Aryan: Difference between revisions

'''Aryan''' (''*Airás'', [[w:Help:IPA|[əi̯ˈrəs]]]), also referred to as '''Pre-Proto-Indo-European,''' is an [[ab interiori language]] depicting the transition from [[Paleolithic Codes]] to [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE). There are no historical records of its existence, or comparative data to support it; rather, it is an abductive experiment based on the hypothesis of [[Transitional Dialects]].

In most of known [[w:History|History]], indo-european speaking populations have been widespread in [[w:Eurasia|Eurasia]], bearing fruits from civilizations such as those of the [[w:Roman empire|Roman Empire]], the [[w:Ancient Greece|Hellenistic City-States]], and the [[w:List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes|Rigvedic Tribes]]. Memorable personalities who spoke natively dialects from those areas include the roman general [[w:Gaius Julius Caesar|Julius Caesar]] (speaker of [[w:Latin|Latin]]), the macedonian king [[w:Alexander the Great|Alexander the Great]] (speaker of [[w:Ancient Greek|Ancient Greek]]), the nazi chancellor [[w:Adolf Hitler|Adolf Hitler]] (speaker of [[w:German language|German]]), the french emperor [[w:Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon Bonaparte]] (speaker of [[w:Corsican langugae|Corsican]]), the british physicist [[w:Isaac Newton|Isaac Newton]] (speaker of [[w:English language|English]]), the italian renascentist [[w:Leoanardo da Vinci|Leoanardo da Vinci]] (speaker of [[w:Tuscan dialect|Tuscan Italian]]), the indian ascetic [[w:Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] (speaker of [[w:Prakrit language|Prakrit]]), et cetera. Also, due the trajectory of the linguistic stock along the millenia, some of the most culturally influential works of Literature have been yielded, such as the [[w:Vulgate|Vulgate]], the [[w:Iliad|Iliad]], and the [[w:Vedas|Vedas]]. As of the [[w:21st Century|21^st Century]], half of the world's population speaks 454 indo-european languages<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/</ref>, with the [[w:Americas|Americas]], [[w:Europe|Europe]], [[w:Iran|Iran]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[w:India|India]] being today the centers of native speakers due the [[w:Indo-European migrations|Indo-European Migrations]] and [[w:Colonial empires|European Colonialism]].

In the hybrid model, Aryan must have been spoken somewhere near the Caucasus Mountains in compliance with the [[w:Armenian hypothesis|Armenian Hypothesis]], which in its current form holds that the speakers of "Pre-Proto-Indo-European" pertained to the genepool of the [[w:Caucasus hunter-gatherer|Caucasian Hunter-Gatherers]] (CHG)<ref name="Lazaridis et al-2022">Lazaridis et al (2022), ''The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe''</ref>, who would eventually contribute to the formation of the [[w:Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya Culture]] and the dispersion of "Core Proto-Indo-European" as detailed in the [[w:Kurgan hypothesis|Kurgan Hypothesis]]. The age of the language is more controversial, being set between 12,000 and 10,000 years Before Present (BP), or the double of its daughter-language's, to coincide with the notion of [[Linguistic Modernity]].

The history of Aryan taken into account starts with the transition from Atomism to Double Articulation by the dialects of the Upper Paleolithic, mostly regarding the [[Pangaean Code]] as its ultimate source, next to the influence of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Hyperborean Code|Hyperborean]] Codes. Although the actor responsible for this transition is a matter of debate even within the experiment, the loss of archaic features is assumed to coincide with the [[w:Last Glacial Period|End of the Last Ice Age]]. At that time (12,000 BP), the loss of strict adherence to the primordial grammar might have allowed sound changes to take place, as seen below.<br>

===Development into Indo-European Languages===

Some correspondences include the aspirated velars of Aryan becoming the PIE palatal series (*Kʰ→*Ḱ); ....

{| class="wikitable"

| *ǵʰ/d ~ *ḱh₂d- ~ *ǵʰ/s ~ *ǵʰ/∅

| ''*kʰpʰuh₁-'' ⇒ [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰewd-|''*ǵʰewd-'']] "pour", [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰed-|''*ǵʰed-'']] "to defecate", [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰes-|''*ǵʰes-'']] "hand", [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰey-|''*ǵʰey-'']] "winter" (earlier lexical transition from "autumn", with similar use of English "fall"), [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱh₂d-|''*ḱh₂d-'']] "fall" [sense of "detaching" turned into "falling"]

| (...)

