Linguifex

Koṭärt: Difference between revisions

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{{privatelang}}
{{privatelang}}


(This page is heavily a WIP, article on Frathwiki is coming soon too)
(This page is heavily a WIP, a lot of data here is incorrect and/or inaccurate. Major changes coming soon)


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
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|pronunciation=ko̞ˈʈæɹt
|pronunciation=ko̞ˈʈæɹt
|pronunciation_key=IPA for Koṭärt
|pronunciation_key=IPA for Koṭärt
|creator=Hyacinth
|creator=[[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]]
|setting=
|setting=
Paukaṣṣat
Paukaṣṣat
* Lakkāl
* Lakkāl
|created=c. 2023-2024
|created=c. 2023-2025
|ethnicity=Ṃkṛkoṭärt, Śätst, etc.
|ethnicity=Ṃkṛkoṭärt, Śätst, etc.
|familycolor=unclassified
|familycolor=unclassified
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|ancestor3=Archaic Old Koṭärt
|ancestor3=Archaic Old Koṭärt
|ancestor4=Mainlands Old Koṭärt
|ancestor4=Mainlands Old Koṭärt
|stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect
|stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect (previously)
|dia1=Koṭärt dialect cluster
|dia1=Koṭärt dialect cluster
|dia2=Koṭärt-Western dialect cluster
|dia2=Koṭärt-Western dialect cluster
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}}
}}


[[Koṭärt]] ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], or ''Koṭärtlyap'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/]]) is an artificial language created by Hyacinth Fairfax for a conworld project and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', serving as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] between various Lakkālt communes.  
[[Koṭärt]] ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], or ''Koṭärtlyap'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞.ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/]]) is an artificial language created by [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]] for a conworld project, ''Paukaṣṣat'', and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', serving as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] between various Lakkālt communes. It is also the most spoken human language in Paukaṣṣat.


==History==
==History==
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! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=1| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=1| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan=1| [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan=1| [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! colspan=1| [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! colspan=1| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=1| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
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Notes:<br>
Notes:<br>
* Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.
* Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.
* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are dependent on the speaker. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/
* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are [[w:Free variation|dependent on the speaker]]. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/
* [‌[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]‌] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].
* [‌[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]‌] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].
* [‌[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.
* [‌[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.
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| [[w:P|p]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|p]]‌/ || [[w:S|s]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|s]]‌/
| [[w:P|p]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|p]]‌/ || [[w:S|s]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|s]]‌/
|-
|-
| [[w:T|t]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṣ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂ]]‌/
| [[w:T|t]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṭ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ]]‌/
|-
|-
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḳ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c~k̟ʲ]]‌/ || [[w:Ś|ś]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɕ]]‌/
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḳ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c~k̟ʲ]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṣ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂ]]‌/
|-
|-
| [[w:K|k]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|k]]‌/ || [[w:Ts (digraph)|ts]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡s]]‌/
| [[w:K|k]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|k]]‌/ || [[w:Ś|ś]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɕ]]‌/
|-
|-
| [[w:M|m]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|m]]‌/ || [[w:C|c]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ͡ʂ]]‌/
| [[w:M|m]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|m]]‌/ || [[w:Ts (digraph)|ts]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡s]]‌/
|-
|-
| [[w:N|n]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|n]]‌/ || [[w:Ć|ć]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɕ]]‌/
| [[w:N|n]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|n]]‌/ || [[w:C|c]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ͡ʂ]]‌/
|-
|-
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṇ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɳ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|tl]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɬ]]‌/
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṇ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɳ]]‌/ || [[w:Ć|ć]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɕ]]‌/
|-
|-
| [[w:Ñ|ñ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɲ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script trigraphs|tly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c͡ʎ̝̊]]‌/
| [[w:Ñ|ñ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɲ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|tl]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɬ]]‌/
|-
|-
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṃ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ŋ]]‌/¹ || [[w:W|w]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|w]]‌/²
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṃ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ŋ]]‌/¹ || [[w:List of Latin-script trigraphs|tly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c͡ʎ̝̊]]‌/
|-
|-
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṛ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɽ]]‌/ || [[w:R|r]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɹ]]‌/
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṛ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɽ]]‌/ || [[w:W|w]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|w]]‌/²
|-
|-
| [[w:Y|y]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|j]]‌/³ || [[w:G|g]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɰ]]‌/
| [[w:Y|y]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|j]]‌/³ || [[w:R|r]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɹ]]‌/
|-
|-
| [[w:L|l]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|l]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḷ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɭ]]‌/
| [[w:L|l]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|l]]‌/ || [[w:G|g]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɰ]]‌/
|-
|-
| [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|ly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʎ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|wy]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|jː]]‌/⁴
| [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|ly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʎ]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḷ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɭ]]‌/
|-
|-
|}
|}
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonologically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.
Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonetically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.


