Koṭärt: Difference between revisions

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(This page is heavily a WIP, ~~article on Frathwiki~~ is coming soon ~~too~~)

(This page is heavily a WIP, a lot of data here is incorrect and/or inaccurate. Major changes coming soon)

{{Infobox language

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|pronunciation=ko̞ˈʈæɹt

|pronunciation_key=IPA for Koṭärt

|creator=Hyacinth

|creator=[[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]]

|setting=

Paukaṣṣat

* Lakkāl

|created=c. 2023-~~2024~~

|created=c. 2023-2025

|ethnicity=Ṃkṛkoṭärt, Śätst, etc.

|familycolor=unclassified

|fam1=~~Kotartian (placeholder name)~~

|fam1=Śäts Valley

|ancestor=Proto-Śäts Valley

|ancestor2=Proto-Koṭärt

|ancestor3=Archaic Old Koṭärt

|ancestor4=Mainlands Old Koṭärt

|stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect

|stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect (previously)

|dia1=Koṭärt dialect cluster

|dia2=Koṭärt-Western dialect cluster

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}}

[[Koṭärt]] ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], or ''Koṭärtlyap'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/~~ko̞ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap~~/]]) is an artificial language created by ~~David “Hyacinth”~~ for a conworld project. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', ~~thus it also serves~~ as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] between various communes.

[[Koṭärt]] ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], or ''Koṭärtlyap'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞.ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/]]) is an artificial language created by [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]] for a conworld project, ''Paukaṣṣat'', and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', serving as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] between various Lakkālt communes. It is also the most spoken human language in Paukaṣṣat.

It~~'s still~~ in ~~development~~.

==History==

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! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |

! colspan=1| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]

! colspan=1| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

! colspan=1| [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

! colspan=1| [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]

! colspan=1| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]

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Notes:<br>

* Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.

* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are dependent on the speaker. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/

* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are [[w:Free variation|dependent on the speaker]]. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/

* [‌[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]‌] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].

* [‌[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.

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| [[w:P|p]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|p]]‌/ || [[w:S|s]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|s]]‌/

|-

| [[w:T|t]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṣ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂ]]‌/

| [[w:T|t]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṭ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḳ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c~k̟ʲ]]‌/ || [[w:Ś|ś]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɕ]]‌/

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḳ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c~k̟ʲ]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṣ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:K|k]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|k]]‌/ || [[w:~~Ts (digraph)~~|ts]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|~~t͡s~~]]‌/

| [[w:K|k]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|k]]‌/ || [[w:Ś|ś]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɕ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:M|m]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|m]]‌/ || [[w:C|c]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|~~ʈ͡ʂ~~]]‌/

| [[w:M|m]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|m]]‌/ || [[w:Ts (digraph)|ts]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡s]]‌/

|-

| [[w:N|n]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|n]]‌/ || [[w:Ć|ć]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|~~t͡ɕ~~]]‌/

| [[w:N|n]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|n]]‌/ || [[w:C|c]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ͡ʂ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṇ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɳ]]‌/ || [[w:~~List of Latin-script digraphs~~|tl]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|~~t͡ɬ~~]]‌/

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṇ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɳ]]‌/ || [[w:Ć|ć]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɕ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:Ñ|ñ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɲ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script ~~trigraphs~~|~~tly~~]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|~~c͡ʎ̝̊~~]]‌/

| [[w:Ñ|ñ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɲ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|tl]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɬ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṃ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ŋ]]‌/¹ || [[w:W|w]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|w]]‌/²

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṃ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ŋ]]‌/¹ || [[w:List of Latin-script trigraphs|tly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c͡ʎ̝̊]]‌/

|-

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṛ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɽ]]‌/ || [[w:R|r]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɹ]]‌/

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṛ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɽ]]‌/ || [[w:W|w]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|w]]‌/²

|-

| [[w:Y|y]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|j]]‌/³ || [[w:G|g]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɰ]]‌/

| [[w:Y|y]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|j]]‌/³ || [[w:R|r]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɹ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:L|l]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|l]]‌/ || [[w:~~Latin Extended Additional~~|ḷ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɭ]]‌/

| [[w:L|l]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|l]]‌/ || [[w:G|g]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɰ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|ly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʎ]]‌/ || [[w:~~List of~~ Latin~~-script digraphs~~|wy]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|jː]]‌/⁴

| [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|ly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʎ]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḷ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɭ]]‌/

|-

|}

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===Vowels===

Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being ~~phonologically~~ different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.

Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonetically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.

All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩.