|

| ''*ki'' ⇒ ''*kʰi'' ⇒ [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱe|''ḱe'']] "this"

| *ḱ/s ~ *k/s ~ *k/d ~ *gʰ/s ~ *g/∅

| ''k̟hĩ̤ho'' ⇒ ''*kʰtʰīh₁o'' ⇒ ''*(s)ker-'', ''*(s)kelH-'', ''*sek-'', ''*ḱes-'', ''*kh₂eyd-'' "to cut"; ''k̟ʕii̯h'' ⇒ ''*kʰtʰeyh₁-'' ⇒ ''*gʰays-'' ~ ''*gleyH-'' "to stick"

| -kt

| *ḱ/∅ ~ *ǵ/∅

| (...) ''*peh₂ḱ-'' "to join", ''*peh₂ǵ-'' "to attach"

| *gʰ/p ~ *gʰ/w

| ''g̠ʕih'' > ''*gʰbʰih₁-'' ⇒ ''*(s)pregʰ-'' "to sprinkle"; ''g̠ho̰hr'' "scattering glow" ⇒ ''*gʰbʰōr-'' "glow" ⇒ ''*gʷʰer-'' "to be warm"

|  

| *gʰ/dʰ

| ''g̟ʕih'' ⇒ ''*gʰdʰih₁-'' ⇒ ''*gʰedʰ-'' "to join"

| *g/bʰ ~ *k/p

| ''k̠ʼʕih'' ⇒ ''*kpih₁-'' > ''*bʰeg-'' ~ ''*bʰreg-'' ~ ''*bʰrew-'' ~ ''*bʰrews-'' ~ ''*kelh₂-'' ~ ''*(s)kep-'' "to break"

| *ǵ/w

| ''ʕihk̠ʼ'' ⇒ ''*h₅ikʰpʰ-'' ⇒ ''*lewǵ-'' ~ ''*weh₂ǵ-'' ~ ''*wreh₁ǵ-'' "to break"

|  

|

|  

| *pʰ

| *bʰ

| ''pʕihr'' ⇒ ''*pʰair-'' ⇒ ''*bʰer-'' "to bear"  

| -p̠ʼ

|  

|  

|

| ''pʼʕih'' > ''*pair-'' ⇒ ''*per-'' "to go through", ''*pel-'' "to drive", ''*pent-'' "to pass", ''*pes-'' "penis"

|  

|  

|

|  

|

|  

|}

 

 

 

 

: *bʰegʷ- "to flee" < *-pʰtʰ "to escape" < …

 

: *bʰerǵʰ- "to rise up " < *pk- "to eject" (?)

 

: *bʰil "good" < *dʷih₁ < ʘ̪-

 

 

 

kpih1 > bʰeg-; h5ikʰpʰ > weh2ǵ- ∅

 

 

 

∅ (H) > r (H̥) > l (∅)

 

 

*bʰewdʰ “to be awake”

 

: *deh₃ "to give"

dewh1 (*deh3)

daim "to build" (*dem)

daik "to take" (*deḱ)

Since Lazaridis et al's paper<ref name="Lazaridis et al-2022">Lazaridis et al (2022), ''The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe''</ref>, absence of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20hunter-gatherer Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer] (EHG) ancestry in the Anatolian component of the Indo-European speaking populations has suggested a caucasian homeleand for earlier stages of PIE rather than a pre-Yamnaya pontic continuance. Recent studies<ref>Brami (2019), ''Anatolia: from the origins of agriculture to the spread of Neolithic economies''</ref><ref>Ulas et al (2024), ''Drawing diffusion patterns of Neolithic agriculture in Anatolia''</ref>, furthermore, point to a total farming economy by the Zagros around 6,000 BC, which tempts an older dating for a Transitional Dialect such as Aryan.

==Morphology==

Aryan has only zero-grade (∅) and full grade (_)

.

*(á)-as [forms passive animate nouns] EX: ... = PIE *(ó)-os in ...

*(a)-ás [forms passive animate adjectives] EX: = PIE *(o)-ós, *the construction became agentive instead of passive in PIE, but some archaic forms remain, such as *gʰoysós "spear"

*(_)-ar [forms active inanimate nouns] EX: *húdar "water" = PIE *-r̥ in *wódr̥

*(∅)-ár [forms active inanimate adjectives]  

*(á)-ar [forms passive inanimate nouns]

*(∅)-C-ás [forms derived nouns through mobile roots] EX: *pʰtʰūymás PIE = PIE *(∅)-mós

In Aryan, roots are either static or mobile. In the first case, they serve as a prototypical source of meaning, impossible to be further decomposed. Otherwise, further analysis is possible through pure consonantal and vocalic segments, treated as "fundamental atoms".

A consonantal root is intrinsically modified by vocalic roots.

