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'''Old Thean''' is the oldest attested language of Æm Múr and the earliest attested [[Trans-Sarnathian languages|Trans-Sarnathian]] language. It forms the basis of Literary Thean which was used as a literary language of Thea for over 2000 years before the emergence of Modern Standard Thean.
{{list subpages}}
== Example sentences ==
* ''dhat muː gwhaː xay'' 'I am your father'
* ''mu: kwel'' (or ''tso: mu: kwel'') 'you are eating'
* ''təkwle:ns xwaː (gwher) 2lar'' (teacher AUX.REL.3SG (LOC) breathe) 'the teacher that is breathing'


== Textual witnesses ==
{{Infobox language
Early Old Thean (perceived as a poetic register during the Late OTh period)
|image =
* The Tale of the Alchemist (the alchemist travels the world in search of ingredients for his elixir of life)
|imagesize =
* An Odyssey analogue
|creator =
Late Old Thean (basis of Literary Thean)
|name = Classical Thean
* The Code of Queen Naa¹³-Xay¹¹ (<- Tentative ModThean reading)
|nativename =
|pronunciation=
|setting = [[Verse:Angai]]
|region =
|speakers=975 million
|date=2025
|familycolor=tsimulh
|fam1=[[Verse:Angai/Theic languages|Theic]]
|iso3=
|official=Thea, Qualand, the Alliance
|notice=IPA
}}


Early Old Thean should actually use quantitative meter but the way they write it in Old Thean logographs should make them Late Old Thean speakers assume Early Old Thean poetry was rhymed prose
'''Classical Thean''' was the most spoken language of Angai Europe before the timeline split. With 975 million L1 and L2 speakers worldwide, Thean was the fourth-most spoken language in 2025.


== Late Old Thean Phonology ==
In [[Verse:Angai/1|Timeline 1 of Angai]], Classical Thean evolves into highly tonal languages.
=== Simple initials ===
* /m n l r/ m n l r
* /(p) t ts&#810; ts̠ tʃ k kʷ/ p t tþ ts tš k kw
* /(bʰ) dʰ dz&#810;ʰ dz&#800;ʰ dʒʰ gʰ gʷʰ/ bh dh dðh dzh džh gh gwh
* /(pʼ) tʼ ts&#810;ʼ ts̠ʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ b d dð ds dž g gw
* /s&#810; s̠ ʃ x xʷ ʔ/ þ s š x xw 2
* /z{{den}} z{{ret}} {{ž}} ɣ ɣʷ/ ð z ž γ γw
* /j w/ y w


/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords from [[Kuam]]ic and Rieng-Chrâtt.
== Todo ==
* Make change-of-state verbs (e.g. 'to die', 'to ripen') the basic lexical items
* What does kʼ- mean? ƛʼu 'to hunt'; kʼƛʼu 'tooth'
== Gibberish ==
<poem>
təčʼay ʔəmʼarʼ ʔənkał xʷkʸiš
ǯun gǯed ʔəšo nəyiš
kʔan tnʼoh kʼlir ʔəlšey
łuy sca tweł knal ʔərgʷiš
</poem>
 
== History ==
The oldest attested stage of Thean, called Old Thean, uses a logography. The history of Classical Thean begins with the publication and spread of [some religious text; some form of Buddhism I guess] in a phonetic orthography and the rhyming prose tales of [author]. This switch to a phonetic orthography was incentivized by the introduction of the printing press.
=== Diachronics ===
==== Consonants ====
* Proto-Theic k g kʼ -> kʸ gʸ kʸʼ
* Proto-Theic kʷ gʷ kʷʼ -> č ʒ{{hacek}} čʼ
* Proto-Theic q ɢ qʷ -> k g kʼ
* Proto-Theic qʷ ɢʷ qʷʼ -> kʷ gʷ kʷʼ
==== Stressed vowels ====
* Proto-Theic a -> o after kʷ-series consonants, e after kʸ-series ones, a otherwise
* Proto-Theic ã -> a
* Proto-Theic i -> e
* Proto-Theic ī -> i
* Proto-Theic u -> o
* Proto-Theic ū -> u
 
== Classical Thean phonology ==
=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Dental
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! | central || lateral
! | plain || labialized
|-
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! | tenuis
| /p/ p
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}/ c
| /t/ t
|
| /ts{{ret}}/ č
| /c/ kʸ
| /k/ k
| /kʷ/ kʷ
| /ʔ/ ʔ
|-
! | voiced
| /b/ b
| /d{{den}}z{{den}}/ ʒ
| /d/ d
|
| /dz{{ret}}/ ǯ
| /ɟ/ gʸ
| /g/ g
| /gʷ/ gʷ
|
|-
! | ejective
| /pʼ/ pʼ
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}ʼ/ cʼ
| /tʼ/ tʼ
| /tɬʼ/ ƛʼ
| /ts{{ret}}ʼ/ čʼ
| /cʼ/ kʸʼ
| /kʼ/ kʼ
| /kʷʼ/ kʷʼ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|
| /s{{den}}/ s
|
| /ɬ/ ł
| /s{{ret}}/ š
| /ç/ xʸ
| /x/ x
| /xʷ/ xʷ
| /h/ h, /ɦ/ ɦ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sonorant
! | plain
| /m/ m
|
| /n/ n
| /l/ l
| /r{{ret}}/ r
| /j/ y
|
| /w/ w
|
|-
! | glottalized
| /mˀ/ mʼ
|
| /nˀ/ nʼ
| /lˀ/ lʼ
| /r{{ret}}ˀ/ rʼ
| /jˀ/ yʼ
|
| /wˀ/ wʼ
|
|}
 
/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords.


