Aryan: Difference between revisions

{{Construction}}

In most of known [[w:History|History]], indo-european speaking populations have been widespread in [[w:Eurasia|Eurasia]], bearing fruits from civilizations such as those of the [[w:Roman empire|Roman Empire]], the [[w:Ancient Greece|Hellenistic City-States]], and the [[w:List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes|Rigvedic Tribes]]. Memorable personalities who spoke natively dialects from those areas include the roman general [[w:Gaius Julius Caesar|Julius Caesar]] (speaker of [[w:Latin|Latin]]), the macedonian king [[w:Alexander the Great|Alexander the Great]] (speaker of [[w:Ancient Greek|Ancient Greek]]), the nazi chancellor [[w:Adolf Hitler|Adolf Hitler]] (speaker of [[w:German language|German]]), the french emperor [[w:Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon Bonaparte]] (speaker of [[w:Corsican langugae|Corsican]]), the british physicist [[w:Isaac Newton|Isaac Newton]] (speaker of [[w:English language|English]]), the italian renascentist [[w:Leonardo da Vinci|Leoanardo da Vinci]] (speaker of [[w:Tuscan dialect|Tuscan Italian]]), the indian ascetic [[w:Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] (speaker of [[w:Prakrit language|Prakrit]]), et cetera. Also, due the trajectory of the linguistic stock along the millenia, some of the most culturally influential works of Literature have been yielded, such as the [[w:Vulgate|Vulgate]], the [[w:Iliad|Iliad]], and the [[w:Vedas|Vedas]]. As of the [[w:21st Century|21^st Century]], half of the world's population speaks 454 indo-european languages<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/</ref>, with the [[w:Americas|Americas]], [[w:Europe|Europe]], [[w:Iran|Iran]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[w:India|India]] being today the centers of native speakers due the [[w:Indo-European migrations|Indo-European Migrations]] and [[w:Colonial empires|European Colonialism]].

Naturally, the origin of the [[w:Indo-European languages|indo-european family]] has attracted the curiosity of thousands of researchers in the last centuries, since [[w:William Jones (philologist)|William Jones']] presidential discourse to the Asiatic Society in 1786<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sanskrit-language</ref>, which famously addressed the similarity between [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] and [[w:Languages of Europe|european languages]]. '''Further works that [...]'''

==History==

===Development from Paleolithic Codes===

*Weak (plosive) stops become aspirated/murmured preceding a laryngeal consonant, as strong (ejective/implosive) stops gain plosive qualities in the same position.<br>

|''*wid-rás'' "aquatic"

|''*ud-rós'' "aquatic"  

|-

|''ˈkhuħ-ə'' "sound"

|}

!Codex

!Aryan

| k̠-

| *kʰpʰ-

|-

| -k̠

| *-kp

|-

| k-

| *kʰ-

| *ḱ

|-

| -k

| k̟-

| *kʰtʰ-  

|-

| -k̟

|-

| g̠-

| *gʰbʰ-

|-

| -g̠

|  

|-

| g-

| g̟-

| *gʰdʰ-

|-

| -g̟

| k̠ʼ-

| *kp-

|-

| -k̠ʼ

| *-kʰpʰ

|-

| kʼ-

|-

| p̠-

|-

| -p̠

|-

| p-

|-

| -p

|-

| p̠ʼ-

|  

|  

|-

|-

| pʼ-

| *p-

| *p

|-

| -pʼ

|-

|-

|-

| ɓ̟-

|-

| -ɓ̟

|  

|

daipʰkʰ "to lead" (*dewk)

==Historical and Geographical Distribution==

==Phonology==

|

|}

===Vowels===

===Pitch Accent===

[...]

*gʷaināsay, *gʷaināmas

[...]

[...]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

|-

! colspan="3" | Singular

! colspan="3" | Dual

! colspan="3" | Plural

|-

! 1^st-person

! 3^rd-person

! 1^st-person

! 2^nd-person

! 3^rd-person

|-

! Nominative

|-

! Accusative

|-

! Genitive

|-

! Locative

|-

! Dative

|-

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|-

! Masculine

! Feminine

|-

! Nominative

|-

! Accusative

|-

! Genitive

|-

! Locative

|-

! Dative

|-

|}

-tar (loc.)

tsatar "that > tor

[...]

<blockquote>Besonders belehrend sind aber die paar Inschriften mit ''ἐμέ''. Zweimal steht dieses ''ἐμέ'' auch an zweiter Stelle: IGA. 20,8 (Korinth) ''᾿Απολλόδωρος ἐμὲ ἀνέθ[ηκε]'' und Gazette archéol. 1888 S. 168 ''Μεναΐδας ἐμ’ ἐποί(ϝ)εςε Χαρόπ(ι)''. Aber sechsmal steht ''ἐμέ'' anders: Klein S.39 ''Ἐξηκίας ἔγραψε κἀπόηςε ἐμέ'' (Vers?) 5. 40 ''Ἑξηκίας ἔγραψε κἀ(ι)ποίης᾽ ἐμέ'' (Vers?). S.''ΟῚ Χαριταῖος ἐποίηςεν ἔμ᾽ εὖ''. 8. 82 ''Ἑρμογένης ἐποίηςεν ἐμέ''. 8.85 ''Ἑρμογένης ἐποίηςεν ἐνέ'' (liess ''ἐμέ''). S. 85 ''Σακωνίδης ἔγραψεν ἐμέ''. Diese Stellen zeigen, dass die regelmässige Stellung von ''με'' hinter dem ersten Wort nicht zufällig und dass sie durch seine enklitische Natur bedingt ist. [Vgl. noch die Nachträge.]</blockquote>

A riddle in German:

: ''Der Vater ist noch nicht geboren,''

:: The father is not yet born,

:: the son is already on the roof.

: ''noire est la semmence,''

: ''l'homme qui le semme,''

:: White is the field,

:: black is the seed,

movement verbs and cases: cubitum ire *as French and German treat it in the european sprachbund

eo domum

*Sommerstein, Alan (1973), ''Sound Pattern of Ancient Greek''  

*Thomasus Erfordiensis (13th Century), ''Tractatus de Modis Significandi seu Grammatica Speculativa''