*pʰair < action root *p "bearing" + class root *h5ih1 "person" + epenthetic *r

===Pronoun===

! colspan="9" | PRONOUN DECLENSION

| *aiǵṓn || *tū́ || X || *ōyṓn || *ūyū́ || X || *ṓns || *ū́s || X

| *nh₀ || *twh₀ || X || *nóh₀ || *yú₀ || X || *nsah₀ || *wsah₀ || X

| *nya ~ *nana || *twaya ~ *twana || X || *nóya ~ *nóna || *yúya ~*yúna || X || *nsya || *wsya || X

| *nay || *tway || X || *nóay || *yúay || X || *nsay || *wsay || X

... when inflected, the lemmas are weakened (e.g. *tū > *tw- "you") ...

* The nasal in ''*aiǵṓn'' "I" was subsequently labialized by the preceding vowel, shortening the nucleus (i.e. /ɔːn/ ⇒ /ɔwn/ ⇒ /ɔm/).

*** e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh₀'' "me" became ''*mh₀'', then PIE ''*me''.

*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōyṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūyū́''), with medial ''*y'' inserted to avoid diphthongs.

** The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōyṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūyú'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)).

 

===Verb===

 

''*gaínōm'', ''*gígnmi'' "I generate"

''*pūhāṓm'', ''*píbmi'' "I drink"

''*wehdḗyōm'', ''*wḗydmi'' "I see"

*gánas > γόνος  "offspring"

''*pʰair-'' "bearing" [n/v] (Latin ferō, Greek φέρω < ''*pʰaírōm'', ''*pʰíprmi'') > ''*pʰaíras'' [bare noun], ''*pʰ∅rás'' "bearer" [adjective-noun] (Latin fūr, Greek φώρ "thief"), ''*pʰáras'' [result-noun] (Greek φόρος "tribute")

 

''*daim-'' "building" [n/v] (Greek δέμω < ''*daímōm'', ''*dídmmi'') > ''*daímas'' [bare noun], ''*d∅más'' "building" [adjective-noun] (Greek δῶ "house"), ''*dámas'' "house" [result-noun] (Latin domus, Greek δόμος "house")

 

''*paid-'' "stepping" [n/v] (''*paídōm'', ''*pípdmi'') > ''*paídas'' [bare noun], ''*p∅dás'' "foot" [adjective-noun] (Latin pes, Greek  πούς "foot"), ''*pádas'' "step" [result-noun]

 

''*kpain-'' "killing" [n/v] (Proto-Indo-European *kʷʰen, Latin de-fendo "I expell from") > ''*kpaínas'' [bare noun], ''*kp∅nás'' "murderer" [adjective-noun], ''*kpánas'' "murder" [result-noun] (Greek φόνος "murder")

 

''*h₁ed-'' "eating" [n/v] (German esse, Russian ем, Latin edō, Greek ἔδω < ''*h₁édōm'', ''*yédmi'') > ''*h₁édas'' [bare noun], ''*yedás'' "eater" [adjective-noun], ''*h₁ádas'' [result-noun]

 

 

*na pʰaírīt mai

*pʰaírīt mai na?

h₅ígōm, mayás, mai

_(negation=subject/int.pronoun/accented verb)-_()-_(unaccented verb)

The most comprehensive summary available on PIE morphosyntax was written by Matthias Fritz in Indo-European Linguistics (Michael Meier-Brügger, 2003), pp. 238-276.

  Winfred Philipp Lehmann’s Proto-Indo-European Syntax (1974)

Szemerényi  1957:  119;  Kuryłowicz  1964:  233;  Rasmussen 1999: Meier-Brügger

-ōm/mi

-āṓm/-mā

*h₂er- "fix/put in order"

*h₂reh₁ "think"< *h₂er- (“to join; to prepare”) +‎ *-éh₁

 

ils disent que demain je veux travailler pour gagner d'argent; moi, qui n'y savais rien pas

Subordinate clause... in German, Russian, Latin, and Greek:

:''Sie sagen, dass morgen will ich arbeiten, um Geld zu verdienen.''

:''Они говорят, что завстра я хачу работат, чтобы зарабатывать деньге.''

:''Illi dicent me cras laborare volo ut pecuniam meream.''

