''as'', "age")
+! rowspan="5" |
+! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:do|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}]] (''do'', "bird")
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
+! colspan="2" | singular
+! colspan="2" | plural
+! colspan="2" | singular
+! colspan="2" | plural
+|-
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+|- style="font-weight:normal;"
+! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
+| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}<br />''bóky''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}}</span><br />''bók<span style="color:#C15959">un</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bok}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''bok<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''bók<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}<br />''as''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#C15959">un</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#BCAB5C">yš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}<br />''do''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ün}}</span><br />''dó<span style="color:#C15959">ün</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''do<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}}</span><br />''dó<span style="color:#BCAB5C">äš</span>''
+|- style="font-weight:normal;"
+! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
+| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}}</span><br />''bók<span style="color:#C15959">uš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}</span><br />''bók<span style="color:#C15959">o</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''bók<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#C15959">uš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#C15959">o</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''áz<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|üš}}</span><br />''dó<span style="color:#C15959">üš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ö}}</span><br />''dó<span style="color:#C15959">ö</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}}</span><br />''dó<span style="color:#BCAB5C">ën</span>''
+|}
+======Anomalous feminine declension======
+A closed class of feminine nouns declines according to the masculine declension instead of the feminine declension. This is the result of the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-i_declension|-i declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-jō_declension|-jō declension]] ultimately merging into the Gothevian masculine declension, with the feminine nouns of those declensions adopting the same endings.
+{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|<small>MASC</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#C15959">{{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|<small>FEM</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|<small>BOTH</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:qen|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}]] (''qen'', "woman")
+! rowspan="5" |
+! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šɛs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}]] (''šɛs'', "seed")
+! rowspan="5" |
+! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:škaft|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}]] (''škaft'', "animal")
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
+! colspan="2" | singular
+! colspan="2" | plural
+! colspan="2" | singular
+! colspan="2" | plural
+|-
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+|- style="font-weight:normal;"
+! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
+| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}<br />''qen''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''qén<span style="color:#709BBF">yn</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''qen<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''qén<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}<br />''šɛs''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#709BBF">yn</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#BCAB5C">yš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}<br />''škaft''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''škáft<span style="color:#709BBF">yn</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''škaft<span style="color:#BCAB5C">š</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''škáft<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
+|- style="font-weight:normal;"
+! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
+| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''qén<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}</span><br />''qén<span style="color:#709BBF">e</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''qén<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#709BBF">e</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''šɛ́z<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''škáft<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}</span><br />''škáft<span style="color:#709BBF">e</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''škáft<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
+|}
+=====Neuter declension=====
+This declension is completely made up of neuter nouns. It evolved directly from the neuter [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-a_declension|-a declension]], [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ja_declension|-ja declension]], and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-u_declension|-u declension]]. It mirrors the masculine declension in the indefinite singular, but mirrors the feminine indefinite singular direct and plural dative in its indefinite plurals. It also mirrors the feminine declension in the definite singular.
+{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|<small>MASC</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#C15959">{{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|<small>FEM</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|<small>BOTH</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:hairt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}}]] (''hairt'', "heart")
+! rowspan="5" |
+! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:biwš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}}]] (''biwš'', "beer")
+! rowspan="5" |
+! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:raš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}}]] (''raš'', "house")
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
+! colspan="2" | singular
+! colspan="2" | plural
+! colspan="2" | singular
+! colspan="2" | plural
+|-
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+! <small>indefinite</small>
+! <small>definite</small>
+|- style="font-weight:normal;"
+! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
+| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}}<br />''hairt''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}}</span><br />''haírt<span style="color:#C15959">un</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}</span><br />''haírt<span style="color:#C15959">y</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''haírt<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}}<br />''biwš''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}}</span><br />''bíwž<span style="color:#C15959">un</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=bíwž|klaif}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}</span><br />''bíwž<span style="color:#C15959">y</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''bíwž<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}}<br />''raš''
+| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}}</span><br />''ráž<span style="color:#C15959">un</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}</span><br />''ráž<span style="color:#C15959">y</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}</span><br />''ráž<span style="color:#BCAB5C">aš</span>''
+|- style="font-weight:normal;"
+! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
+| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''haírt<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}</span><br />''haírt<span style="color:#C15959">o</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''haírt<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''bíwž<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}</span><br />''bíwž<span style="color:#C15959">o</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''bíwž<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''ráž<span style="color:#709BBF">yš</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}</span><br />''ráž<span style="color:#C15959">o</span>''
+| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}<span style="color:#BCAB5C">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}}</span><br />''ráž<span style="color:#BCAB5C">en</span>''
+|}
+====Adjectives====
+====Pronouns====
+=====Personal pronouns=====
+{| class="wikitable"
+|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
+! number
+! colspan="2" | person
+! nominative
+! accusative (long)
+! dative (long)
+! acc./dat./poss. (short)
+|-
+! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | singular
+! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
+| [[Contionary:ci|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ci</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mic}} ''<span style="color:gray">mic</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}} ''<span style="color:gray">min</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}} ''<span style="color:gray">my</span>''
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
+| [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">so</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|suk}} ''<span style="color:gray">suk</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sun}} ''<span style="color:gray">sun</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sy}} ''<span style="color:gray">sy</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
+| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ša|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ša}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ša</span>''
+| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šic}} ''<span style="color:gray">šic</span>''
+| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šin}} ''<span style="color:gray">šin</span>''
+| rowspan="3" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šy}} ''<span style="color:gray">šy</span>''
+|-
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
+|-
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
+| colspan="2" | [[Contionary:šo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">šo</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛj}} ''<span style="color:gray">šɛj</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | plural
+! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
+| [[Contionary:ɛiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ɛiš</span>''
+| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}} ''<span style="color:gray">oš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''<span style="color:gray">o</span>''
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
+| [[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">oš</span>''
+| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''<span style="color:gray">ɛiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}} ''<span style="color:gray">ɛi</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
+| colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šai}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">šai</span>''
+|-
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
+| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | [[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">šoš</span>''
+| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}} ''<span style="color:gray">šo</span>''
+|-
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
+|}
+=====Demonstrative and relative pronouns=====
+{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
+|-
+! number
+! gender
+! proximal (''this'')
+! distal (''that'')
+|-
+! rowspan="3" | singular
+! masculine
+| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:iš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">iš</span>''
+| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:ai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ai</span>''
+|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
+|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
+| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ížy</span>''
+| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíny}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">aíny</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" | plural
+! masculine
+|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
+| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížo}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ížo</span>''
+| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíno|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíno}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">aíno</span>''
+|-
+! feminine
+|}
+=====Interrogative pronouns=====
+{| class="wikitable"
+|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
+! gender
+! personal (''who'')
+! possessive (''whose'')
+! for quality (''what; what kind'')
+! for quantity (''how much; how many'')
+! for size (''how big'')
+! for place/source (''where; from where'')
+! for destination (''where to'')
+! for manner (''why'')
+! for manner (''how'')
+! for time (''when'')
+|-
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
+| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔn}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕɔn</span>''
+| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕiš}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕiš</span>''
+| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔr|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔr}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕɔr</span>''
+| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕaf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaf}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕaf</span>''
+| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕel|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕel}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕel</span>''
+| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕɔrs</span>''
+| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔt}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕɔt</span>''
+| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕe|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕe</span>''
+| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕɔm</span>''
+| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔmán|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔmán}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕɔmán</span>''
+|-
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
+|-
+! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
+| [[Contionary:ƕin|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕin}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕin</span>''
+| [[Contionary:ƕòry|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòry}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕɔ́ry</span>''
+| [[Contionary:ƕávy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕávy}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕávy</span>''
+| [[Contionary:ƕély|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕély}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕély</span>''
+| [[Contionary:ƕòrzy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòrzy}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕɔ́rzy</span>''
+| [[Contionary:ƕòty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòty}}]] ''<span style="color:gray">ƕɔ́ty</span>''
+|}
+=====Indefinite pronouns=====
+===Prepositions and particles===
+====Particles====
+Gothevian employs the use of particles for various purposes.
+=====Function particles=====
+Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles.
+'''[[Contionary:dy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dy}}]] (dy, "dative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to mark it as an [[wikt:indirect object|indirect object]] of a verb.
+* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gycáhiva}} '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d'}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ášto}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cánty my}} — ‘I showed my bag '''<span style="color:#709BBF">to</span> <span style="color:#C15959">Ášty</span>'''’
+'''[[Contionary:zy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}]] (zy, "possessive/partitive particle")''' — Placed before a noun to express [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]], origin, or [[w:Partitive|partitivity]], or [[w:Compound (linguistics)|attributively]] in relation to the noun preceding it.
+* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš i}} '''<span style="color:#C0945A">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|katt}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Somáë}}</span>''' — ‘that is '''<span style="color:#C15959">Somá</span><span style="color:#709BBF">’s</span> <span style="color:#C0945A">cat</span>'''’
+'''[[Contionary:vy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}]] (vy, "interrogative particle")''' — Placed after the main verb to form a [[w:Yes/no question|yes–no question]].
+* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">have you drunk</span>''' water'''<span style="color:#709BBF">?</span>'''’
+'''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning.
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ suk!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">don’t</span> <span style="color:#C15959">like</span>''' you!’
+* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš'ƕɔn qízɛis jy,}} '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''<span style="color:#C15959">the</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">not-</span><span style="color:#C15959">strong</span>'''?’
+'''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]].
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfe}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#709BBF">O</span> <span style="color:#C15959">Ázlyf</span>'''! Come here!’
+'''[[Contionary:ɛísy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}]] (ɛísy, "optative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express wish, hope, or desire. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaílaw}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">wish</span> <span style="color:#C15959">to travel</span>''' around Europe’
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕail}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">want</span> <span style="color:#C15959">to travel</span>''' around Europe’
+'''[[Contionary:ma|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}]] (ma, "dynamic particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express ability. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express permission.
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kawš}}</span>''' — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">can</span> <span style="color:#C15959">try</span>'''’
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|káwšaw}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy?}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#709BBF">may</span> <span style="color:#C15959">I try</span>'''?’
+'''[[Contionary:á|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}]] (á, "hortative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to form a [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#709BBF">it'd be better if</span> <span style="color:#C15959">you sleep</span>''', you look tired’
+'''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection.
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}} '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žóvvivny}}</span>''' — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I heard she used to</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">like</span> <span style="color:#C15959">to draw</span>'''’
+'''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">you</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">have to</span> <span style="color:#C15959">leave</span>'''!’
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándaiš}}</span>''' — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">you</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">probably should</span> <span style="color:#C15959">leave</span>'''’
+'''[[Contionary:aw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}]] (aw, "desiderative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express desire towards the verb. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m'ai búđaw}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">would love to</span> <span style="color:#C15959">be able to buy</span>''' the camera’
+* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|buđ}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">want to</span> <span style="color:#C15959">buy</span>''' the camera’
+=====Discourse particles=====
+Discourse particles in Gothevian are contextual, optional particles used to highlight the mood or the attitude of the speaker or to highlight the sentence's focus. These particles are mainly present in spoken, informal standard Gothevian or throughout its many dialects. In formal, written contexts, they are mostly seen as unprofessional. Below are some discourse particles.
+'''[[Contionary:jy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jy}}]] (jy)''' — Used as a general intensifying particle.
+* ...
+'''[[Contionary:ɛi|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}]] (ɛi)''' — Used to indicate that the utterance happened as a consequence to an earlier even or action.
+* ...
+'''[[Contionary:nušt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nušt}}]] (nušt)''' — Used to indicate something is being offered to the listener.
+* ...
+'''[[Contionary:níjy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|níjy}}]] (níjy)''' — Used to intensify a negative or opposing utterance. Also used before nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs for stronger negation.
+* ...
+'''[[Contionary:aš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}]] (aš)''' — Used to intensify imperatives.
+* ...
+'''[[Contionary:dɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ}}]] (dɛ)''' — Used as indicate haste or urgency. Also used to indicate the speaker is in a state of haste, or in a state of anger or hatred towards the listener or a third party.
+* ...
+'''[[Contionary:mis|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mis}}]] (mis)''' — Used to intensify adjectives and adverbs.
+* ...
+'''[[Contionary:hax|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hax}}]] (hax)''' — Used as a indicate a sudden shift or deviation of topic.
+* ...
+'''[[Contionary:áđby|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}}]] (áđby)''' — Used to indicate that the speaker has been ignorant of newly-provided information or fact.
+* ...
+'''[[Contionary:ɛx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛx}}]] (ɛx)''' — Used to indicate dissatisfaction or disgust.
+* ...
+'''[[Contionary:óšy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óšy}}]] (óšy)''' — Used to add a sense indeterminateness to interrogative pronouns or to add a sense greater indeterminateness to indefinite pronouns. Also used insultingly to add a sense of diminutivity.
+* ...
+'''[[Contionary:bɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bɛ}}]] (bɛ)''' — Used to indicate frustration or anger.
+* ...
