Aryan: Difference between revisions

'''Aryan''' (''*Airás'', [[w:Help:IPA|[əi̯ˈrəs]]]), also referred to as '''Pre-Proto-Indo-European,''' is an [[ab interiori language]] depicting the transition from [[Paleolithic Codes]] to [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE). There are no historical records of its existence, or comparative data to support it; rather, it is an abductive experiment based on the hypothesis of [[Transitional Dialects]].

In most of known [[w:History|History]], indo-european speaking populations have been widespread in [[w:Eurasia|Eurasia]], bearing fruits from civilizations such as those of the [[w:Roman empire|Roman Empire]], the [[w:Ancient Greece|Hellenistic City-States]], and the [[w:List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes|Rigvedic Tribes]]. Memorable personalities who spoke natively dialects from those areas include the roman general [[w:Gaius Julius Caesar|Julius Caesar]] (speaker of [[w:Latin|Latin]]), the macedonian king [[w:Alexander the Great|Alexander the Great]] (speaker of [[w:Ancient Greek|Ancient Greek]]), the nazi chancellor [[w:Adolf Hitler|Adolf Hitler]] (speaker of [[w:German language|German]]), the french emperor [[w:Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon Bonaparte]] (speaker of [[w:Corsican langugae|Corsican]]), the british physicist [[w:Isaac Newton|Isaac Newton]] (speaker of [[w:English language|English]]), the italian renascentist [[w:Leoanardo da Vinci|Leoanardo da Vinci]] (speaker of [[w:Tuscan dialect|Tuscan Italian]]), the indian ascetic [[w:Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] (speaker of [[w:Prakrit language|Prakrit]]), et cetera. Also, due the trajectory of the linguistic stock along the millenia, some of the most culturally influential works of Literature have been yielded, such as the [[w:Vulgate|Vulgate]], the [[w:Iliad|Iliad]], and the [[w:Vedas|Vedas]]. As of the [[w:21st Century|21^st Century]], half of the world's population speaks 454 indo-european languages<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/</ref>, with the [[w:Americas|Americas]], [[w:Europe|Europe]], [[w:Iran|Iran]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[w:India|India]] being today the centers of native speakers due the [[w:Indo-European migrations|Indo-European Migrations]] and [[w:Colonial empires|European Colonialism]].

In the hybrid model, Aryan must have been spoken somewhere near the Caucasus Mountains in compliance with the [[w:Armenian hypothesis|Armenian Hypothesis]], which in its current form holds that the speakers of "Pre-Proto-Indo-European" pertained to the genepool of the [[w:Caucasus hunter-gatherer|Caucasian Hunter-Gatherers]] (CHG)<ref name="Lazaridis et al-2022">Lazaridis et al (2022), ''The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe''</ref>, who would eventually contribute to the formation of the [[w:Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya Culture]] and the dispersion of "Core Proto-Indo-European" as detailed in the [[w:Kurgan hypothesis|Kurgan Hypothesis]]. The age of the language is more controversial, being set between 12,000 and 10,000 years Before Present (BP), or the double of its daughter-language's, to coincide with the notion of [[Linguistic Modernity]].

The history of Aryan taken into account starts with the transition from Atomism to Double Articulation by the dialects of the Upper Paleolithic, mostly regarding the [[Pangaean Code]] as its ultimate source, next to the influence of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Hyperborean Code|Hyperborean]] Codes. Although the actor responsible for this transition is a matter of debate even within the experiment, the loss of archaic features is assumed to coincide with the [[w:Last Glacial Period|End of the Last Ice Age]]. At that time (12,000 BP), the loss of strict adherence to the primordial grammar might have allowed sound changes to take place, as seen below.<br>

===Development into Indo-European Languages===

Some correspondences include the aspirated velars of Aryan becoming the PIE palatal series (*Kʰ→*Ḱ); ....