: ''Es wäre ärgerlich, wenn sie uns '''erkennen würden''''' [German]

Ancient indo-european languages, furthermore ... general use of imperfect subjunctive in Latin, while present and aorist optatives in Greek's protasis and apodasis respectively:

: ... [Sanskrit]

: ''I have '''been''' in the house'' [English]

''Ich werde gezwungen, die Wahrheit zu zählen'' [German]

 

 

 

: ''as if you had been on the run''

: ''Maenala trānsieram latebrīs horrenda ferārum'' [Latin<ref name=Ovidius>Ovidius; [https://hypotactic.com/latin/index.html?Use%20Id=met1 Metamorphoses]; 1.216</ref>]

Oddities in agreement, on the other hand, reveal oddities in syntax. In Portuguese, for example, the relative determiner ''cujo/cuja'' necessarily precedes the noun, yet the equivalent genderles expression ''ao qual'' allows the noun to be farther away into the clause. Likewise, in French, the relative determiner ''dont'' doesn't agree with the noun, and therefore can be separated as well. Compare the translation of "the man whose existence I do not know" in both instances and languages:

: ''l'homme '''dont''' '''l'existence''''' je ne connais pas [French]

: ''l'homme '''dont''' je ne connais pas '''l'existence''''' [French]

[...]

By examining a large corpus of hellenic texts, Jakob Wackernagel stated in his essay how enclitics in Greek sentences are mostly located in the second position<ref name=Wackernagel>Wackernagel, Jakob (1892), [https://archive.org/details/indogermanischef01berluoft/page/332/mode/2up ''Über ein Gesetz der indogermanischen Worstellung'']</ref>. For example, he contrasted specifically the accusative of the first-person pronoun in the isolated (''ἐμέ'') and enclitic (''με'') forms:

<blockquote>Besonders belehrend sind aber die paar Inschriften mit ''ἐμέ''. Zweimal steht dieses ''ἐμέ'' auch an zweiter Stelle: IGA. 20,8 (Korinth) ''᾿Απολλόδωρος ἐμὲ ἀνέθ[ηκε]'' und Gazette archéol. 1888 S. 168 ''Μεναΐδας ἐμ’ ἐποί(ϝ)εςε Χαρόπ(ι)''. Aber sechsmal steht ''ἐμέ'' anders: Klein S.39 ''Ἐξηκίας ἔγραψε κἀπόηςε ἐμέ'' (Vers?) 5. 40 ''Ἑξηκίας ἔγραψε κἀ(ι)ποίης᾽ ἐμέ'' (Vers?). S.''ΟῚ Χαριταῖος ἐποίηςεν ἔμ᾽ εὖ''. 8. 82 ''Ἑρμογένης ἐποίηςεν ἐμέ''. 8.85 ''Ἑρμογένης ἐποίηςεν ἐνέ'' (liess ''ἐμέ''). S. 85 ''Σακωνίδης ἔγραψεν ἐμέ''. Diese Stellen zeigen, dass die regelmässige Stellung von ''με'' hinter dem ersten Wort nicht zufällig und dass sie durch seine enklitische Natur bedingt ist. [Vgl. noch die Nachträge.]</blockquote>

A riddle in German:

: ''Der Vater ist noch nicht geboren,''

: ''der Sohn ist schon auf dem Dache.''<ref name=Aarne>Anti Aarne; [https://digitalisate.sub.uni-hamburg.de/recherche/detail?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=48996&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=32&tx_dlf_navigation%5Baction%5D=main&tx_dlf_navigation%5Bcontroller%5D=Navigation&cHash=7cd75d7f3224787416091debb4db9c9a Vergleichende Rätselforschungen] (1918-1920)</ref>

:: The father is not yet born,

A riddle in French:

: ''Blanc est le champ,''

: ''l'homme qui le semme,''

: ''est de très grand science.''<ref name=Aarne>Anti Aarne; [https://digitalisate.sub.uni-hamburg.de/recherche/detail?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=48996&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=32&tx_dlf_navigation%5Baction%5D=main&tx_dlf_navigation%5Bcontroller%5D=Navigation&cHash=7cd75d7f3224787416091debb4db9c9a Vergleichende Rätselforschungen] (1918-1920)</ref>

imperfect: I am running [action started but not halted, not necessarily intended to be completed]

perfect: I have run [action started and halted, not necessarily completed]

perfective: I have run [action started and completed]

il semblerait qu'ils se soient intensifiés

movement verbs and cases: cubitum ire *as French and German treat it in the european sprachbund

end goal: accusative

*h2iyṓm dámam

 

 

[[w:Standard average european||europoid]]

 

 

какой-то сказал

 

Ja vot tut ...

 

==Sample text==

 

==References==

 

 

 

"Some remarks about the personal pronouns of indo-european", Kenneth Shields (1986)

"Some remarks about the personal pronouns of indo-european", Kenneth Shields (1998)

 

Bergaige, Abel; Du Rôle de la dérivation dans la déclinaison indo-européenne: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57721099.texteImage#

 

Bergaige, Abel; Essai sur la construction grammaticale considérée dans son développement historique, en sanscrit, en grec, en latin, dans les langues romanes et dans les langues germaniques: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5803410m/f6

 

>

 

Einleitung in die Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (Pott)