+=====Lexical particles=====
+====Prepositions====
+===Verbs===
+Gothevian lost many of the complex verbal conjugations it inherited from [[w:Gothic verbs|Gothic]], such as [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms, the old passive conjugation, and [[w:Germanic strong verb|strong verb classes]]. Nevertheless, Gothevian verb conjugation is the most complex out of any surviving Germanic language, due to the acquisition of an [[w:aorist|aorist]], a new synthetic passive, and other analytic moods such as the [[w:Inferential mood|inferential]] and [[w:Conditional mood|conditional]] moods.
+====Irregular stems====
+Irregular verbs in Gothevian are verbs whose stems either slightly alter or completely change across the paradigm. These changes mostly occur across tense-aspect-mood forms, but two verbs (''to have, to be'') also alter their stems depending on person.
+While most strong verbs would regularize by applying one form throughout the whole paradigm, some common verbs would retain reduced stem vowel alternation in their "past" (''imperfect and aorist'') conjugations. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ícyn}} (ícyn, "to eat") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éc-}}, éc-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qízyn}} (qízyn, "to talk") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòz-}}, qɔ́z-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qímyn}} (qímyn, "to come") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòm-}}, qɔ́m-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ályn}} (ályn, "to grow") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ól-}}, ól-).
+Another source of irregular verbs are Gothic [[w:Gothic_verbs#Irregular_weak_verbs|weak irregular verbs]] that have also resisted full regularization. Instead, these verbs underwent partial regularization, by reforming the present stems with the consonantism of the past stem (which mostly would have followed a ''CV̄̆ht-'' pattern) and the vocalism of the present stem, thus in a way appearing to mimic the previous class of irregular verbs. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sútyn}} (sútyn, "to seem") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sót-}}, sót-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bútyn}} (bútyn, "to buy") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|báwt-}}, báwt-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vòtyn}} (vɔ́tyn, "to make") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vát-}}, vát-), alongside the verb {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drítyn}} (drítyn, "to drink") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drɛít-}}, drɛít-).
+The last category of irregular verbs, specifically the two verbs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} (ain, "to have") and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn}} (víšyn, "to be") use multiple different stems throughout their paradigm ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aí-, á-, aíc-}}; {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v-, š-, ší-}}).
+====Synthetic forms====
+Approximately one third of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are synthetic, meaning they indicate grammatical information via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|bound affixation]] rather than by [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound morphemes]]. With the exception of participles and the aorist, synthetic forms all represent direct evolutions from old Gothic conjugations.
+=====Participles=====
+Gothevian verbs have five participles based on aspect and voice, declining for 2 gender categories (''masculine-neuter, feminine'').
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="text-align:left;"
+! rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [[Contionary:šócyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócyn}}]] ''(šócyn, "to see")''
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! present active<br />participle
+! present passive<br />participle
+! imperfect active<br />participle
+! imperfect passive<br />participle
+! aorist<br />participle
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | masculine<br />(+ neuter)
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''šóc<span style="color:#709BBF">yn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}}</span><br />''šóc<span style="color:#709BBF">ynyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''šóc<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔs}}</span><br />''šóc<span style="color:#709BBF">inɔs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}}</span><br />''šóc<span style="color:#709BBF">ivyn</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | feminine
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}</span><br />''šóc<span style="color:#C15959">ny</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyny}}</span><br />''šóc<span style="color:#C15959">nyny</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''šóc<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔzy}}</span><br />''šóc<span style="color:#C15959">inɔzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivny}}</span><br />''šóc<span style="color:#C15959">ivny</span>''
+|}
+=====Present=====
+The present tense is used for:
+* Events happening in the present,
+* Current states of being,
+* Facts that are always true.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+|+ Present Indicative
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#3f8039">{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|<small>ACT</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#773980">{{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|<small>PASS</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
+! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}}<br />''gaf''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">yn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<br />''ɛ́ö''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">n</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<br />''ai''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">n</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}}<br />''im''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">n</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ɛiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">yniš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ɛ̈iš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">niš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">niš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}}<br />''iš''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">niš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ɛis</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynis</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ɛ̈is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nis</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">s</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nis</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}<br />''i''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">nis</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">m</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">m</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}}<br />''šam''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">nym</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">yš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''aj<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}}<br />''šu''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">yn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}}<br />''šan''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span>''
+|}
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+|+ Present Subjunctive
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#3f8039">{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|<small>ACT</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#773980">{{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|<small>PASS</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
+! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">aw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynaw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">naw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">aw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}}</span><br />''ší<span style="color:#773980">naw</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynaiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span><br />''ší<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynais</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äis</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nais</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nais</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span><br />''ší<span style="color:#773980">nais</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">aim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynaim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">naim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">aim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}}</span><br />''ší<span style="color:#773980">naim</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynawš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äwš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span><br />''ší<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynain</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äin</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nain</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nain</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span><br />''ší<span style="color:#773980">nain</span>''
+|}
+=====Imperfect=====
+The [[w:Imperfect|Imperfect]] fuses the [[w:Past tense|past tense]] (and marginally the present tense) with [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] and is used for:
+* Ongoing events that happened in the past,
+* States of being in the past that still have some sort of effect in the present,
+* Events or states of being that started in the past and are still ongoing in the present, if context is clear.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+|+ Imperfect Indicative
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#3f8039">{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|<small>ACT</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#773980">{{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|<small>PASS</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
+! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ija</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔva}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔva</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïja</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔva</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">ja</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔva</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}}<br />''vam''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">ja</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijɛš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ijɛš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔvɛš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjɛš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïjɛš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔvɛš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">jɛš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔvɛš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}}<br />''vaš''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">jɛš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijus}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ijus</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvus}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔvus</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjus}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïjus</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔvus</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">jus</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔvus</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}}<br />''vas''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">jus</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijym}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ijym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvym}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔvym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjym}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïjym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔvym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">jym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔvym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}}<br />''éšym''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">jym</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ijyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔvyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïjyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔvyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">jyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔvyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}}<br />''éšyš''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">jyš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyn}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ijyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyn}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔvyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyn}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïjyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔvyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">jyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔvyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}}<br />''éšyn''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">jyn</span>''
