Rakas: Difference between revisions
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==Name== | ==Name== | ||
Rakas (Rakas: [ˈdakas, ˈɾa-]) is the endonym of the Rakas people, borrowed into English to refer to both the people and language, though the Rakas people rarely refer to their language as the Rakas language, instead calling it Karosaganaki, which literally means ‘we speak it’, or ‘that which we speak’. | Rakas (Rakas: [ˈdakas, ˈɾa-]) is the endonym of the [[Rakas people]], borrowed into English to refer to both the people and language, though the Rakas people rarely refer to their language as the Rakas language, instead calling it Karosaganaki, which literally means ‘we speak it’, or ‘that which we speak’. | ||
==Writing System== | ==Writing System== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
! style="padding: 10px" | Labial | ! style="padding: 10px" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] | ||
! style="padding: 10px" | Alveolar | ! style="padding: 10px" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | ||
! Velar & <br> Palatal | ! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] & <br> [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | ||
! style="padding: 10px" | Glottal | ! style="padding: 10px" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Nasal | ! colspan="2" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
| (m) | | ([[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]) | ||
| n ~ ɾ̃ | | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] ~ [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Alveolar nasal tap and flap|ɾ̃]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="padding: 10px" | Stop | ! rowspan="2" style="padding: 10px" | [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]] | ||
! voiceless | ! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] | ||
| | | | ||
| t | | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] | ||
| k | | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] | ||
| (ʔ) | | ([[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] ~ ∅) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] | ||
| b | | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] | ||
| d ~ ɾ | | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] ~ [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾ]] | ||
| ɡ | | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Continuant | ! colspan="2" | [[w:Continuant|Continuant]] | ||
| w ~ β | | [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]] ~ [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] | ||
| s | | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] | ||
| j | | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] | ||
| h ~ θ | | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] ~ [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
*[ɨ] may be inserted after coda consonants in formal and poetic registers. | |||
*/m/ may occur in loanwords. | */m/ may occur in loanwords. | ||
*[n] and [ɾ̃] occur in free-variation, with [ɾ̃] ocurring most often between vowels. It is realised as [ŋ] in coda, except before alveolars (besides itself) and /j/. | *[n] and [ɾ̃] occur in free-variation, with [ɾ̃] ocurring most often between vowels. It is realised as [ŋ] in coda, except before alveolars (besides itself) and /j/. | ||
*/k/ and /ɡ/ are palatalised to [c] and [ɟ] respectively before /i/ and /i̯o/. | */k/ and /ɡ/ are palatalised to [c] and [ɟ] respectively before /i/ and /i̯o/. | ||
*Voiceless stops are generally unreleased as codas. | *Voiceless stops are generally unreleased as codas. | ||
*Glottal stop is initial only and may be analysed as the lack of a consonant. | *Glottal stop is initial only and may be analysed as the lack of a consonant. It may be unpronounced, leading to surface polyphthongs and long vowels. | ||
*/b/ is realised as [m] in codas, and sometimes initially in women's speech. | */b/ is realised as [m] in codas, and sometimes initially in women's speech. | ||
*/d/ may be realised as [ɾ], occurring most often between vowels. It is sometimes pronounced [r] as a coda. | */d/ may be realised as [ɾ], occurring most often between vowels. It is sometimes pronounced [r] as a coda. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
! | ! | ||
! Front | ! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] | ||
! Back | ! [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Close | ! [[w:Close vowel|Close]] | ||
| i | | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] | ||
| u | | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Mid | ! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ||
| e | | [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]] | ||
| o | | [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open | ! [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | ||
| colspan="2" | a | | colspan="2" | [[w:Open unrounded central vowel|a]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! [[w:Diphthong|Diphthongs]] | ||
| colspan="2" | u̯e, i̯o | | colspan="2" | u̯e, i̯o | ||
|} | |} | ||
*The mid vowels /e/ and /o/ are realised as true mid [e̞] and [o̞] respectively. | |||
*/a/ is usually realised as central [ä]. | |||
*The segments /u̯e/ and /i̯o/ occur mostly as part of Rakas's vowel harmony. | *The segments /u̯e/ and /i̯o/ occur mostly as part of Rakas's vowel harmony. | ||
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| e | | e | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Grammar== | |||
===Typology=== | |||
In general, Rakas is a head-initial isolating language, with prepositional particles serving as case markers. There are three grammatical numbers: singular, plural, and collective. Adjectives precede the nouns they modify. Rakas's morphosyntactic alignment most resembles nominative-accusative languages, though with distinct cases marking causative and passive arguments seperately from the nominative case. It is a verb-subject-object language. | |||
[[Category:Rakas language]] | [[Category:Rakas language]] | ||