All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

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! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]'''

| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]

| [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]

| ([[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]])

|

|-

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Notes:<br>

* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different ~~phonological~~ values, depending on a dialect, and even speaker's idiolect ~~(just as certain aforementioned nuances with some consonants)~~, it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].

* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonetic values, depending on a dialect, and even [[w:Free variation|speaker's idiolect]], it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].

* [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].

* [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], in addition to its role as a phoneme, is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].

* [‌[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]‌] is a stressed allophone of /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/, however some put stress on /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ nonetheless.

* [‌[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.

* If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a [[w:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]], then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a [[w: R-colored vowel|r-colored vowel]].

* Mid vowels except [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], when unstressed, may be raised to [e~ɪ], [o] and [ø~ɵ] after [j].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

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|}

Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two [[w:Mora|morae]]. ~~Elongation~~ plays a role in morphology and semantics of words.

Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two [[w:Mora|morae]]. Lengthening plays a role in morphology and semantics of words.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|+ Diphthongs

! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |

! colspan=4|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|-/u/]]

! colspan=4|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|-/i/]]

|-

! colspan=1|

! colspan=1|Phonetic

! colspan=1|Unstressed

! colspan=1|Pre-stress

! colspan=1|Stressed

! colspan=1|Phonetic

! colspan=1|Unstressed

! colspan=1|Pre-stress

! colspan=1|Stressed

|-

! rowspan=1|[[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|/e̞/-]]

| /e̞u̯/

| [eʊ̯̈]

| [e̞ʊ̯̈]

| /e̞i̯/

| [eɪ̯]

| [e̞ɪ̯]

| [ɛi̯]

|-

! rowspan=1|[[w:Mid central vowel|/ə/-]]

| /əu̯/

| [əu̯]

| [ɜʊ̯̈]

| /əi̯/

| [əi̯]

| [ɜɪ̯̈]

|-

! rowspan=1|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛː/-]]

| /ɛːu̯/

| [ɛːʊ̯̈]

| [ɛːʉ̯]

| /ɛːi̯/

| [ɛːi̯]

|-

! rowspan=1|[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowell|/ɜː/-]]

| /ɜːu̯/

| [ɜːʊ̯]

| [ɜː⁽ʊ̯̈⁾]

| [ɜːʊ̯̈]

| /ɜːi̯/

| [ɜːɨ̯]

| [ɜːɪ̯̈]

|-

! rowspan=1|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|/a/-]]

| /au̯/

| [əʊ̯]

| [ɐu̯]

| [aʊ̯]

| /ai̯/

| [əi̯]

| [ɐi̯]

| [ai̯]

|-

! rowspan=1|[[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|/æ/-]]

| /æu̯/

| [æʊ̯]

| [æʊ̯̈]

| [æu̯]

| /æi̯/

| [æɪ̯̈]

| [æi̯]

|-

|}

Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonetically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ '''Romanization for Vowels'''

|-

| [[w:A|a]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|a]]/ || [[w:Ä|ä]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|æ]]/ || [[w:Ā|ā]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɑː]]/ || [[w:Á|á]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʌ̞ː]]/

|-

| [[w:I|i]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|i]]/ || || || [[w:Ī|ī]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɪː]]/ || ||

|-

| [[w:U|u]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|u]]/ || [[w:Ü|ü]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|y]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ū]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʊː]]/ || [[w:Ú|ú]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|yː]]/

|-

| [[w:E|e]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|e̞]]/ || || || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ē]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɛː]]/ || ||

|-

| [[w:Ë|ë]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ə]]/ || || || [[w:É|é]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɜː]]/ || ||

|-

| [[w:O|o]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|o̞]]/ || [[w:Ö|ö]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ø̞]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ō]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɔː]]/ || [[w:Ó|ó]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|œː]]/

|-

|}

==Phonetics==

~~WIP~~

Below is the phonemic analysis of Koṭärt vowels.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|+ Short monophthongs

! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |

! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]]

! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]]

! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]'''

| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]] [[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]

| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]

| [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]]

|-

! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]'''

| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]

|

|-

! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open vowel|Open]]'''

| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]

|

|-

|}

The phonemic vowels of the Koṭärt-Weśte dialect are quite asymmetrical, three front vowels, one central vowel, and one back vowel. Most phonemic vowels are mid, except for /a/ and /æ/. It contrasts very similar sounding /a/, /æ/, and /ə/, although in some dialects /a/ is more back, making it more distinct.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|+ Diphthongs (phonemic values and romanisation)

! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |

! colspan=1|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]

! colspan=1|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]