+|}
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+|+ Imperfect Subjunctive
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#3f8039">{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|<small>ACT</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#773980">{{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|<small>PASS</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
+! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ija</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvaw}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔvaw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïja</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔvaw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ija</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔvaw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íja}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">íja</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">nɔvaw</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">iɛ̈iš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛiš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔvɛiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêiš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïɛ̈iš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔvɛiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">iɛ̈iš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔvɛiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêiš}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">íɛ̈iš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">nɔvɛiš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">iɛ̈is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvis}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔvis</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêis}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïɛ̈is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔvis</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">iɛ̈is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔvis</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêis}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">íɛ̈is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">nɔvis</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">iɛ̈im</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛim}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔvɛim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêim}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïɛ̈im</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔvɛim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">iɛ̈im</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔvɛim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêim}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">íɛ̈im</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">nɔvɛim</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">iöš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvoš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔvoš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïöš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïöš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔvoš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">iöš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔvoš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöš}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">íöš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">nɔvoš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">iɛ̈in</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛin}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynɔvɛin</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêin}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïɛ̈in</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nɔvɛin</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">iɛ̈in</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">nɔvɛin</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêin}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">íɛ̈in</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}}</span><br />''ši<span style="color:#773980">nɔvɛin</span>''
+|}
+=====Aorist=====
+The [[w:Aorist|Aorist]] differs from the imperfect in that is expresses the [[w:perfective aspect|perfective aspect]]. It is used for:
+* Event that began and ended in the past, viewed as a single whole rather than a process,
+* States of being in the past that do not have any effect in the present,
+* Events or states of being that are fully contained within a certain timeframe, such as when storytelling.
+The Gothevian aorist has no passive forms. Instead, imperfect or perfect passives may be used.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+|+ Aorist Indicative
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#3f8039">{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|<small>ACT</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#773980">{{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|<small>PASS</small>}}</span>'''
+! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
+! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
+! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
+! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
+! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iva}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">iva</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïva}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïva</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|va}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">va</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íva}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">íva</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ivɛš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïvɛš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛš}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">vɛš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛš}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ívɛš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivus}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ivus</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvus}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïvus</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vus}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">vus</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívus}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ívus</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivym}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ivym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvym}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïvym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vym}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">vym</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívym}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ívym</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ivyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïvyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyš}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">vyš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyš}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ívyš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ivyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyn}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïvyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyn}}</span><br />''á<span style="color:#3f8039">vyn</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyn}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ívyn</span>''
+|}
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+|+ Aorist Subjunctive
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#3f8039">{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|<small>ACT</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#773980">{{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|<small>PASS</small>}}</span>'''
+! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
+! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
+! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
+! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
+! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ivaw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvaw}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïvaw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ivaw</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívaw}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ívaw</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ivɛiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛiš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïvɛiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ivɛiš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛiš}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ívɛiš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ivɛis</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛis}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïvɛis</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ivɛis</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛis}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ívɛis</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ivɛim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛim}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïvɛim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ivɛim</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛim}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ívɛim</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ivoš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvoš}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïvoš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ivoš</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívoš}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ívoš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}}</span><br />''gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ivɛin</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛin}}</span><br />''ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ïvɛin</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ivɛin</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛin}}</span><br />''š<span style="color:#3f8039">ívɛin</span>''
+|}
+====Analytic forms====
+The other two thirds of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are analytic, meaning they are contructed via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound particles]] accompanying the main verb.