{| class="wikitable"

| *ǵʰ/d ~ *ḱh₂d- ~ *ǵʰ/s ~ *ǵʰ/∅

| ''*kʰpʰuh₁-'' ⇒ [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰewd-|''*ǵʰewd-'']] "pour", [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰed-|''*ǵʰed-'']] "to defecate", [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰes-|''*ǵʰes-'']] "hand", [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰey-|''*ǵʰey-'']] "winter" (earlier lexical transition from "autumn", with similar use of English "fall"), [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱh₂d-|''*ḱh₂d-'']] "fall" [sense of "detaching" turned into "falling"]

| (...)

|

| ''*ki'' ⇒ ''*kʰi'' ⇒ [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱe|''ḱe'']] "this"

| *ḱ/s ~ *k/s ~ *k/d ~ *gʰ/s ~ *g/∅

| ''k̟hĩ̤ho'' ⇒ ''*kʰtʰīh₁o'' ⇒ ''*(s)ker-'', ''*(s)kelH-'', ''*sek-'', ''*ḱes-'', ''*kh₂eyd-'' "to cut"; ''k̟ʕii̯h'' ⇒ ''*kʰtʰeyh₁-'' ⇒ ''*gʰays-'' ~ ''*gleyH-'' "to stick"

| -kt

| *ḱ/∅ ~ *ǵ/∅

| (...) ''*peh₂ḱ-'' "to join", ''*peh₂ǵ-'' "to attach"

| *gʰ/p ~ *gʰ/w

| ''g̠ʕih'' > ''*gʰbʰih₁-'' ⇒ ''*(s)pregʰ-'' "to sprinkle"; ''g̠ho̰hr'' "scattering glow" ⇒ ''*gʰbʰōr-'' "glow" ⇒ ''*gʷʰer-'' "to be warm"

|  

| *gʰ/dʰ

| ''g̟ʕih'' ⇒ ''*gʰdʰih₁-'' ⇒ ''*gʰedʰ-'' "to join"

| *g/bʰ ~ *k/p

| ''k̠ʼʕih'' ⇒ ''*kpih₁-'' > ''*bʰeg-'' ~ ''*bʰreg-'' ~ ''*bʰrew-'' ~ ''*bʰrews-'' ~ ''*kelh₂-'' ~ ''*(s)kep-'' "to break"

| *ǵ/w

| ''ʕihk̠ʼ'' ⇒ ''*h₅ikʰpʰ-'' ⇒ ''*lewǵ-'' ~ ''*weh₂ǵ-'' ~ ''*wreh₁ǵ-'' "to break"

|  

|

|  

| *pʰ

| *bʰ

| ''pʕihr'' ⇒ ''*pʰair-'' ⇒ ''*bʰer-'' "to bear"  

| -p̠ʼ

|  

|  

|

| ''pʼʕih'' > ''*pair-'' ⇒ ''*per-'' "to go through", ''*pel-'' "to drive", ''*pent-'' "to pass", ''*pes-'' "penis"

|  

|  

|

|  

|

|  

|}

 

 

 

 

: *bʰegʷ- "to flee" < *-pʰtʰ "to escape" < …

 

: *bʰerǵʰ- "to rise up " < *pk- "to eject" (?)

 

: *bʰil "good" < *dʷih₁ < ʘ̪-

 

 

 

kpih1 > bʰeg-; h5ikʰpʰ > weh2ǵ- ∅

 

 

 

∅ (H) > r (H̥) > l (∅)

 

 

*bʰewdʰ “to be awake”

 

: *deh₃ "to give"

dewh1 (*deh3)

daim "to build" (*dem)

daik "to take" (*deḱ)

Since Lazaridis et al's paper<ref name="Lazaridis et al-2022">Lazaridis et al (2022), ''The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe''</ref>, absence of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20hunter-gatherer Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer] (EHG) ancestry in the Anatolian component of the Indo-European speaking populations has suggested a caucasian homeleand for earlier stages of PIE rather than a pre-Yamnaya pontic continuance. Recent studies<ref>Brami (2019), ''Anatolia: from the origins of agriculture to the spread of Neolithic economies''</ref><ref>Ulas et al (2024), ''Drawing diffusion patterns of Neolithic agriculture in Anatolia''</ref>, furthermore, point to a total farming economy by the Zagros around 6,000 BC, which tempts an older dating for a Transitional Dialect such as Aryan.

==Morphology==

  *(_)-as [forms active animate nouns] EX: kʰúh₂as "sound" = PIE *(é)-os in *ḱlewos

*(∅)-ás [forms active animate adjectives] EX: *pdás "capable to step" = PIE *(e)-ós in *pṓds

*(á)-as [forms passive animate nouns] EX: ... = PIE *(ó)-os in ...

