Pokht: Difference between revisions

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| nativename = bokhtjoeğ

| pronunciation = ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːw] [ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːj

| pronunciation_key = IPA for Pokht

| creator = User:Jukethatbox

| created = 2024

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| ancestor4 = [[Old Izhkut]]

| minority = [[Ingdikh]]

| agency = ~~Pokhtjoesrenyeğ~~ (''unofficial'')

| dia1 = Western

** Nağtjur

** Vizhnall

| dia2 = Southern

** Yamuzeğ

** Fasnakhi

| dia3 = Eastern †

** [[Mokhtjen]] †

| agency = Bokhtjoesrenyeğ (''unofficial'')

| notice = ipa

}}

'''Pokht''' (Pokht: ''bokhtjoeğ'', pronounced: [[~~Help:~~IPA|[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːw, ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːj]]]; [[Izhkut]]: ''jënn pokht'') is a [[Taskaric languages|Taskaric]] language or group of languages spoken by various Pokht peoples in the region of Pokhtreg, namely in southern [[Izhkut|Izhkutrëa]] and parts of northern [[Ingdikh]]. It is also spoken by a significant [[w:Diaspora|diasporic]] community on the island of [[Etzeá|Etzeán]], especially in [[Néekh]] territories such as Arkhûz and the greater Tûznam Basin.

'''Pokht''' (Pokht: ''bokhtjoeğ'', pronounced [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːw, ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːj]]]; [[Izhkut]]: ''jënn pokht'') is a [[Taskaric languages|Taskaric]] language or group of languages spoken by various Pokht peoples in the region of Pokhtreg, namely in southern [[Izhkut|Izhkutrëa]] and parts of northern [[Ingdikh]]. It is also spoken by a significant [[w:Diaspora|diasporic]] community on the island of [[Etzeá|Etzeán]], especially in [[Néekh]] territories such as Arkhûz and the greater Tûznam Basin.

Linguistically, Pokht is a descendant of [[Old Izhkut]], making it a sister language of [[Izhkut]] and the now-extinct [[Ilyod]] language. However, unlike other Old Izhkut descendants and its ancestor itself, Pokht is much more [[w:Inflectional language|inflectional]] than the more [[w:Isolating language|isolating]] [[Izhkut]], and incorporates a rich verbal paradigm that conjugates on [[w:Grammatical person|person]], [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] and [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspect]]. Pokht also retains the masculine-feminine [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of [[Old Izhkut]], which Izhkut dropped.

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|-

! Affricate

| || || dʒ || || ||

| || || (tʃ) dʒ || || ||

|-

! Nasal

| m || colspan=2 | n || ɲ || ŋ ||

|-

! Fricative

| f v || s z || ʃ ʒ || || x ɣ || h

|-

! Tap or flap

| || || ɽ || || ||

|-

~~! Fricative~~

~~| f v || s z || ʃ ʒ || || x ɣ || h~~

|-

! Semivowel

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/f v/ vary between [[w:Bilabial fricative|bilabial]] and [[w:Labiodental fricative|labiodental]] depending on the dialect.

/j w ɣ/ are all allophones of the phoneme /ğ/; its pronunciation varies on position. After vowels /u o ø/ at the end of a word, it extends the vowel and alternates between /j~w/ depending on the speaker, as in ''bokhtjoe'''ğ'''''. In the medial position of a compound word, it typically only extends the vowel and is unwritten, as in ''~~Pokhtj~~'''oe'''srenyeğ'' [[~~Help:~~IPA|[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːˌsɽeɲə]]]. After word-final /e/, it simply turns /e/ into /ə/, as in ''srenye'''ğ''''' [[~~Help:~~IPA|[ˈsɽeɲə]]], though in some dialects it may also be pronounced with a /w/, hence the preservation of the letter. Before voiceless plosives it becomes /k/; before voiced, it becomes /g/. In either way, it is written ⟨g⟩. In all other places, it is pronounced as [[w:Voiced velar fricative|velar fricative]] /ɣ/.