=== Nuclei ===
=== Nuclei ===
/i e a o u iː eː aː oː uː ai au ei eu oi/
/i e a o u/ ''i e a o u'', unstressed /ə/ ''ə''


=== Finals ===
=== Finals ===
/-m -n -l -r -j -w -mʔ -nʔ -lʔ -rʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ʔ -t -k -kʷ, -s, -Cs/
(Codas in parentheses are only found in loanwords)
 
* Tone A: null -n -y -l -r -d(soft d) (-m -w)
* Tone B: -ʔ -nʼ -lʼ -rʼ -yʼ -dʼ (-mʼ -wʼ)
* Tone C: -h -ł -š -x -s (-ms -ns -ls -rs -ys -ws -ps -ts -ks)
* Tone D: -k -t (-p)
 
=== Stress ===
Very strong final stress


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
* 1sg xay
* 1sg xey
* 2sg mu:
* 2sg mo
* 1pl li:
* 1pl tli
* 2pl: na:
* 2pl: tna


=== The Early Old Thean auxiliary ===
=== The Classical Thean auxiliary ===
The Early Old Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.
The Classical Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.


The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)
The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)


* Present tense affirmative: 1sg ''tsoi'', 2sg ''tso:'' (or zero), 3sg ''laː'', 1pl.ex, ''tsol'', 2pl ''tson'', 3pl ''lar''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
* Present tense interrogative, negative: ''bhə-gwhai, bhə-gwhau, bhə-gwhaː, bhə-gwhal, bhə-gwhan, bhə-gwhar''
|+ Classical Thean auxiliary constructions (V = verb)
* Present tense relative: ''xwiː, xuː, xwaː, xol, xon, xor''
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
* Focused: ''gwhaː''
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
** (''dhat muː gwhaː xay'' 'I am your father')
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
* Past tense affirmative: ''dzhei, dzhu:, dzheː, dzhel, dzhen, dzher''
! style="width: 75px; " | 3
* Past tense interrogative, negative: ''2ə-dzhei, 2ə-dzhu:, 2ə-dzheː, 2ə-dzhel, 2ə-dzhen, 2ə-dzher''
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
* Future tense affirmative: ''2ai, 2au, 2aː, 2al, 2an, 2ar''
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
* Future tense interrogative, negative: ''2ə-dhai, 2ə-dhau, 2ə-dhaː, 2ə-dhal, 2ə-dhan, 2ə-dhar''
|-
* Conditional/subjunctive: ''dhoi, dho:, dhoː, dhol, dhon, dhor''
!rowspan=3| present
! affirmative
| ''xco xey gʷer V''
| ''(rəco) mo gʷer V''
| ''la šru gʷer V''
| ''łco tli gʷer V''
| ''nəco tna gʷer V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''xgʷay xey gʷer V''
| ''rəgʷay mo gʷer V''
| ''gʷay šru gʷer V''
| ''łgʷay tli gʷer V''
| ''nəgʷay tna gʷer V''
|-
! negative
| ''xgʷay xey wa gʷer V''
| ''rəgʷay mo wa gʷer V''
| ''gʷay šru wa gʷer V''
| ''łgʷay tli wa gʷer V''
| ''nəgʷay tna wa gʷer V''
|-
!rowspan=3| past
! affirmative
| ''xʒe xey V''
| ''rəʒe mo V''
| ''ʒe sru V''
| ''łʒe tli V''
| ''nəʒe tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxʒe xey V''
| ''ʔərʒe mo V''
| ''ʔəʒe sru V''
| ''ʔəłʒe tli V''
| ''ʔənʒe tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxʒe xey wa V''
| ''ʔərʒe mo wa V''
| ''ʔəʒe sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłʒe tli wa V''
| ''ʔənʒe tna wa V''
|-
!rowspan=3| future
! affirmative
| ''xʔal xey V''
| ''rəʔal mo V''
| ''ʔal sru V''
| ''łʔal tli V''
| ''nəʔal tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxda xey V''
| ''ʔərda mo V''
| ''ʔəda sru V''
| ''ʔəłda tli V''
| ''ʔənda tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxda xey wa V''
| ''ʔərda mo wa V''
| ''ʔəda sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłda tli wa V''
| ''ʔənda tna wa V''
|-
!rowspan=3| conditional/subjunctive
! affirmative
| ''xdo xey V''
| ''rədo mo V''
| ''do sru V''
| ''łdo tli V''
| ''nədo tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxdo xey V''
| ''ʔədo mo V''
| ''ʔədo sru V''
| ''ʔədol tli V''
| ''ʔədon tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxdo xey wa V''
| ''ʔədo mo wa V''
| ''ʔədo sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłdo tli wa V''
| ''ʔəndo tna wa V''
|-
|}
 
Todo: Add more forms, look at Welsh
 
== Derivational morphology ==
* ''kʼ-'' (allomorph of ''k-''?) derives agent or instrument nouns
** ƛʼu 'to hunt', kʼƛʼu 'tooth'


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Old Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost. In Early Old Thean, T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Classical Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost, and T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.


In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle
In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle
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