Columbé: Difference between revisions

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~~{{construction}}~~

{{infobox language

| name = Columbé

| nativename = kriyal, kriyel

| image = Columban.svg

| imagesize = 200

| imagecaption = Flag of Saint Columban, where Columbé is native.

| altname = Columban Creole, Columban Poccasin Pidgin, Columban Bemé

| pronunciation = kɾijal]<br>[kɾijɛl

| pronunciation_key = IPA for Bemé

| familycolor = Mixed

| fam1 = Poccasin English

| fam1 = [[Poccasin English]]

| fam2 = [[Bemé]]

| creator = User:Jukethatbox

| created = 2025

| setting = ''Adventures in the Poccasins''

| state = ~~Saint Columban{{efn|name=island|Columbé: ''Kulumban'';~~ [[Bemé]]: ''Senkolumbang''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''Saint-Colomban''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''San Columbano'', [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''São Columbano''}}{{efn|name=fullisland|In full: '''Saint George, Saint Paul, Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Columban of Luxeuil'''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''Saint Georges, Saint Paul, Saint François d'Assise et Saint Colomban de Luxeuil''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''San Jorge, San Pablo, San Francisco de Asís y San Columbano de Luxeuil''; [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]~~: ''São Jorge, São Paulo, São Francisco de Assis e São Columbano de Luxeuil''}}~~

| state = [[Saint Columban]]

| ethnicity = Columban people

| script1 = Latn

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| notice = ipa

}}

'''Columbé'''{{efn|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the Columban people of the island of ~~'''~~Saint Columban~~'''~~,~~{{efn|name=island}}{{efn~~|~~name=fullisland}} a~~ British~~-administrated island~~ in the Malorabin Islands of the Poccasin Archipelago. It is widely spoken as a first language on Columban, and is the ~~official~~ [[w:Vernacular language|vernacular language]] of the island, with around 25,500 native speakers; approximately 98.8% of the population of Columban.

'''Columbé'''{{efn|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the Columban people of the island of [[Saint Columban]], a [[w:British Overseas Territories|British overseas territory]] located in the Malorabin Islands of the Poccasin Archipelago. It is widely spoken as a first language on Columban, and is the [[w:Vernacular language|vernacular language]] of the island, with around 25,500 native speakers; approximately 98.8% of the population of Columban.

Although the linguistic status of Columbé is debated, linguist consensus dictates that Columbé is a dialect of the more widely spoken [[Bemé]], brought to the island by enslaved Poccasins{{efn|Enslaved Poccasins were not administratively considered "slaves", allowing British colonists in the Poccasins to continue the slave trade despite the [[w:Slavery Abolition Act 1833|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]] and the earlier [[w:Slave Trade Act 1807|1807 Slave Trade Act]] abolishing such practices in the British Empire.}} who were brought to the island by British colonists aiming to drive out the previous Portuguese colonial administration.

==Classification==

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Around 1895, the British administrator of Saint Columban began to also incentivise migration from Cassim Po and elsewhere in the Poccasins to further diminish what was left of Portuguese influence on the island. Thus, many Bemé speakers, both native from Cassim Po and non-native from elsewhere in the Poccasins, arrived in droves on Saint Columban. Despite many not speaking Bemé as native speakers, the use of Bemé was encouraged out of necessity due to the diversity of languages spoken by the Saint Columban migrants; eventually Columbé developed as a distinct dialect and became the first language of almost all inhabitants of the island.

==Phonology==

===~~Consonants~~===

<small>''See also: [[Bemé#Phonology|Bemé § Phonology]].''</small><br>

Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology|Bemé]].

Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé|[beːbʎ̩]]]. Voiced plosives /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] intervocalically, though these allophones are typically only written as [β, ð, ɣ] or not at all. /ɲ/ may also be realised as /j̃/ in word-medial positions, so ''{{bm|grinyeh}}'' would be pronounced [[IPA for Bemé|[gɾij̃ɛ]]]. Standard approximant /ɹ/ is pronounced as [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap|tap]] /ɾ/, as is typical of most ''[[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal|kriyal]]'' varieties in the south of the Poccasins (where Columban is located). /n/ may also palatalise to a /ɲ/ before an /i/, though not before /iː/, which is an allophone of /ei̯/. /kr, gr/, though very variable among Cassim Po dialects and adjacent dialects such as [[Bijun Creole]], are remarkably invariable in Columbé; /kr/ and /gr/ are almost always pronounced [kɾ] and [gɾ] respectively, though the tap may be devoiced in /kr/ in some younger speakers, yielding instead [kɾ̥] and [gɾ] respectively.

Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh|always pronounced /e/]].

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! Grapheme(s)

| a || e || eh || i || o || u

|-

! Standard Bemé

| /[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]/ || /[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]/ || /[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]/ || /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ || /[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]/ || /[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]/

|-

! Columbé

| /[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]/ || colspan=2 | /[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]/ || /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ || /[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]/ || /[[w:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]/

|}

Among vowels, Columbé is unique in that it is the only variety of Bemé that incorporates phonemic [[w:Vowel length|long vowels]]; these correspond to the standard Bemé [[Bemé#Vowels|diphthongs]] /ei̯ oi̯ ou̯/, and are usually written the same. However, these long vowels tend to have quite a lot of variation; the most common are shown here.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! Grapheme

| ey || oi || ow

|-

! Standard Bemé

| /ei̯/ || /oi̯/ || /ou̯/

|-

! rowspan=2 | Columbé

| /eː/ || /oː/ || rowspan=2 | /uː/

|-

| /iː/ || /ʌː/

|}

/ou̯/ may also be realised as a short [u] in closed syllables; this leads to the pronunciation of words such as ''{{bm|grown}}'' as [[IPA for Bemé|[gɾun]]]. This is the only position where [ʌ, u] appear in contrastive distribution; elsewhere, they are in free variation.