/j w ɣ/ are all allophones of the phoneme /ɣ/; its pronunciation varies on position. After vowels /u ɔ ø/ at the end of a word, it extends the vowel and alternates between /j~w/ depending on the speaker, as in ''bokhtjoe'''ğ'''''. In the medial position of a compound word, it typically only extends the vowel and is unwritten, as in ''bokhtj'''oe'''srenyeğ'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːˌsɽeɲə]]]. After word-final /e/, it simply turns /e/ into /ə/, as in ''srenye'''ğ''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈsɽeɲə]]], though in some dialects it may also be pronounced with a /w/, hence the preservation of the letter. Before voiceless plosives it becomes /k/; before voiced, it becomes /g/. In either way, it is written ⟨g⟩. In all other places, it is pronounced as [[w:Voiced velar fricative|velar fricative]] /ɣ/.

/dʒ/ is devoiced in word-initial and word-final positions, such as '''''tj'''oell'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈtʃøɫ]]] "blue" or ''mala'''tj''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈmɑlɑtʃ]]] "gourd". In word-medial places, it is always voiced and additionally typically geminated, specifically after [[w:Velar consonant|velar]] [[w:Obstruent consonant|obstruents]] /k g x ɣ/ and the nasal /n/ (which is always palatalised before /c dʒ/), such as in ''brihṇdag'''tj'''eğ'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥ɽihn̩dɑgddʒə(w)]]] "euphemistic" and ''bin'''tj'''im'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥iɲddʒim]]] "he hops".

/l ɫ/ are contrastive everywhere except initial positions where only /l/ occurs, so ''tjoe'''l''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈtʃøl]]] "while" contrasts with ''tjoe'''ll''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈtʃøɫ]]] "blue".

===Vowels===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

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|}

Pokht preserved all Old Izhkut vowels apart from /ɛ/, which merged with /e/. Additionally the originally close-mid /[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]/ of Old Izhkut was lowered to an open-mid /[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]/.

==Grammar==

===Verbs===

Almost all Pokht verbs behave the same way across a regular verbal paradigm, depending on whether the root ends in a consonant, open/mid or close vowel. The lemma or citation form is always the [[w:Imperative mood|imperative]] in Pokht.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! !! Indicative !! Continuous !! Conditional !! Potential

