Aryan: Difference between revisions

{{Construction}}

In most of known [[w:History|History]], indo-european speaking populations have been widespread in [[w:Eurasia|Eurasia]], bearing fruits from civilizations such as those of the [[w:Roman empire|Roman Empire]], the [[w:Ancient Greece|Hellenistic City-States]], and the [[w:List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes|Rigvedic Tribes]]. Memorable personalities who spoke natively dialects from those areas include the roman general [[w:Gaius Julius Caesar|Julius Caesar]] (speaker of [[w:Latin|Latin]]), the macedonian king [[w:Alexander the Great|Alexander the Great]] (speaker of [[w:Ancient Greek|Ancient Greek]]), the nazi chancellor [[w:Adolf Hitler|Adolf Hitler]] (speaker of [[w:German language|German]]), the french emperor [[w:Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon Bonaparte]] (speaker of [[w:Corsican langugae|Corsican]]), the british physicist [[w:Isaac Newton|Isaac Newton]] (speaker of [[w:English language|English]]), the italian renascentist [[w:Leonardo da Vinci|Leoanardo da Vinci]] (speaker of [[w:Tuscan dialect|Tuscan Italian]]), the indian ascetic [[w:Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] (speaker of [[w:Prakrit language|Prakrit]]), et cetera. Also, due the trajectory of the linguistic stock along the millenia, some of the most culturally influential works of Literature have been yielded, such as the [[w:Vulgate|Vulgate]], the [[w:Iliad|Iliad]], and the [[w:Vedas|Vedas]]. As of the [[w:21st Century|21^st Century]], half of the world's population speaks 454 indo-european languages<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/</ref>, with the [[w:Americas|Americas]], [[w:Europe|Europe]], [[w:Iran|Iran]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[w:India|India]] being today the centers of native speakers due the [[w:Indo-European migrations|Indo-European Migrations]] and [[w:Colonial empires|European Colonialism]].

Naturally, the origin of the [[w:Indo-European languages|indo-european family]] has attracted the curiosity of thousands of researchers in the last centuries, since [[w:William Jones (philologist)|William Jones']] presidential discourse to the Asiatic Society in 1786<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sanskrit-language</ref>, which famously addressed the similarity between [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] and [[w:Languages of Europe|european languages]]. '''Further works that [...]'''

==History==

===Development from Paleolithic Codes===

*Weak (plosive) stops become aspirated/murmured preceding a laryngeal consonant, as strong (ejective/implosive) stops gain plosive qualities in the same position.<br>

|''*wid-rás'' "aquatic"

|''*ud-rós'' "aquatic"  

|-

|''ˈkhuħ-ə'' "sound"

|}

!Codex

!Aryan

| k̠-

| *kʰpʰ-

|-

| -k̠

| *-kp

|-

| k-

| *kʰ-

| *ḱ

|-

| -k

| k̟-

| *kʰtʰ-  

|-

| -k̟

|-

| g̠-

| *gʰbʰ-

|-

| -g̠

|  

|-

| g-

| g̟-

| *gʰdʰ-

|-

| -g̟

| k̠ʼ-

| *kp-

|-

| -k̠ʼ

| *-kʰpʰ

|-

| kʼ-

|-

| p̠-

|-

| -p̠

|-

| p-

|-

| -p

|-

| p̠ʼ-

|  

|  

|-

|-

| pʼ-

| *p-

| *p

|-

| -pʼ

|-

|-

|-

| ɓ̟-

|-

| -ɓ̟

|  

|

daipʰkʰ "to lead" (*dewk)

==Historical and Geographical Distribution==

==Phonology==

|

|}

===Vowels===

===Pitch Accent===

===Affix===

*gʷaināsay, *gʷaināmas

*pʰair < action root *p "bearing" + class root *h5ih1 "person" + epenthetic *r

===Case===

The Indo-european accusative ''*-m'' ... as an earlier allative<ref name=Pooth>Pooth et alii (2018); [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324360155%20The%20Origin%20of%20Non-Canonical%20Case%20Marking%20of%20Subjects%20in%20Proto-Indo-European%20Accusative%20Ergative%20or%20Semantic%20Alignment The Origin of Non-Canonical Case Marking of Subjects in Proto-Indo-European: Accusative, Ergative, or Semantic Alignment]</ref>

*eātad kaláh0 gʷaînah0

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

|-

! colspan="3" | Singular

! colspan="3" | Dual

! colspan="3" | Plural

|-

! 1^st-person

! 3^rd-person

! 1^st-person

! 2^nd-person

! 3^rd-person

|-

! Nominative

|-

! Accusative

|-

! Genitive

|-

! Locative

|-

! Dative

|-

|}

eo domum

*Sommerstein, Alan (1973), ''Sound Pattern of Ancient Greek''  

*Thomasus Erfordiensis (13th Century), ''Tractatus de Modis Significandi seu Grammatica Speculativa''