+=====Future=====
+The future tense is used for events or states of being occurring in the future. It is formed by adding the particle [[Contionary:šta|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}]] (šta) directly before the simple present form of a verb.
+In less formal speech or writing, {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} may contract to {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'}} (št'). This is especially prevalent if the main verb begins with a vowel ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta èö}} → {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'èö}}).
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+|+ Future Indicative
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#3f8039">{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|<small>ACT</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#773980">{{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|<small>PASS</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
+! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}}<br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gaf''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">yn</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">n</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ai''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> av<span style="color:#773980">n</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}}<br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> im''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ši<span style="color:#773980">n</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ɛiš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">yniš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ɛ̈iš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">niš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> av<span style="color:#773980">niš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}}<br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> iš''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ši<span style="color:#773980">niš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ɛis</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynis</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">ɛ̈is</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nis</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ai<span style="color:#3f8039">s</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> av<span style="color:#773980">nis</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}<br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> i''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ši<span style="color:#773980">nis</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ym</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynym</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">m</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nym</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ai<span style="color:#3f8039">m</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> av<span style="color:#773980">nym</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}}<br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> šam''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ši<span style="color:#773980">nym</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">yš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynyš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> aj<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> av<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}}<br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> šu''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ši<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">yn</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynyn</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ai<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> av<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}}<br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> šan''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ši<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span>''
+|}
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+|+ Future Subjunctive
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#3f8039">{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|<small>ACT</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#773980">{{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|<small>PASS</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
+! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">aw</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynaw</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äw</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">naw</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aw</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> áv<span style="color:#773980">naw</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> š<span style="color:#3f8039">aw</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ší<span style="color:#773980">naw</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynaiš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äiš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> áv<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> š<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ší<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynais</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äis</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nais</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> áv<span style="color:#773980">nais</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> š<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ší<span style="color:#773980">nais</span>''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">aim</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynaim</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äim</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">naim</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aim</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> áv<span style="color:#773980">naim</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> š<span style="color:#3f8039">aim</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ší<span style="color:#773980">naim</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynawš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äwš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> áv<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> š<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ší<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span>''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> gáv<span style="color:#773980">ynain</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#3f8039">äin</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#773980">nain</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> áv<span style="color:#773980">nain</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> š<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span>''
+| <span style="color:#396380">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span><br />''<span style="color:#396380">šta</span> ší<span style="color:#773980">nain</span>''
+|}
+=====Present Perfect=====
+The present perfect tense is used for events or states of being occurring wholly in the past, viewed as a single whole, with a lasting effect on the present state. It also refers to a past event that happened fully before another event in the present. It is formed by using the simple present tense of [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}]] (ain, "to have") alongside the imperfect active participle of the main verb. Both active and passive constructions use the imperfect active participle, with the voice distinction being codified into the auxiliary's conjugation.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+|+ Present Perfect Indicative
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#3f8039">{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|<small>ACT</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#773980">{{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|<small>PASS</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
+! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
+|-
+! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''ai gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">n</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''ai ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''av<span style="color:#773980">n</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''ai ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''av<span style="color:#773980">n</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''ai vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''av<span style="color:#773980">n</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person<br>masculine/neuter
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">niš</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">niš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">niš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">niš</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person<br>feminine
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">niš</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">niš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">niš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">niš</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person<br>masculine/neuter