|-

! Present

|}

[[Category:Pokht]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Radael]] [[Category:Taskaric languages]]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 | nativename = bokhtjoeğ
 | pronunciation = ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːw]<br>[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːj
+| pronunciation_key = IPA for Pokht
 | creator = User:Jukethatbox
 | created = 2024
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 | ancestor4 = [[Old Izhkut]]
 | minority = [[Ingdikh]]
-| agency = Pokhtjoesrenyeğ (''unofficial'')
+| dia1 = Western<br>
+** Nağtjur
+** Vizhnall
+| dia2 = Southern<br>
+** Yamuzeğ
+** Fasnakhi
+| dia3 = Eastern †<br>
+** [[Mokhtjen]] †
+| agency = Bokhtjoesrenyeğ (''unofficial'')
 | notice = ipa
 }}
-'''Pokht''' (Pokht: ''bokhtjoeğ'', <small>pronounced:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːw, ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːj]]]; [[Izhkut]]: ''jënn pokht'') is a [[Taskaric languages|Taskaric]] language or group of languages spoken by various Pokht peoples in the region of Pokhtreg, namely in southern [[Izhkut|Izhkutrëa]] and parts of northern [[Ingdikh]]. It is also spoken by a significant [[w:Diaspora|diasporic]] community on the island of [[Etzeá|Etzeán]], especially in [[Néekh]] territories such as Arkhûz and the greater Tûznam Basin.
+'''Pokht''' (Pokht: ''bokhtjoeğ'', <small>pronounced</small> [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːw, ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːj]]]; [[Izhkut]]: ''jënn pokht'') is a [[Taskaric languages|Taskaric]] language or group of languages spoken by various Pokht peoples in the region of Pokhtreg, namely in southern [[Izhkut|Izhkutrëa]] and parts of northern [[Ingdikh]]. It is also spoken by a significant [[w:Diaspora|diasporic]] community on the island of [[Etzeá|Etzeán]], especially in [[Néekh]] territories such as Arkhûz and the greater Tûznam Basin.
 Linguistically, Pokht is a descendant of [[Old Izhkut]], making it a sister language of [[Izhkut]] and the now-extinct [[Ilyod]] language. However, unlike other Old Izhkut descendants and its ancestor itself, Pokht is much more [[w:Inflectional language|inflectional]] than the more [[w:Isolating language|isolating]] [[Izhkut]], and incorporates a rich verbal paradigm that conjugates on [[w:Grammatical person|person]], [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] and [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspect]]. Pokht also retains the masculine-feminine [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of [[Old Izhkut]], which Izhkut dropped.
@@ Line 42: / Line 51: @@
 |-
 ! Affricate
-| || || dʒ || || ||
+| || || (tʃ) dʒ || || ||
 |-
 ! Nasal
 | m || colspan=2 | n || ɲ || ŋ ||
+|-
+! Fricative
+| f v || s z || ʃ ʒ || || x ɣ || h
 |-
 ! Tap or flap
 | || || ɽ || || ||
-|-
-! Fricative
-| f v || s z || ʃ ʒ || || x ɣ || h
 |-
 ! Semivowel
@@ Line 61: / Line 70: @@
 /f v/ vary between [[w:Bilabial fricative|bilabial]] and [[w:Labiodental fricative|labiodental]] depending on the dialect.
-/j w ɣ/ are all allophones of the phoneme /ğ/; its pronunciation varies on position. After vowels /u o ø/ at the end of a word, it extends the vowel and alternates between /j~w/ depending on the speaker, as in ''bokhtjoe'''ğ'''''. In the medial position of a compound word, it typically only extends the vowel and is unwritten, as in ''Pokhtj'''oe'''srenyeğ'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːˌsɽeɲə]]]. After word-final /e/, it simply turns /e/ into /ə/, as in ''srenye'''ğ''''' [[Help:IPA|[ˈsɽeɲə]]], though in some dialects it may also be pronounced with a /w/, hence the preservation of the letter. Before voiceless plosives it becomes /k/; before voiced, it becomes /g/. In either way, it is written ⟨g⟩. In all other places, it is pronounced as [[w:Voiced velar fricative|velar fricative]] /ɣ/.
+/j w ɣ/ are all allophones of the phoneme /ɣ/; its pronunciation varies on position. After vowels /u ɔ ø/ at the end of a word, it extends the vowel and alternates between /j~w/ depending on the speaker, as in ''bokhtjoe'''ğ'''''. In the medial position of a compound word, it typically only extends the vowel and is unwritten, as in ''bokhtj'''oe'''srenyeğ'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːˌsɽeɲə]]]. After word-final /e/, it simply turns /e/ into /ə/, as in ''srenye'''ğ''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈsɽeɲə]]], though in some dialects it may also be pronounced with a /w/, hence the preservation of the letter. Before voiceless plosives it becomes /k/; before voiced, it becomes /g/. In either way, it is written ⟨g⟩. In all other places, it is pronounced as [[w:Voiced velar fricative|velar fricative]] /ɣ/.
+/dʒ/ is devoiced in word-initial and word-final positions, such as '''''tj'''oell'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈtʃøɫ]]] "blue" or ''mala'''tj''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈmɑlɑtʃ]]] "gourd". In word-medial places, it is always voiced and additionally typically geminated, specifically after [[w:Velar consonant|velar]] [[w:Obstruent consonant|obstruents]] /k g x ɣ/ and the nasal /n/ (which is always palatalised before /c dʒ/), such as in ''brihṇdag'''tj'''eğ'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥ɽihn̩dɑgddʒə(w)]]] "euphemistic" and ''bin'''tj'''im'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥iɲddʒim]]] "he hops".
+/l ɫ/ are contrastive everywhere except initial positions where only /l/ occurs, so ''tjoe'''l''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈtʃøl]]] "while" contrasts with ''tjoe'''ll''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈtʃøɫ]]] "blue".
 ===Vowels===
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
@@ Line 76: / Line 90: @@
 |}
 Pokht preserved all Old Izhkut vowels apart from /ɛ/, which merged with /e/. Additionally the originally close-mid /[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]/ of Old Izhkut was lowered to an open-mid /[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]/.
+==Grammar==
+===Verbs===
+Almost all Pokht verbs behave the same way across a regular verbal paradigm, depending on whether the root ends in a consonant, open/mid or close vowel. The lemma or citation form is always the [[w:Imperative mood|imperative]] in Pokht.
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! !! Indicative !! Continuous !! Conditional !! Potential
+|-
+! Present
+|}
 [[Category:Pokht]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Radael]] [[Category:Taskaric languages]]