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Common Elvish: Difference between revisions

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===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
N (neuter) M (bright)
P (bright) B (bright)


In CE words are either DARK or BRIGHT:
In CE words are either DARK or BRIGHT:
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: ''ALBA'' "person"
: ''ALBA'' "person"


Roots descend from Adamic adjectives:
Sounds other than L and N are conserved at the end of roots:
 
: ''-q-f-l-'' "speech" > ''qul'' "audible" > ''QUE-'' "speech"


Other roots besides L and N conserve the third consonant though.
: ''qaúl'' "speech" > ''QUË'' "speech"


: -m-f-r- > mur > NUR "death"
: ''maúr'' > ''NÚR'' "death"


With the article open syllables are long and closed syllables short:
With the article open syllables are long and closed syllables short:


: ''hú'' "dog" > ''u húo''  
: ''HÚ'' "dog" > ''u húo''  


: ''alba'' "person" > ''i elbi''
: ''ALBA'' "person" > ''i elbi''


The plural:
The plural:
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:  ''i elbi '' "the person" > ''u orgu'' "the persons"
:  ''i elbi '' "the person" > ''u orgu'' "the persons"


Third-person agreement does not trigger euphony:
: ''u quënda'' "he is the language" / ''quënda u'' "he, the language"
: ''ou quëndaë'' "he [X]-s the language", ''quëndaë ou'' "he is [X]-ed by the language"
: ''óua quëndáëa'' "the language of his", ''quëndáëa óua'' "the language to him"
Masculine agreement in first-person triggers:
: ''nu belen'' "I am a speaker" / ''belen nu'' "I, the speaker"
: ''angu belein'' "I speak" / ''belein angu'' "I am spoken"
: ''arcnu beléian'' "a speaker of mine" / ''beléian arcnu'' "a speaker to me"
Feminine agreement in first-person triggers:
: ''mi golon'' "I am a speaker" / ''golon mi'' "I, the speaker"
: ''ambi goloun'' "I speak" / ''goloun ambi'' "I am spoken"
: ''dalpmi golóuan'' "a speaker of mine"  / ''golóuan dalpmi'' "a speaker to me"
the first position is the subject followed by a copula;  sentences are SOV (the object is always NEUTER); and the possessor is always the second element:
: ''u húo ëa quënda'' "


: ''ou hóua quëndaë bel'' "the dog speaks the language"


: ''quëndáëa óua hóuada''  "the dog's language"




Compare


: ''óua quëndáëa'' "the  language of his"


For the singular, add a colored vowel:
: ''óua gondáëa'' "the languages"


:''ALB'' "human / elf" > ''alba'' "human / elf"


:''NÚR-'' "death" > ''núru'' "death"
Masculine roots:


If a pure root ends in a vowel, the singular is formed by adding ''-RV'' (canonic ''-l''). If the last vowel is ''i'' or ''u'', however, one adds ''-e'' or ''-o'' instead.
: hú, u húo, i níe,  


:''QUE-'' > ''quele'' "sound"
: hóua, ou hóua, ei néia,


:''HÚ-'' > ''húo'' "dog"
: hóuada, óua hóuada, éia néiada


If a suffix is added to the root, there may be two singulars; one passive ending in ''-a'' (Adamic ''-a''') and one active in ''-ë''.


:''QUE-'' + ''-n-'' [passive nominal affix] > ''quenda'' "speech" / ''quendë'' "speaker"


Neuter roots
quënda, i benda, u gonda
quëndaë, ei bendaë, ou gondaë
quëndáëa, éia bendáëa, óua gondáëa


quënda (when non-subject of non-pronouns)
benda (when subject of non-pronouns or connected to masculine pronouns)
gonda (when subject of non-pronouns or connected to pronouns)






"




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quoro


The personal pronouns:
quëndáëa /kʷɨndaːɨ̯a/


: ''ny'' "I", ''my'' "we"
a/ë > aë > áëa


: ''luo, lie'' "you (sin.), ''rie'' "you (plu.)"
m > mb > lpm
n > nd > ∅
n > ng > rkn
l > lb > mbl
r > rd > ndr


: ''ou, ei'' "he, she", ''ū, ī'' "they"
dalpmi / darcnu


i (n) > e-i (#) > a-e-i (#)


i (v) > i-e > i-e-a


The copula:
e (v) >


:''eá'' "to be" (canonic ''ā- "to be")
P > P-L > P-L-T > P-L-T-N


: ''il alba eri hú''  "the man is a dog" (Adamic ''avâla iru kufán'', Canonic ''vāh hu'')
N N-R-M (I)
N N-R-H (U)


:''il alba firi'' "the man is dead" (Adamic ''avâla murá-su'', Canonic ''vāh muris'')
M > M-L-N > M-L-N-D
D-R-P-


The construct state:
u><i, e><o, a><y


:''hú il elbi'' "the man's dog"
u>o, i>e, a>y


'
ai ē


LÁ- > lámba "tongue", lámbë "language"
i > ei > eia


*irregular extension; compare ''gásca'' "throat"
If a pure root ends in a vowel, the singular is formed by adding ''-RV'' (canonic ''-l''). If the last vowel is ''i'' or ''u'', however, one adds ''-e'' or ''-o'' instead.
ULU- "to pour" from hua- "to moisten"


lunda "flood", lundë "rain"
:''QUE-'' > ''quele'' "sound"
''hendë'', ''hendi'' "eye, eyes"
 
húa (acc.)
:''HÚ-'' > ''húo'' "dog"
''quen'' "I speak"
 
Quendar, quendi
If a suffix is added to the root, there may be two singulars; one passive ending in ''-a'' (Adamic ''-a''') and one active in ''-ë''.
ni ben, embë bemmë
ae bes, lye berrë
il beli, endë belembar
e-i [3p]
Sound change: /i/ > /e/, /u/ > /i/ [not used in canonic forms]
Reduxtion:


Death: NÚR- (n.), PHIR- (adj.), (NGÚ-)
:''QUË-'' + ''-n-'' [passive nominal affix] > ''quënda'' "speech" / ''quendë'' "speaker"


Sound: QUE- (n.), HIR- (adj.), BE- (


''ben'' "I speak", ''bel'' "you speak", ''bes'' "he/she speaks"


The personal pronouns:


: ''nu'' "I (masc.)", ''mi'' "I (fem.)"


''vāl'' > ''alfu''
: ''luo, rie'' "you (sin.)"
''hul'' > ''húo''


''qul'' > ''quele''
: ''ou, ei'' "he, she"


DARK ''húo'' "dog"
lunda "flood", lundë "rain"
BRIGHT ''alba'' "human"


==Sound Laws==
==Sound Laws==
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