! colspan=1|[[w:R-colored vowel|Rhotic]]

|-

! rowspan=4 |Closed

|/e̞i̯/ ⟨ei⟩

|/e̞u̯/ ⟨eu⟩

|/e̞ɹ/ ⟨er⟩

|-

|

|/əu̯/ ⟨ëu⟩

|

|-

|/ai̯/ ⟨ai⟩

|/au̯/ ⟨au⟩

|/aɹ/ ⟨ar⟩

|-

|

|/æu̯/ ⟨äu⟩

|

|-

! rowspan=4 |[[Wiktionary:schwebeablaut|Open]]

|/je̞/ ⟨ye⟩

|/we̞/ ⟨we⟩

|/ɹe̞/ ⟨re⟩

|-

|

|/wə/ ⟨wë⟩

|

|-

|/ja/ ⟨ya⟩

|/wa/ ⟨wa⟩

|/ɹa/ ⟨ra⟩

|-

|

|/wæ/ ⟨wä⟩

|

|-

|}

==Phonotactics==

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==Links==

* [https://www.frathwiki.com/Ko%E1%B9%AD%C3%A4rt Koṭärt] on FrathWiki

==Classmeter==

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|Phonology=100

|NounCases=95

|NounCases=100

~~|NounDef=~~

|NounNumbers=98

|NounNumbers=95

~~|NounGender=~~

|VerbPerson=95

|VerbNumber=95

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|AdjCase=95

|AdjNumber=95

~~|AdjDef=~~

~~|AdjGen=~~

|AdjComparative=100

|AdjSuperlative=100

~~|Supine=~~

~~|Gerund=~~

|Participle=100

|Infinitive=100

|Modality=0

|Modality=50

|Words=15

|Words=20

|adjective = final

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{privatelang}}
-(This page is heavily a WIP, article on Frathwiki is coming soon too)
+(This page is heavily a WIP, a lot of data here is incorrect and/or inaccurate. Major changes coming soon)
 {{Infobox language
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 |pronunciation=ko̞ˈʈæɹt
 |pronunciation_key=IPA for Koṭärt
-|creator=Hyacinth
+|creator=[[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]]
 |setting=
 Paukaṣṣat
 * Lakkāl
-|created=c. 2023-2024
+|created=c. 2023-2025
 |ethnicity=Ṃkṛkoṭärt, Śätst, etc.
 |familycolor=unclassified
-|fam1=Kotartian (placeholder name)
+|fam1=Śäts Valley
 |ancestor=Proto-Śäts Valley
 |ancestor2=Proto-Koṭärt
 |ancestor3=Archaic Old Koṭärt
 |ancestor4=Mainlands Old Koṭärt
-|stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect
+|stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect (previously)
 |dia1=Koṭärt dialect cluster
 |dia2=Koṭärt-Western dialect cluster
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 }}
-[[Koṭärt]] ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], or ''Koṭärtlyap'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/]]) is an artificial language created by David “Hyacinth” for a conworld project. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', thus it also serves as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] between various communes.
+[[Koṭärt]] ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], or ''Koṭärtlyap'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞.ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/]]) is an artificial language created by [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]] for a conworld project, ''Paukaṣṣat'', and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', serving as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] between various Lakkālt communes. It is also the most spoken human language in Paukaṣṣat.
-It's still in development.
 ==History==
@@ Line 50: / Line 48: @@
 ! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
 ! colspan=1| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
-! colspan=1| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
+! colspan=1| [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
 ! colspan=1| [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
 ! colspan=1| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
@@ Line 124: / Line 122: @@
 Notes:<br>
 * Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.
-* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are dependent on the speaker. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/
+* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are [[w:Free variation|dependent on the speaker]]. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/
 * [‌[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]‌] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].
 * [‌[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.
@@ Line 136: / Line 134: @@
 | [[w:P|p]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|p]]‌/ || [[w:S|s]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|s]]‌/
 |-
-| [[w:T|t]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṣ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂ]]‌/
+| [[w:T|t]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṭ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ]]‌/
 |-
-| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḳ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c~k̟ʲ]]‌/ || [[w:Ś|ś]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɕ]]‌/
+| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḳ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c~k̟ʲ]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṣ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂ]]‌/
 |-
-| [[w:K|k]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|k]]‌/ || [[w:Ts (digraph)|ts]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡s]]‌/
+| [[w:K|k]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|k]]‌/ || [[w:Ś|ś]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɕ]]‌/
 |-
-| [[w:M|m]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|m]]‌/ || [[w:C|c]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ͡ʂ]]‌/
+| [[w:M|m]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|m]]‌/ || [[w:Ts (digraph)|ts]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡s]]‌/
 |-
-| [[w:N|n]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|n]]‌/ || [[w:Ć|ć]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɕ]]‌/
