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{{list subpages}}
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'''Classical Thean''' is the most spoken language of Angai Europe. In [[Verse:Angai/1|Timeline 1 of Angai]], Classical Thean forms the basis of Literary Thean which was used as a literary language of Thea for over 2000 years before the emergence of Modern Standard Thean.
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator =
|name = Classical Thean
|nativename =
|pronunciation=
|setting = [[Verse:Angai]]
|region =
|speakers=975 million
|date=2025
|familycolor=tsimulh
|fam1=[[Verse:Angai/Theic languages|Theic]]
|iso3=
|official=Thea, Qualand, the Alliance
|notice=IPA
}}


Todo: Make change-of-state verbs (e.g. 'to die', 'to ripen') the basic lexical items
'''Classical Thean''' was the most spoken language of Angai Europe before the timeline split. With 975 million L1 and L2 speakers worldwide, Thean was the fourth-most spoken language in 2025.
 
In [[Verse:Angai/1|Timeline 1 of Angai]], Classical Thean evolves into highly tonal languages.
 
== Todo ==
* Make change-of-state verbs (e.g. 'to die', 'to ripen') the basic lexical items
* What does kʼ- mean? ƛʼu 'to hunt'; kʼƛʼu 'tooth'
== Gibberish ==
<poem>
təčʼay ʔəmʼarʼ ʔənkał xʷkʸiš
ǯun gǯed ʔəšo nəyiš
kʔan tnʼoh kʼlir ʔəlšey
łuy sca tweł knal ʔərgʷiš
</poem>


== History ==
== History ==
The oldest attested stage of Thean, called Old Thean, uses a logography. The history of Classical Thean begins with the publication and spread of [some religious text; some form of Buddhism I guess] in a phonetic orthography and the rhyming prose tales of [author]. This switch to a phonetic orthography was incentivized by the introduction of the printing press.
The oldest attested stage of Thean, called Old Thean, uses a logography. The history of Classical Thean begins with the publication and spread of [some religious text; some form of Buddhism I guess] in a phonetic orthography and the rhyming prose tales of [author]. This switch to a phonetic orthography was incentivized by the introduction of the printing press.
=== Diachronics ===
==== Consonants ====
* Proto-Theic k g kʼ -> kʸ gʸ kʸʼ
* Proto-Theic kʷ gʷ kʷʼ -> č ʒ{{hacek}} čʼ
* Proto-Theic q ɢ qʷ -> k g kʼ
* Proto-Theic qʷ ɢʷ qʷʼ -> kʷ gʷ kʷʼ
==== Stressed vowels ====
* Proto-Theic a -> o after kʷ-series consonants, e after kʸ-series ones, a otherwise
* Proto-Theic ã -> a
* Proto-Theic i -> e
* Proto-Theic ī -> i
* Proto-Theic u -> o
* Proto-Theic ū -> u


== Classical Thean phonology ==
== Classical Thean phonology ==
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! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Dental
! rowspan="2" | Dental
! rowspan="2" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
Line 21: Line 63:
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
! | central || lateral
! | plain || labialized
! | plain || labialized
|-
|-
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| /t{{den}}s{{den}}/ c
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}/ c
| /t/ t
| /t/ t
|
| /ts{{ret}}/ č
| /ts{{ret}}/ č
| /c/ kʸ
| /c/ kʸ
Line 38: Line 82:
| /d{{den}}z{{den}}/ ʒ
| /d{{den}}z{{den}}/ ʒ
| /d/ d
| /d/ d
|
| /dz{{ret}}/ ǯ
| /dz{{ret}}/ ǯ
| /ɟ/ gʸ
| /ɟ/ gʸ
Line 48: Line 93:
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}ʼ/ cʼ
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}ʼ/ cʼ
| /tʼ/ tʼ
| /tʼ/ tʼ
| /tɬʼ/ ƛʼ
| /ts{{ret}}ʼ/ čʼ
| /ts{{ret}}ʼ/ čʼ
| /cʼ/ kʸʼ
| /cʼ/ kʸʼ
Line 57: Line 103:
|  
|  
| /s{{den}}/ s
| /s{{den}}/ s
|
| /ɬ/ ł
| /ɬ/ ł
| /s{{ret}}/ š
| /s{{ret}}/ š
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| /m/ m
| /m/ m
|
|
| /n/ n, /l/ l
| /n/ n
| /l/ l
| /r{{ret}}/ r
| /r{{ret}}/ r
| /j/ y
| /j/ y
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| /mˀ/ mʼ
| /mˀ/ mʼ
|
|
| /nˀ/ nʼ, /lˀ/ lʼ
| /nˀ/ nʼ
| /lˀ/ lʼ
| /r{{ret}}ˀ/ rʼ
| /r{{ret}}ˀ/ rʼ
| /jˀ/ yʼ
| /jˀ/ yʼ
Line 113: Line 162:


The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)
The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)
* Present tense affirmative: 1sg ''tsoi'', 2sg ''tso:'' (or zero), 3sg ''laː'', 1pl.ex, ''tsol'', 2pl ''tson'', 3pl ''lar''
* Present tense interrogative, negative: ''bhə-gwhai, bhə-gwhau, bhə-gwhaː, bhə-gwhal, bhə-gwhan, bhə-gwhar''
* Present tense relative: ''xwiː, xuː, xwaː, xol, xon, xor''
* Focused: ''gwhaː''
** (''dhat muː gwhaː xay'' 'I am your father')
* Past tense affirmative: ''dzhei, dzhu:, dzheː, dzhel, dzhen, dzher''
* Past tense interrogative, negative: ''2ə-dzhei, 2ə-dzhu:, 2ə-dzheː, 2ə-dzhel, 2ə-dzhen, 2ə-dzher''
* Future tense affirmative: ''2ai, 2au, 2aː, 2al, 2an, 2ar''
* Future tense interrogative, negative: ''2ə-dhai, 2ə-dhau, 2ə-dhaː, 2ə-dhal, 2ə-dhan, 2ə-dhar''
* Conditional/subjunctive: ''dhoi, dho:, dhoː, dhol, dhon, dhor''


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ The Classical Thean auxiliary constructions
|+ Classical Thean auxiliary constructions (V = verb)
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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!rowspan=3| present
!rowspan=3| present
! affirmative
! affirmative
| ''coy xey gʷer''
| ''xco xey gʷer V''
| ''(co) mo gʷer''
| ''(rəco) mo gʷer V''
| ''la šru gʷer''
| ''la šru gʷer V''
| ''col tli gʷer''
| ''łco tli gʷer V''
| ''con tna gʷer''
| ''nəco tna gʷer V''
|-
|-
! interrogative
! interrogative
| ''gʷay xey gʷer''
| ''xgʷay xey gʷer V''
| ''gʷa mo gʷer''
| ''rəgʷay mo gʷer V''
| ''gʷa šru gʷer''
| ''gʷay šru gʷer V''
| ''gʷal tli gʷer''
| ''łgʷay tli gʷer V''
| ''gʷan tna gʷer''
| ''nəgʷay tna gʷer V''
|-
|-
! negative
! negative
| ''gʷay xey wa gʷer''
| ''xgʷay xey wa gʷer V''
| ''gʷa mo wa gʷer''
| ''rəgʷay mo wa gʷer V''
| ''gʷa šru wa gʷer''
| ''gʷay šru wa gʷer V''
| ''gʷal tli wa gʷer''
| ''łgʷay tli wa gʷer V''
| ''gʷan tna wa gʷer''
| ''nəgʷay tna wa gʷer V''
|-
|-
!rowspan=3| past
!rowspan=3| past
! affirmative
! affirmative
| ''xʒe xey V''
| ''rəʒe mo V''
| ''ʒe sru V''
| ''łʒe tli V''
| ''nəʒe tna V''
|-
|-
! interrogative
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxʒe xey V''
| ''ʔərʒe mo V''
| ''ʔəʒe sru V''
| ''ʔəłʒe tli V''
| ''ʔənʒe tna V''
|-
|-
! negative
! negative
| ''ʔəxʒe xey wa V''
| ''ʔərʒe mo wa V''
| ''ʔəʒe sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłʒe tli wa V''
| ''ʔənʒe tna wa V''
|-
|-
!rowspan=3| future
!rowspan=3| future
! affirmative
! affirmative
| ''xʔal xey V''
| ''rəʔal mo V''
| ''ʔal sru V''
| ''łʔal tli V''
| ''nəʔal tna V''
|-
|-
! interrogative
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxda xey V''
| ''ʔərda mo V''
| ''ʔəda sru V''
| ''ʔəłda tli V''
| ''ʔənda tna V''
|-
|-
! negative
! negative
| ''ʔəxda xey wa V''
| ''ʔərda mo wa V''
| ''ʔəda sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłda tli wa V''
| ''ʔənda tna wa V''
|-
!rowspan=3| conditional/subjunctive
! affirmative
| ''xdo xey V''
| ''rədo mo V''
| ''do sru V''
| ''łdo tli V''
| ''nədo tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxdo xey V''
| ''ʔədo mo V''
| ''ʔədo sru V''
| ''ʔədol tli V''
| ''ʔədon tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxdo xey wa V''
| ''ʔədo mo wa V''
| ''ʔədo sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłdo tli wa V''
| ''ʔəndo tna wa V''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Todo: Add more forms, look at Welsh
== Derivational morphology ==
* ''kʼ-'' (allomorph of ''k-''?) derives agent or instrument nouns
** ƛʼu 'to hunt', kʼƛʼu 'tooth'


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Verse:Mwail/Classical_Thean"