Ludovian: Difference between revisions
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| nativename = ludovin, lingùa ludovina | | nativename = ludovin, lingùa ludovina | ||
| pronunciation = ludoˈvin | | pronunciation = ludoˈvin | ||
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Ludovian | |||
| ethnicity = Ludovians | | ethnicity = Ludovians | ||
| state = Ludovia | | state = Ludovia | ||
| Line 28: | Line 29: | ||
| created = 2025 | | created = 2025 | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ludovian''' (''ludovin'', ''lingùa ludovina'' [[ | '''Ludovian''' (''ludovin'', ''lingùa ludovina'' [[IPA for Ludovian|[ludoˈvin]]]), historically also called '''Ludovin''' or '''Ludovic''', is a [[w:Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] language spoken by the Ludovians native to the Kingdom of Ludovia (Ludovian: ''Rià Ludovina''). Ludovian developed as a distinct language from [[w:Old Gallo-Romance language|Old Gallo-Romance]] after the establishment of the Kingdom of Ludovia by King Ludovic I, where it developed into Old Ludovic and eventually modern Ludovian. Like most Romance languages, it is an inflected fusional language with a masculine-feminine gender distinction, although unlike other Romance languages it incorporates the noun agglutination typical of [[w:German language|German]], frequently calquing German words, such as ''[[Contionary:tetlingùa|tetlingùa]]'', a calque of ''[[w:Dachsprache|Dachsprache]]'', or ''[[Contionary:manubute|manubute]]'', a calque of ''[[wikt:Handschuh|Handschuh]]''. | ||
There are currently around 450,000 speakers of Ludovian; most live in the eponymous Kingdom of Ludovia, where it is the official language. It is also one of 25 official languages of the [[w:European Union|EU]]. | There are currently around 450,000 speakers of Ludovian; most live in the eponymous Kingdom of Ludovia, where it is the official language. It is also one of 25 official languages of the [[w:European Union|EU]]. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| m || <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[ | | m || <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[IPA for Ludovian|ɱ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || n || ɲ || <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[IPA for Ludovian|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Stop | ! Stop | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Ludovian features a phonology that is typologically rather unique among Western Romance languages. | Ludovian features a phonology that is typologically rather unique among Western Romance languages. | ||
* [b g] are allophones of voiceless /p k/ between vowels; however, ⟨b g⟩ still appear etymologically, such as in ''bon'' "good (masc.)" or ''guda'' "taste", which are pronounced [[ | * [b g] are allophones of voiceless /p k/ between vowels; however, ⟨b g⟩ still appear etymologically, such as in ''bon'' "good (masc.)" or ''guda'' "taste", which are pronounced [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈpon]]] and [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈkuda]]] respectively. | ||
* [p̪ b̪] are allophones of /f v/ in word-initial, syllable-initial positions except before /i/, such as in ''vular'' "to want" or ''fuma'' "smoke", pronounced [[ | * [p̪ b̪] are allophones of /f v/ in word-initial, syllable-initial positions except before /i/, such as in ''vular'' "to want" or ''fuma'' "smoke", pronounced [[IPA for Ludovian|[b̪uˈlɑ]]] and [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈp̪uma]]]. Before /i/, and in all other positions, /f v/ are pronounced [f v]. [ɱ], like in most languages, is an allophone of /m/ before /f v/. | ||
* [ŋ] is only appears as an allophone of /n/ before /k/. | * [ŋ] is only appears as an allophone of /n/ before /k/. | ||
** [ŋ] is sometimes deleted before stressed syllables in certain words, such as ''lingùa'' "language", pronounced [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈgu.a]]] instead of the expected [[IPA for Ludovian|[liŋˈku.a]]]. This is because originally, to differentiate between ''lingua'' "tongue" and ''lingùa'' "language", Ludovian speakers pronounced ''lingùa'' as expected, [[IPA for Ludovian|[liŋˈku.a]]], which then evolved into [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈŋu.a]]] through syllable liaison and then into modern [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈgu.a]]] through the fortition of [ŋ]. | |||
* /z/ devoices to /s/ in the coda of word-final syllables, such as in ''profi'''z''''' [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈpɾofis]]] "teacher (m)"; however, it is voiced in all other positions, as in ''profi'''z'''a'' [[IPA for Ludovian|[pɾoˈfiza]]] "teacher (f.)" | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
* /e o/ are pronounced mid [e̞ o̞] in Standard Ludovian; however, in practise, they are in free variation with /e ɛ/ and /o ɔ/ respectively. | * /e o/ are pronounced mid [e̞ o̞] in Standard Ludovian; however, in practise, they are in free variation with /e ɛ/ and /o ɔ/ respectively. | ||
* /ɑ/ is phonemically distinctive with /a/, and typically appears in ''-ar'' verb endings, such as ''bua'' "he/she/it drinks" and ''bùa'' "bog", pronounced [[ | * /ɑ/ is phonemically distinctive with /a/, and typically appears in ''-ar'' verb endings, such as ''bua'' "he/she/it drinks" and ''bùa'' "bog", pronounced [[IPA for Ludovian|[puˈɑ]]] and [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈpua]]] respectively. As such, as verb endings are always stressed, /ɑ/ is also typically stressed. | ||
===Stress=== | |||
Stress in Ludovian mostly follows the same stress patterns typical of Western Romance languages. If the final syllable is open (ending on a vowel), stress is paroxytonic (on the second-to-last syllable); otherwise, it is oxytonic (on the final syllable). If a word strays from this pattern, the stressed vowel is marked with a [[w:Grave accent|grave accent]]: ⟨à è ì ò ù⟩. Additionally, verb endings are always stressed. | |||
====Examples==== | |||
* ''lingua'' "tongue" - final syllable is open - stress is paroxytonic, [[IPA for Ludovian|[ˈliŋkwa]]] | |||
vs | |||
* ''lingùa'' "language" - stress is on syllable with grave accent, [[IPA for Ludovian|[liˈgu.a]]] | |||
vs | |||
* ''linguiz'' "linguist" - final syllable is closed - stress is oxytonic, [[IPA for Ludovian|[liŋˈkwis]]] | |||
==Grammar== | |||
===Articles=== | |||
Uniquely for a Western Romance language, modern Ludovian has no definite articles, though it retains five indefinite articles. These are inflected on number and gender. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | Masculine | |||
| rowspan=2 | ''no'' || ''nos'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''noi'' | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| ''na'' || ''nei'' | |||
|} | |||
* ''Nos'' is used before plural masculine words starting with a vowel, while ''noi'' is used before plural masculine words starting with a consonant, as in: | |||
** ''arbos'' "trees" - begins with a vowel - '''''nos''' arbos'' "the trees" | |||
** ''muros'' "walls" - begins with a consonant - '''''noi''' muros'' "some walls" | |||
[[Category:Ludovic]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Ludovic]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Languages]] | ||