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">s</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nis</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">s</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nis</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">s</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nis</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">s</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nis</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person<br>feminine
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">s</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nis</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">s</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nis</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">s</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nis</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">s</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nis</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">m</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nym</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">m</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nym</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">m</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nym</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">m</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nym</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person<br>masculine/neuter
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person<br>feminine
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">š</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyš</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person<br>masculine/neuter
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person<br>feminine
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''ai<span style="color:#3f8039">n</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nyn</span> vɛis''
+|}
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+|+ Present Perfect Subjunctive
+! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''<span style="color:#3f8039">{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|<small>ACT</small>}}</span><br><span style="color:#773980">{{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|<small>PASS</small>}}</span>'''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
+! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
+! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
+|-
+! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aw</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naw</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aw</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naw</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aw</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naw</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aw</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naw</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person<br>masculine/neuter
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person<br>feminine
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aiš</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naiš</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person<br>masculine/neuter
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nais</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nais</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nais</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nais</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person<br>feminine
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nais</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nais</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nais</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ais</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nais</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aim</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naim</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aim</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naim</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aim</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naim</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">aim</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">naim</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person<br>masculine/neuter
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person<br>feminine
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">awš</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nawš</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person<br>masculine/neuter
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nain</span> gáv<span style="color:#709BBF">is</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nain</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#709BBF">ïs</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nain</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nain</span> vɛis''
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person<br>feminine
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nain</span> gáv<span style="color:#C15959">izy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}}</span><br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nain</span> ɛ́ö<span style="color:#C15959">ïzy</span>''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nain</span> ait''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}<span style="color:#3f8039">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''aíc<span style="color:#3f8039">ain</span> vɛis''
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}<span style="color:#773980">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}}</span> {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}}<br />''áv<span style="color:#773980">nain</span> vɛis''
+|}
+=====Past Perfect=====
+=====Future Perfect=====
+====Inferential====
 ==Vocabulary==
+===Phrasebook===
+<div style=display:inline-grid>
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! Gothevian
+! English
+! Usage notes
+|-
+| [[Contionary:vɛl qòmivyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl qòmivyn/qòmivny}}]] (vɛl qɔ́mivyn/qɔ́mivny)
+| welcome
+| style="font-style:italic;" | must agree in gender
+|-
+| [[Contionary:vèly mòvvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vèly mòvvy}}]] (vɛ́ly mɔ́vvy)
+| good morning
+| rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic;" | fairly formal in usage
+|-
+| [[Contionary:vɛl lix|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl lix/yslíx}}]] (vɛl lix/yslíx)
+| good evening
+|-
+| [[Contionary:vɛl daf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl daf}}]] (vɛl daf)
+| good day
+|-
+| [[Contionary:yn aršóc|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn aršóc}}]] (yn aršóc)
+| farewell, goodbye
+|-
+| [[Contionary:hail sy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hail sy/ɛi}}]] (hail sy/ɛi)
+| rowspan="2" | hello
+| rowspan="2" style="font-style:italic;" | must agree in formality, formal-leaning
+|-
+| [[Contionary:đan sy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đan sy/ɛi}}]] (đan sy/ɛi)
+|-
+| [[Contionary:hail|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hai(l)}}]] (hai(l))
+| rowspan="2" | hello, hi
+| rowspan="2" style="font-style:italic;" | casual, forms without the final consonant are very informal
+|-
+| [[Contionary:đan|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đa(n)}}]] (đa(n))
+|-
+| [[Contionary:álɔ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|álɔ}}]] (álɔ)
+| hello
+| style="font-style:italic;" | used when answering the (tele)phone
+|-
+| [[Contionary:cáü|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cáü}}]] (cáü)
+| goodbye
+| style="font-style:italic;" | fairly casual in usage
+|-
+| [[Contionary:cy-cáü|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cy-cáü}}]] (cy-cáü)
+| bye
+| style="font-style:italic;" | very informal in usage
+|}
+</div>
+<div style=display:inline-grid>
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Introductions
+|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"
+! Gothevian
+! English
+! Usage notes
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] [[Contionary:haítyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haítyniš/haítynyš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔm haítyniš/haítynyš?)
+| what is your name? <small>''(lit. "what are you called?")''</small>
+| must agree in formality
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:haítyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haítyn}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|...}} (haítyn...)
+| my name is... <small>''(lit. "I am called...")''</small>
+|
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš/šu}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔm iš/šu?)
+| how are you?
+| rowspan="5" | must agree in formality
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] [[Contionary:šun|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|súêiš/šuš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔm súɛ̈iš/šuš?)
+| how are you? <small>''(lit. "how do you?")''</small>
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}}]] [[Contionary:bac|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bac}}]], [[Contionary:i|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}]] [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|/}}[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (im bac, i so/oš?)