==Notes==

[[Category:Bemé]] [[Category:Dialects]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{construction}}
 {{infobox language
 | name = Columbé
 | nativename = kriyal, kriyel
+| image = Columban.svg
+| imagesize = 200
+| imagecaption = Flag of Saint Columban, where Columbé is native.
 | altname = Columban Creole, Columban Poccasin Pidgin, Columban Bemé
 | pronunciation = kɾijal]<br>[kɾijɛl
 | pronunciation_key = IPA for Bemé
 | familycolor = Mixed
-| fam1 = Poccasin English
+| fam1 = [[Poccasin English]]
 | fam2 = [[Bemé]]
 | creator = User:Jukethatbox
 | created = 2025
 | setting = ''Adventures in the Poccasins''
-| state = Saint Columban{{efn|name=island|Columbé: ''Kulumban''; [[Bemé]]: ''Senkolumbang''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''Saint-Colomban''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''San Columbano'', [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''São Columbano''}}{{efn|name=fullisland|In full: '''Saint George, Saint Paul, Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Columban of Luxeuil'''; [[w:French language|French]]: ''Saint Georges, Saint Paul, Saint François d'Assise et Saint Colomban de Luxeuil''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''San Jorge, San Pablo, San Francisco de Asís y San Columbano de Luxeuil''; [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''São Jorge, São Paulo, São Francisco de Assis e São Columbano de Luxeuil''}}
+| state = [[Saint Columban]]
 | ethnicity = Columban people
 | script1 = Latn
@@ Line 19: / Line 21: @@
 | notice = ipa
 }}
-'''Columbé'''{{efn|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the Columban people of the island of '''Saint Columban''',{{efn|name=island}}{{efn|name=fullisland}} a British-administrated island in the Malorabin Islands of the Poccasin Archipelago. It is widely spoken as a first language on Columban, and is the official [[w:Vernacular language|vernacular language]] of the island, with around 25,500 native speakers; approximately 98.8% of the population of Columban.
+'''Columbé'''{{efn|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the Columban people of the island of [[Saint Columban]], a [[w:British Overseas Territories|British overseas territory]] located in the Malorabin Islands of the Poccasin Archipelago. It is widely spoken as a first language on Columban, and is the [[w:Vernacular language|vernacular language]] of the island, with around 25,500 native speakers; approximately 98.8% of the population of Columban.
+Although the linguistic status of Columbé is debated, linguist consensus dictates that Columbé is a dialect of the more widely spoken [[Bemé]], brought to the island by enslaved Poccasins{{efn|Enslaved Poccasins were not administratively considered "slaves", allowing British colonists in the Poccasins to continue the slave trade despite the [[w:Slavery Abolition Act 1833|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]] and the earlier [[w:Slave Trade Act 1807|1807 Slave Trade Act]] abolishing such practices in the British Empire.}} who were brought to the island by British colonists aiming to drive out the previous Portuguese colonial administration.
 ==Classification==
@@ Line 40: / Line 44: @@
 Around 1895, the British administrator of Saint Columban began to also incentivise migration from Cassim Po and elsewhere in the Poccasins to further diminish what was left of Portuguese influence on the island. Thus, many Bemé speakers, both native from Cassim Po and non-native from elsewhere in the Poccasins, arrived in droves on Saint Columban. Despite many not speaking Bemé as native speakers, the use of Bemé was encouraged out of necessity due to the diversity of languages spoken by the Saint Columban migrants; eventually Columbé developed as a distinct dialect and became the first language of almost all inhabitants of the island.
 ==Phonology==
-===Consonants===
+<small>''See also: [[Bemé#Phonology|Bemé § Phonology]].''</small><br>
+Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology|Bemé]].
+Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé|[beːbʎ̩]]]. Voiced plosives /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] intervocalically, though these allophones are typically only written as [β, ð, ɣ] or not at all. /ɲ/ may also be realised as /j̃/ in word-medial positions, so ''{{bm|grinyeh}}'' would be pronounced [[IPA for Bemé|[gɾij̃ɛ]]]. Standard approximant /ɹ/ is pronounced as [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap|tap]] /ɾ/, as is typical of most ''[[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal|kriyal]]'' varieties in the south of the Poccasins (where Columban is located). /n/ may also palatalise to a /ɲ/ before an /i/, though not before /iː/, which is an allophone of /ei̯/. /kr, gr/, though very variable among Cassim Po dialects and adjacent dialects such as [[Bijun Creole]], are remarkably invariable in Columbé; /kr/ and /gr/ are almost always pronounced [kɾ] and [gɾ] respectively, though the tap may be devoiced in /kr/ in some younger speakers, yielding instead [kɾ̥] and [gɾ] respectively.
+Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh|always pronounced /e/]].
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! Grapheme(s)
+| a || e || eh || i || o || u
+|-
+! Standard Bemé
+| /[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]/ || /[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]/ || /[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]/ || /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ || /[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]/ || /[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]/
+|-
+! Columbé
+| /[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]/ || colspan=2 | /[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]/ || /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ || /[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]/ || /[[w:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]/
+|}
+Among vowels, Columbé is unique in that it is the only variety of Bemé that incorporates phonemic [[w:Vowel length|long vowels]]; these correspond to the standard Bemé [[Bemé#Vowels|diphthongs]] /ei̯ oi̯ ou̯/, and are usually written the same. However, these long vowels tend to have quite a lot of variation; the most common are shown here.
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! Grapheme
+| ey || oi || ow
+|-
+! Standard Bemé
+| /ei̯/ || /oi̯/ || /ou̯/
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Columbé
+| /eː/ || /oː/ || rowspan=2 | /uː/
+|-
+| /iː/ || /ʌː/
+|}
+/ou̯/ may also be realised as a short [u] in closed syllables; this leads to the pronunciation of words such as ''{{bm|grown}}'' as [[IPA for Bemé|[gɾun]]]. This is the only position where [ʌ, u] appear in contrastive distribution; elsewhere, they are in free variation.
 ==Notes==
 <references group="lower-alpha"/>
 [[Category:Bemé]] [[Category:Dialects]]