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==== Gerunds ====
==== Gerunds ====
A gerund is a verbal noun formed from a verb that functions syntactically as a noun while retaining some verbal properties. Gerunds are created by attaching specific infixes to verb roots, a process that is notably irregular and does not align with the standard patterns of declension found in the rest of the language. Unlike in many other languages, Akhyan gerunds undergo declension for both case and voice.
A gerund is a verbal noun formed from a verb that functions syntactically as a noun while retaining some verbal properties. Gerunds are created by attaching specific suffixes to verb roots, a process that is notably irregular and does not align with the standard patterns of declension found in the rest of the language. Unlike in many other languages, Akhyan gerunds undergo declension for both case and voice, but cannot decline for number.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example: kaltan root: √kalt-
|+Example: kaltan root: √kalt-
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|-
|-
!Accusative
!Accusative
| -(t)am(a)-
| -ime
| -(t)um(o)-
| -ibe
|kamalt
|kalt'''ime'''
|kumolt
|kalt'''ibe'''
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Genitive
| -(t)wa(y)-
| -ae
| -(d)ya(w)-
| -ao
|kwayalt
|kalt'''ae'''
|kyawalt
|kalt'''ao'''
|-
|-
!Dative
!Dative
| -(m)an(i)-
| -ixar
| -(v)ant(u)-
| -iqar
|kanalt
|kalt'''ixar'''
|kantalt
|kalt'''iqar'''
|-
|-
!Ablative
!Ablative
| -(t)as(o)-
| -u
| -(t)os(a)-
| -um
|kasalt
|kalt'''u'''
|kosalt
|kalt'''um'''
|-
|-
!Instrumental
!Instrumental
| -(s)ae(s)-
| -upi
| -(s)ao(s)-
| -ubi
|kaesalt
|kalt'''upi'''
|kaosalt
|kalt'''ubi'''
|}
|}


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| -are
| -are
| -arahe
| -arahe
| -adwe
| -ade
| -anta
| -anta
|-
|-
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| -ana
| -ana
| -asva
| -asva
| -ada
| -adya
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |Subjunctive
! rowspan="3" |Subjunctive
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| -era
| -era
| -erahe
| -erahe
| -edwe
| -eda
| -enti
| -enti
|-
|-
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| -ena
| -ena
| -esva
| -esva
| -eda
| -edya
|}
 
The Present Tense of verbs are simply formed via affixing the various endings into the verb stem, connected by the thematic vowel. For instance the verb Naśan (verb root: √naś-) "to disappear" conjugated in the 3rd Person Plural Active Indicative becomes Naśati.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present Tense of Pathan "to read"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
!1st Person
!2nd Person
!3rd Person
!1st Person
!2nd Person
!3rd Person
|-
! rowspan="3" |Indicative
!Active
| Path'''·a·m'''
| Path'''·a·s'''
| Path'''·a'''
| Path'''·a·mi'''
| Path'''·a·si'''
| Path'''·a·ti'''
|-
!Passive
| Path'''·a·rya'''
| Path'''·a·rus'''
| Path'''·a·re'''
| Path'''·a·rahe'''
| Path'''·a·de'''
| Path'''·a·nta'''
|-
!Reflexive
| Path'''·a·rm'''
| Path'''·a·rs'''
| Path'''·a·rt'''
| Path'''·a·na'''
| Path'''·a·sva'''
| Path'''·a·dya'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Subjunctive
!Active
| Path'''·e·m'''
| Path'''·e·s'''
| Path'''·e'''
| Path'''·e·mi'''
| Path'''·e·si'''
| Path'''·e·ti'''
|-
!Passive
| Path'''·e·rya'''
| Path'''·e·rus'''
| Path'''·e·ra'''
| Path'''·e·rahe'''
| Path'''·e·da'''
| Path'''·e·nti'''
|-
!Reflexive
| Path'''·e·rm'''
| Path'''·e·rs'''
| Path'''·e·rt'''
| Path'''·e·na'''
| Path'''·e·sva'''
| Path'''·e·dya'''
|}
The perfect tense is formed through the perfect stem, which is created by modifying the verb root. This is usually done by reduplicating the first consonant of the root and placing it at the beginning of the word, followed by '''-e-'''. However, if the verb root already begins with a vowel, the prefix '''in-''' is added.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Perfect Tense of Kapatan "to deceive, to fool, to cheat"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
!1st Person
!2nd Person
!3rd Person
!1st Person
!2nd Person
!3rd Person
|-
! rowspan="3" |Indicative
!Active
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·m'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·s'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·mi'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·si'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·ti'''
|-
!Passive
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·rya'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·rus'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·re'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·rahe'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·de'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·nta'''
|-
!Reflexive
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·rm'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·rs'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·rt'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·na'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·sva'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·a·dya'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Subjunctive
!Active
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·m'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·s'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·mi'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·si'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·ti'''
|-
!Passive
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·rya'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·rus'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·ra'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·rahe'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·da'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·nti'''
|-
!Reflexive
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·rm'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·rs'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·rt'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·na'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·sva'''
| '''Ke·'''kapat'''·e·dya'''
|}
The aorist tense is formed using the aorist stem, which is created from the verb root by adding the prefix '''''e-'''''. In this process, the first vowel of the root is shifted to the position of the second vowel, and the original second vowel is removed. For instance, the verb '''Faran''' "to love" (rootː √far-), the aorist form becomesː '''Efr·a'''. Vülnan "to focus" (rootː √vüln-) is '''Evlün·a'''. If the verb root begins with a vowel, the first consonant that follows the vowel becomes the intermediary for vowel relocation. For instanceː Uppatan "to prove" (rootː √uppat-) becomes '''Epupat·a'''.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Aorist Tense of Sućan "to deceive, to fool, to cheat"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
!1st Person
!2nd Person
!3rd Person
!1st Person
!2nd Person
!3rd Person
|-
! rowspan="3" |Indicative
!Active
| Esćun'''·a·m'''
| Esćun'''·a·s'''
| Esćun'''·a'''
| Esćun'''·a·mi'''
| Esćun'''·a·si'''
| Esćun'''·a·ti'''
|-
!Passive
| Esćun'''·a·rya'''
| Esćun'''·a·rus'''
| Esćun'''·a·re'''
| Esćun'''·a·rahe'''
| Esćun'''·a·de'''
| Esćun'''·a·nta'''
|-
!Reflexive
| Esćun'''·a·rm'''
| Esćun'''·a·rs'''
| Esćun'''·a·rt'''
| Esćun'''·a·na'''
| Esćun'''·a·sva'''
| Esćun'''·a·dya'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Subjunctive
!Active
| Esćun'''·e·m'''
| Esćun'''·e·s'''
| Esćun'''·e'''
| Esćun'''·e·mi'''
| Esćun'''·e·si'''
| Esćun'''·e·ti'''
|-
!Passive
| Esćun'''·e·rya'''
| Esćun'''·e·rus'''
| Esćun'''·e·ra'''
| Esćun'''·e·rahe'''
| Esćun'''·e·da'''
| Esćun'''·e·nti'''
|-
!Reflexive
| Esćun'''·e·rm'''
| Esćun'''·e·rs'''
| Esćun'''·e·rt'''
| Esćun'''·e·na'''
| Esćun'''·e·sva'''
| Esćun'''·e·dya'''
|}
|}


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