+| [[w:N|n]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|n]]‌/ || [[w:C|c]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ͡ʂ]]‌/
 |-
-| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṇ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɳ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|tl]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɬ]]‌/
+| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṇ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɳ]]‌/ || [[w:Ć|ć]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɕ]]‌/
 |-
-| [[w:Ñ|ñ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɲ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script trigraphs|tly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c͡ʎ̝̊]]‌/
+| [[w:Ñ|ñ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɲ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|tl]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɬ]]‌/
 |-
-| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṃ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ŋ]]‌/¹ || [[w:W|w]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|w]]‌/²
+| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṃ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ŋ]]‌/¹ || [[w:List of Latin-script trigraphs|tly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c͡ʎ̝̊]]‌/
 |-
-| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṛ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɽ]]‌/ || [[w:R|r]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɹ]]‌/
+| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṛ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɽ]]‌/ || [[w:W|w]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|w]]‌/²
 |-
-| [[w:Y|y]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|j]]‌/³ || [[w:G|g]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɰ]]‌/
+| [[w:Y|y]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|j]]‌/³ || [[w:R|r]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɹ]]‌/
 |-
-| [[w:L|l]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|l]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḷ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɭ]]‌/
+| [[w:L|l]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|l]]‌/ || [[w:G|g]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɰ]]‌/
 |-
-| [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|ly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʎ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|wy]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|jː]]‌/⁴
+| [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|ly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʎ]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḷ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɭ]]‌/
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 169: / Line 167: @@
 ===Vowels===
-Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonologically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.
+Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonetically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.
-All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩.
+All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 203: / Line 201: @@
 ! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]'''
 | [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]
-| [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
+| ([[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]])
 |
 |-
@@ Line 214: / Line 212: @@
 Notes:<br>
-* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonological values, depending on a dialect, and even speaker's idiolect (just as certain aforementioned nuances with some consonants), it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].
+* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonetic values, depending on a dialect, and even [[w:Free variation|speaker's idiolect]], it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].
-* [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].
+* [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], in addition to its role as a phoneme, is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].
 * [‌[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]‌] is a stressed allophone of /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/, however some put stress on /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ nonetheless.
 * [‌[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.
 * If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a [[w:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]], then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a [[w: R-colored vowel|r-colored vowel]].
+* Mid vowels except [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], when unstressed, may be raised to [e~ɪ], [o] and [ø~ɵ] after [j].
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 267: / Line 266: @@
 |}
-Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two [[w:Mora|morae]]. Elongation plays a role in morphology and semantics of words.
+Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two [[w:Mora|morae]]. Lengthening plays a role in morphology and semantics of words.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+|+ Diphthongs
+! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
+! colspan=4|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|-/u/]]
+! colspan=4|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|-/i/]]