+| I am fine, and you?
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:šun|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}}]] [[Contionary:vɛl|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl}}]], [[Contionary:i|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}]] [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|/}}[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (šu vɛl, i so/oš?)
+| I am fine, and you? <small>''(lit. "I do well, and you?")''</small>
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš/šu}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔrs iš/šu?)
+| where are you from?
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}}]] [[Contionary:yf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yf}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|...}} (im yf...)
+| I am from...
+|
+|}
+</div>
+===Numerals===
+===Swadesh list===
+===Colors===
+===Units of time===
+====Times of day====
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mélaš zy dávyn}} (''mélaš zy dávyn'')
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]
+| [[Contionary:natt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|natt}}]]<br />''natt''
+| [[Contionary:óttvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óttvy}}]]<br />''óttvy''
+| [[Contionary:mòvvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mòvvy}}]]<br />''mɔ́vvy''
+| [[Contionary:pland|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pland}}]]<br />''pland''
+| [[Contionary:ysmáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ysmáty}}]]<br />''ysmáty''
+| [[Contionary:lix|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|lix}}]]<br />''lix''
+| [[Contionary:yslíx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yslíx}}]]<br />''yslíx''
+|-
+! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]
+| ''night''
+| ''dawn''
+| ''morning''
+| ''noon''
+| ''afternoon''
+| ''dusk''
+| ''evening''
+|}
+====Weekdays====
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vícɛinaš dávaš}} (''vícɛinaš dávaš'')
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]
+| [[Contionary:Lúndy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Lúndy}}]]<br />''Lúndy''
+| [[Contionary:Márty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Márty}}]]<br />''Márty''
+| [[Contionary:Mɛrkòdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Mɛrkòdy}}]]<br />''Mɛrkɔ́dy''
+| [[Contionary:Đvódy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Đvódy}}]]<br />''Đvódy''
+| [[Contionary:Vɛnèrdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛnèrdy}}]]<br />''Vɛnɛ́rdy''
+| [[Contionary:Šambáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šambáty}}]]<br />''Šambáty''
+| [[Contionary:Rèišty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Rèišty}}]]<br />''Rɛ́išty''
+|-
+! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
+|-
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]
+| ''Monday''
+| ''Tuesday''
+| ''Wednesday''
+| ''Thursday''
+| ''Friday''
+| ''Saturday''
+| ''Sunday''
+|}
+====Months====
+====Seasons====
 ==Sample texts==
+===''The Cold Winter is Near''===
+{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
+|-
+! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
+!
+! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
+|-
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.)''</span></small>
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come.<br /><br />
+|-
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žèškyš rážyš my, o játɛl.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žɛ́škyš rážyš my, o játɛl.)''</span></small>
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend.<br /><br />
+|-
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛl qòm'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Vɛl qɔ́m'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!)''</span></small>
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink!<br /><br />
+|-
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Iš i plan my.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Iš i plan my.)''</span></small>
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.<br /><br />
+|-
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.)''</span></small>
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow.<br /><br />
+|-
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ax, i žèšky còbry!}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Ax, i žɛ́šky cɔ́bry!)''</span></small>
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!<br /><br />
+|}
+===''The North Wind and the Sun''===
+{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
+|-
+! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
+!
+! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
+|-
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cèđaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsènđivyn ínyn žèškuš paízuš.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Nɔ́sryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cɛ́đaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsɛ́nđivyn ínyn žɛ́škuš paízuš.)''</span></small>
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind and the Sun were disputing who of the two was stronger, when a traveler came along, wrapped around in a warm cloak.<br /><br /><br />
+|-
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕònuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕɔ́nuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.)''</span></small>
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | They agreed, that whoever can force the traveler, so that he takes off his cloak, will then have to be deemed stronger than the other.<br /><br /><br />
+|-
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn èöïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš èöïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Nɔ́sryn ɛ́öïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš ɛ́öïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.)''</span></small>
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind then blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the more closely did the traveler hold his cloak around himself, and at last he gave up.<br /><br /><br />
+|-
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šáwjlun šcánijus san žèšky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Šáwjlun šcánijus san žɛ́šky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.)''</span></small>
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | The Sun then shone warmly, and the traveler immediately took off his cloak.<br /><br />
+|-
+| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn sar ynèhaitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Nɔ́sryn sar ynɛ́haitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.)''</span></small>
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind was then obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger [of the two].<br />
+|}
 ==See also==