All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.
All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.
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Notes:<br>
Notes:<br>
* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonological values, depending on a dialect, and even speaker's idiolect (just as certain aforementioned nuances with some consonants), it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].
* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonetic values, depending on a dialect, and even [[w:Free variation|speaker's idiolect]], it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].
* [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].
* [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], in addition to its role as a phoneme, is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].
* [‌[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]‌] is a stressed allophone of /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/, however some put stress on /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ nonetheless.
* [‌[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]‌] is a stressed allophone of /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/, however some put stress on /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ nonetheless.
* [‌[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.
* [‌[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.
* If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a [[w:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]], then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a [[w: R-colored vowel|r-colored vowel]].
* If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a [[w:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]], then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a [[w: R-colored vowel|r-colored vowel]].
* Mid vowels except [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], when unstressed, may be raised to [e~ɪ], [o] and [ø~ɵ] after [j].


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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|}
|}


Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two [[w:Mora|morae]]. Elongation plays a role in morphology and semantics of words.
Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two [[w:Mora|morae]]. Lengthening plays a role in morphology and semantics of words.
 


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| [æi̯]
| [æi̯]
| [æi̯]
| [æi̯]
|-
|}
Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonetically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Romanization for Vowels'''
! [[w:Vowel length|Short vowel]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Umlaut|Umlaut]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Vowel length|Long vowel]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Vowel length|Lengthened]] [[w:Umlaut|Umlaut]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
| [[w:A|a]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|a]]/ || [[w:Ä|ä]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|æ]]/ || [[w:Ā|ā]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɑː]]/ || [[w:Á|á]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʌ̞ː]]/
|-
| [[w:I|i]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|i]]/ || || || [[w:Ī|ī]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɪː]]/ || ||
|-
| [[w:U|u]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|u]]/ || [[w:Ü|ü]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|y]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ū]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʊː]]/ || [[w:Ú|ú]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|yː]]/
|-
| [[w:E|e]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|e̞]]/ || || || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ē]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɛː]]/ || ||
|-
| [[w:Ë|ë]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ə]]/ || || || [[w:É|é]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɜː]]/ || ||
|-
| [[w:O|o]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|o̞]]/ || [[w:Ö|ö]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ø̞]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ō]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɔː]]/ || [[w:Ó|ó]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|œː]]/
|-
|-
|}
|}
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==Phonetics==
==Phonetics==


WIP
Below is the phonemic analysis of Koṭärt vowels.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Short monophthongs
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]'''
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]] [[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]
| [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]]
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]'''
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open vowel|Open]]'''
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|
|-
|}
 
The phonemic vowels of the Koṭärt-Weśte dialect are quite asymmetrical, three front vowels, one central vowel, and one back vowel. Most phonemic vowels are mid, except for /a/ and /æ/. It contrasts very similar sounding /a/, /æ/, and /ə/, although in some dialects /a/ is more back, making it more distinct.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Diphthongs (phonemic values and romanisation)
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=1|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! colspan=1|[[w:R-colored vowel|Rhotic]]
|-
! rowspan=4 |Closed
|/e̞i̯/ ⟨ei⟩
|/e̞u̯/ ⟨eu⟩
|/e̞ɹ/ ⟨er⟩
|-
|
|/əu̯/ ⟨ëu⟩
|
|-
|/ai̯/ ⟨ai⟩
|/au̯/ ⟨au⟩
|/aɹ/ ⟨ar⟩
|-
|
|/æu̯/ ⟨äu⟩
|
|-
 
! rowspan=4 |[[Wiktionary:schwebeablaut|Open]]
|/je̞/ ⟨ye⟩
|/we̞/ ⟨we⟩
|/ɹe̞/ ⟨re⟩
|-
|
|/wə/ ⟨wë⟩
|
|-
|/ja/ ⟨ya⟩
|/wa/ ⟨wa⟩
|/ɹa/ ⟨ra⟩
|-
|
|/wæ/ ⟨wä⟩
|
|-
|}
 


==Phonotactics==
==Phonotactics==
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==Links==
==Links==
* [https://www.frathwiki.com/Ko%E1%B9%AD%C3%A4rt Koṭärt] on FrathWiki


==Classmeter==
==Classmeter==
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Koṭärt"