+|-
+! colspan=1|
+! colspan=1|Phonetic
+! colspan=1|Unstressed
+! colspan=1|Pre-stress
+! colspan=1|Stressed
+! colspan=1|Phonetic
+! colspan=1|Unstressed
+! colspan=1|Pre-stress
+! colspan=1|Stressed
+|-
+! rowspan=1|[[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|/e̞/-]]
+| /e̞u̯/
+| [eʊ̯̈]
+| [e̞ʊ̯̈]
+| [e̞ʊ̯̈]
+| /e̞i̯/
+| [eɪ̯]
+| [e̞ɪ̯]
+| [ɛi̯]
+|-
+! rowspan=1|[[w:Mid central vowel|/ə/-]]
+| /əu̯/
+| [əu̯]
+| [əu̯]
+| [ɜʊ̯̈]
+| /əi̯/
+| [əi̯]
+| [əi̯]
+| [ɜɪ̯̈]
+|-
+! rowspan=1|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛː/-]]
+| /ɛːu̯/
+| [ɛːʊ̯̈]
+| [ɛːʊ̯̈]
+| [ɛːʉ̯]
+| /ɛːi̯/
+| [ɛːi̯]
+| [ɛːi̯]
+| [ɛːi̯]
+|-
+! rowspan=1|[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowell|/ɜː/-]]
+| /ɜːu̯/
+| [ɜːʊ̯]
+| [ɜː⁽ʊ̯̈⁾]
+| [ɜːʊ̯̈]
+| /ɜːi̯/
+| [ɜːɨ̯]
+| [ɜːɨ̯]
+| [ɜːɪ̯̈]
+|-
+! rowspan=1|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|/a/-]]
+| /au̯/
+| [əʊ̯]
+| [ɐu̯]
+| [aʊ̯]
+| /ai̯/
+| [əi̯]
+| [ɐi̯]
+| [ai̯]
+|-
+! rowspan=1|[[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|/æ/-]]
+| /æu̯/
+| [æʊ̯]
+| [æʊ̯̈]
+| [æu̯]
+| /æi̯/
+| [æɪ̯̈]
+| [æi̯]
+| [æi̯]
+|-
+|}
+Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonetically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]].
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|+ '''Romanization for Vowels'''
+! [[w:Vowel length|Short vowel]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Umlaut|Umlaut]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Vowel length|Long vowel]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Vowel length|Lengthened]] [[w:Umlaut|Umlaut]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
+|-
+| [[w:A|a]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|a]]/ || [[w:Ä|ä]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|æ]]/ || [[w:Ā|ā]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɑː]]/ || [[w:Á|á]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʌ̞ː]]/
+|-
+| [[w:I|i]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|i]]/ || || || [[w:Ī|ī]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɪː]]/ || ||
+|-
+| [[w:U|u]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|u]]/ || [[w:Ü|ü]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|y]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ū]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʊː]]/ || [[w:Ú|ú]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|yː]]/
+|-
+| [[w:E|e]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|e̞]]/ || || || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ē]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɛː]]/ || ||
+|-
+| [[w:Ë|ë]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ə]]/ || || || [[w:É|é]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɜː]]/ || ||
+|-
+| [[w:O|o]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|o̞]]/ || [[w:Ö|ö]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ø̞]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ō]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɔː]]/ || [[w:Ó|ó]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|œː]]/
+|-
+|}
 ==Phonetics==
-WIP
+Below is the phonemic analysis of Koṭärt vowels.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+|+ Short monophthongs
+! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
+! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
+! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+|-
+! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]'''
+| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]] [[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]
+| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]
+| [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]]
+|-
+! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]'''
+| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]
+|
+|
+|-
+! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open vowel|Open]]'''
+| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
+|
+|
+|-
+|}
+The phonemic vowels of the Koṭärt-Weśte dialect are quite asymmetrical, three front vowels, one central vowel, and one back vowel. Most phonemic vowels are mid, except for /a/ and /æ/. It contrasts very similar sounding /a/, /æ/, and /ə/, although in some dialects /a/ is more back, making it more distinct.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+|+ Diphthongs (phonemic values and romanisation)
+! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
+! colspan=1|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+! colspan=1|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+! colspan=1|[[w:R-colored vowel|Rhotic]]
+|-
+! rowspan=4 |Closed
+|/e̞i̯/ ⟨ei⟩
+|/e̞u̯/ ⟨eu⟩
+|/e̞ɹ/ ⟨er⟩
+|-
+|
+|/əu̯/ ⟨ëu⟩
+|
+|-
+|/ai̯/ ⟨ai⟩
+|/au̯/ ⟨au⟩
+|/aɹ/ ⟨ar⟩
+|-
+|
+|/æu̯/ ⟨äu⟩
+|
+|-
+! rowspan=4 |[[Wiktionary:schwebeablaut|Open]]
+|/je̞/ ⟨ye⟩
+|/we̞/ ⟨we⟩
+|/ɹe̞/ ⟨re⟩
+|-
+|
+|/wə/ ⟨wë⟩
+|
+|-
+|/ja/ ⟨ya⟩
+|/wa/ ⟨wa⟩
+|/ɹa/ ⟨ra⟩
+|-
+|
+|/wæ/ ⟨wä⟩
+|
+|-
+|}
 ==Phonotactics==
@@ Line 300: / Line 471: @@
 ==Links==
+* [https://www.frathwiki.com/Ko%E1%B9%AD%C3%A4rt Koṭärt] on FrathWiki
 ==Classmeter==
@@ Line 326: / Line 498: @@
 |Phonology=100
-|NounCases=95
+|NounCases=100
-|NounDef=
+|NounNumbers=98
-|NounNumbers=95
-|NounGender=
 |VerbPerson=95
 |VerbNumber=95
@@ Line 338: / Line 508: @@
 |AdjCase=95
 |AdjNumber=95
-|AdjDef=
-|AdjGen=
 |AdjComparative=100
 |AdjSuperlative=100
-|Supine=
-|Gerund=
 |Participle=100
 |Infinitive=100
-|Modality=0
+|Modality=50
-|Words=15
+|Words=20
 |adjective      = final