*(a)-ás [forms passive animate adjectives] EX: = PIE *(o)-ós, *the construction became agentive instead of passive in PIE, but some archaic forms remain, such as *gʰoysós "spear"

*(_)-ar [forms active inanimate nouns] EX: *húdar "water" = PIE *-r̥ in *wódr̥

*(∅)-ár [forms active inanimate adjectives]

*(á)-ar [forms passive inanimate nouns]

*(a)-ár [forms passive inanimate adjectives]

 

 

  *(_)-tár [forms agent nouns]

  *(_)-tram [forms instrument nouns] *fusion of *(_)-tár [agent particle] and *-am [neuter particle]

*(∅)-C-ás [forms derived nouns through mobile roots] EX: *pʰtʰūymás PIE = PIE *(∅)-mós

===Pronoun [...]===

Third-person pronouns ...

*h2 was not originally a collective particle ...  

-em/-ens adjectives ... mostly animate/inanimate distinction with masculine/feminine inflection relegated to pronouns

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288955?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ...

pronouns is, ea, id

! colspan="9" | PRONOUN DECLENSION

| *aiǵṓn || *tū́ || *aíh₀i, *aī́h₀, *aíd || *ōi̯ṓn  || *ūi̯ū́ || *aī́, *īu̯ī́h₀, *īu̯ī́ || *ṓns || *ū́s || *aī́s, *ī́h₀s, *ī́a

| *nh₀ || *tu̯h₀ || *im, *ih₀m, *id || *nóh₀ || *úh₀ || *aím, *aíh₀m, *aíd || *nsh₀ || *u̯sh₀ || *ísm, *íh₀m, *ía

| *ni̯a ~ *nna || *tu̯i̯a ~ *tu̯na || *isi̯a, *ih₀si̯a, *idi̯a || *nói̯a ~ *nóna || *úi̯a ~ *úna || *aísi̯a, *aíh₀mi̯a, *aídi̯a || *nsi̯a || *u̯si̯a || X

| *nay || *tu̯ai̯ || *isai̯, *ih₀sai̯, *idai̯ || *nóai̯ || *úai̯ || ∅ || *nsai̯  || *u̯sai̯ || X

*The primordial form of ''*aiǵṓn'' (PIE ''*eǵHóm'') is ''ˈʕɨ̀ː-ɔː'' (Codex), which would regularly yield ''*aíō'', yet it is observed that in Aryan the consonant <''*ǵ''> is inserted, plus the affixation of <''*n''>, more securely assumed as a borrowing from Diluvian ''nao'' "I".

*When inflected, lemmas are weakened

**If PIE ''*túH'' "you (sg.nom.)" and ''*twé'' "you (sg.acc.)" follow Aryan ''*tū́'' and ''*tu̯h₀'', the form ''*eǵHóm'' (which could yield the equivalent of ''*me'') becomes more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest.

*** e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh₀'' "me" became ''*mh₀'', then PIE ''*me''.

**The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)).

 

 

''*paid-'' "stepping" [n/v] (''*paídōm'', ''*pípdmi'') > ''*paídas'' [bare noun], ''*p∅dás'' "foot" [adjective-noun] (Latin pes, Greek  πούς "foot"), ''*pádas'' "step" [result-noun]

In Aryan, personal enclitics are positioned after the first word of a proposition (Wackernagel's Law)

ì (inanimate nouns) *neuter nouns and vocatives have recessive accent

*p∅dás > páds > póds

==Syntax==

It goes without saying that orthographic implications are disregarded. In French, for example, the past participle agrees in gender and number if the direct object precedes it (e.g. ''ils auraient hérité la maison'' "they would have inherited the house" et ''ils l'auraient héritée'' "they would have inherited it (the house)"), but the choice between ''-é'', ''-ée'', and ''-ées'' in the participle is ultimately irrelevant phonetically speaking.

sie sagen, dass morgen will ich arbeiten, um Geld zu verdienen; ich, wer wusste nichts darüber

Subordinate clause... in German, Russian, Latin, and Greek:

The hypothetical in French is marked by the imperfect indicative, whereas in Portuguese by the imperfect subjunctive; in German by an auxiliary verb linking the infinite form, while in English the bare preterite states the sense; and Russian applies a conditional/optative particle of subjunctive mood in conjunction with the past tense:

: ''Il serait ennuyeux si ils nous '''reconnaissaient''''' [French]

: ''Seria irritante se eles nos '''reconhecessem''''' [Portuguese]

: ''εἴη ὀχληρός ἄν, εἰ ἡμᾶς '''ἐπιγνοῖεν''''' [Greek]

: ... [Sanskrit]

: ''I have '''been''' in the house'' [English]

In German, the auxiliary ''werden'' is obligatory in the passive voice:

: ''er lehnte es ab, sich zu der sogennanten Affäre zu beschreiben''

: ''Maenala trānsieram latebrīs horrenda ferārum'' [Latin<ref name=Ovidius>Ovidius; [https://hypotactic.com/latin/index.html?Use%20Id=met1 Metamorphoses]; 1.216</ref>]

Oddities in agreement, on the other hand, reveal oddities in syntax. In Portuguese, for example, the relative determiner ''cujo/cuja'' necessarily precedes the noun, yet the equivalent genderles expression ''ao qual'' allows the noun to be farther away into the clause. Likewise, in French, the relative determiner ''dont'' doesn't agree with the noun, and therefore can be separated as well. Compare the translation of "the man whose existence I do not know" in both instances and languages:

[...]

By examining a large corpus of hellenic texts, Jakob Wackernagel stated in his essay how enclitics in Greek sentences are mostly located in the second position<ref name=Wackernagel>Wackernagel, Jakob (1892), [https://archive.org/details/indogermanischef01berluoft/page/332/mode/2up ''Über ein Gesetz der indogermanischen Worstellung'']</ref>. For example, he contrasted specifically the accusative of the first-person pronoun in the isolated (''ἐμέ'') and enclitic (''με'') forms:

<blockquote>Besonders belehrend sind aber die paar Inschriften mit ''ἐμέ''. Zweimal steht dieses ''ἐμέ'' auch an zweiter Stelle: IGA. 20,8 (Korinth) ''᾿Απολλόδωρος ἐμὲ ἀνέθ[ηκε]'' und Gazette archéol. 1888 S. 168 ''Μεναΐδας ἐμ’ ἐποί(ϝ)εςε Χαρόπ(ι)''. Aber sechsmal steht ''ἐμέ'' anders: Klein S.39 ''Ἐξηκίας ἔγραψε κἀπόηςε ἐμέ'' (Vers?) 5. 40 ''Ἑξηκίας ἔγραψε κἀ(ι)ποίης᾽ ἐμέ'' (Vers?). S.''ΟῚ Χαριταῖος ἐποίηςεν ἔμ᾽ εὖ''. 8. 82 ''Ἑρμογένης ἐποίηςεν ἐμέ''. 8.85 ''Ἑρμογένης ἐποίηςεν ἐνέ'' (liess ''ἐμέ''). S. 85 ''Σακωνίδης ἔγραψεν ἐμέ''. Diese Stellen zeigen, dass die regelmässige Stellung von ''με'' hinter dem ersten Wort nicht zufällig und dass sie durch seine enklitische Natur bedingt ist. [Vgl. noch die Nachträge.]</blockquote>

A riddle in German:

:: the son is already on the roof.

imperfect: I am running [action started but not halted, not necessarily intended to be completed]

imperfective: I am running [action started but not halted, has yet to be completed]

perfective: I have run [action started and completed]

*the syntax of a language is marked by its idiosyncratic constructions

il semblerait qu'ils se soient intensifiés

parece (por hypóthese) que eles se intensificaram

movement verbs and cases: cubitum ire *as French and German treat it in the european sprachbund

end goal: accusative

*h2iyṓm dámam

 

 

[[w:Standard average european||europoid]]

 

 

какой-то сказал

 

Ja vot tut ...

 

==Sample text==

 

==References==

 

 

 

"Some remarks about the personal pronouns of indo-european", Kenneth Shields (1986)

"Some remarks about the personal pronouns of indo-european", Kenneth Shields (1998)

 

Bergaige, Abel; Du Rôle de la dérivation dans la déclinaison indo-européenne: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57721099.texteImage#

 

Bergaige, Abel; Essai sur la construction grammaticale considérée dans son développement historique, en sanscrit, en grec, en latin, dans les langues romanes et dans les langues germaniques: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5803410m/f6

 

>

 

Einleitung in die Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (Pott)