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* ''dhat muː h1ə-gwhaː h2ay'' 'I am your father'
{{list subpages}}
* ''mu: kwel'' (or ''sou mu: kwel'') 'you are eating'
* ''təple:ns h3aː (bher) h1lar'' (teacher AUX.REL.3SG (LOC) breathe) 'the teacher that is breathing'


== Textual witnesses ==
{{Infobox language
Early Old Thean (perceived as a poetic register during the Late OTh period)
|image =
* A rhyming prose tale, The Tale of the Alchemist, committed to writing during the Late Old Thean period
|imagesize =
* An Odyssey analogue (with more regular meter)
|creator =
Late Old Thean (basis of Literary Thean)
|name = Classical Thean
* The Code of Lady Naa¹³-Xay¹¹ (<- Tentative ModThean reading)
|nativename =
|pronunciation=
|setting = [[Verse:Angai]]
|region =
|speakers=975 million
|date=2025
|familycolor=tsimulh
|fam1=[[Verse:Angai/Theic languages|Theic]]
|iso3=
|official=Thea, Qualand, the Alliance
|notice=IPA
}}


== Late Old Thean Phonology ==
'''Classical Thean''' was the most spoken language of Angai Europe before the timeline split. With 975 million L1 and L2 speakers worldwide, Thean was the fourth-most spoken language in 2025.
=== Simple initials ===
 
* /m n l r/ m n l r
In [[Verse:Angai/1|Timeline 1 of Angai]], Classical Thean evolves into highly tonal languages.
* /p t tɕ k kʷ/ p t tz k kw
 
* /bʰ dʰ dʑʰ gʰ gʷʰ/ bh dh dzh gh gwh
== Todo ==
* /pʼ tʼ tɕʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ b d dz g gw
* Make change-of-state verbs (e.g. 'to die', 'to ripen') the basic lexical items
* /ɕ s̠ x xʷ ʔ/ z s h2 h3 h1
* What does kʼ- mean? ƛʼu 'to hunt'; kʼƛʼu 'tooth'
* /j w/ y w
== Gibberish ==
<poem>
təčʼay ʔəmʼarʼ ʔənkał xʷkʸiš
ǯun gǯed ʔəšo nəyiš
kʔan tnʼoh kʼlir ʔəlšey
łuy sca tweł knal ʔərgʷiš
</poem>
 
== History ==
The oldest attested stage of Thean, called Old Thean, uses a logography. The history of Classical Thean begins with the publication and spread of [some religious text; some form of Buddhism I guess] in a phonetic orthography and the rhyming prose tales of [author]. This switch to a phonetic orthography was incentivized by the introduction of the printing press.
=== Diachronics ===
==== Consonants ====
* Proto-Theic k g kʼ -> kʸ gʸ kʸʼ
* Proto-Theic kʷ gʷ kʷʼ -> č ʒ{{hacek}} čʼ
* Proto-Theic q ɢ qʷ -> k g kʼ
* Proto-Theic qʷ ɢʷ qʷʼ -> kʷ gʷ kʷʼ
==== Stressed vowels ====
* Proto-Theic a -> o after kʷ-series consonants, e after kʸ-series ones, a otherwise
* Proto-Theic ã -> a
* Proto-Theic i -> e
* Proto-Theic ī -> i
* Proto-Theic u -> o
* Proto-Theic ū -> u
 
== Classical Thean phonology ==
=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Dental
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! | central || lateral
! | plain || labialized
|-
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! | tenuis
| /p/ p
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}/ c
| /t/ t
|
| /ts{{ret}}/ č
| /c/ kʸ
| /k/ k
| /kʷ/ kʷ
| /ʔ/ ʔ
|-
! | voiced
| /b/ b
| /d{{den}}z{{den}}/ ʒ
| /d/ d
|
| /dz{{ret}}/ ǯ
| /ɟ/ gʸ
| /g/ g
| /gʷ/ gʷ
|
|-
! | ejective
| /pʼ/ pʼ
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}ʼ/ cʼ
| /tʼ/ tʼ
| /tɬʼ/ ƛʼ
| /ts{{ret}}ʼ/ čʼ
| /cʼ/ kʸʼ
| /kʼ/ kʼ
| /kʷʼ/ kʷʼ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|
| /s{{den}}/ s
|
| /ɬ/ ł
| /s{{ret}}/ š
| /ç/ xʸ
| /x/ x
| /xʷ/ xʷ
| /h/ h, /ɦ/ ɦ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sonorant
! | plain
| /m/ m
|
| /n/ n
| /l/ l
| /r{{ret}}/ r
| /j/ y
|
| /w/ w
|
|-
! | glottalized
| /mˀ/ mʼ
|
| /nˀ/ nʼ
| /lˀ/ lʼ
| /r{{ret}}ˀ/ rʼ
| /jˀ/ yʼ
|
| /wˀ/ wʼ
|
|}
 
/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords.


=== Nuclei ===
=== Nuclei ===
/i e a o u iː eː aː oː uː ai au ei eu oi ou/
/i e a o u/ ''i e a o u'', unstressed /ə/ ''ə''


=== Finals ===
=== Finals ===
/-m -n -l -r -j -w -mʔ -nʔ -lʔ -rʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ʔ -p -t -k -kʷ, -s, -Cs/
(Codas in parentheses are only found in loanwords)
== The Early Old Thean auxiliary ==
 
The Early Old Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.
* Tone A: null -n -y -l -r -d(soft d) (-m -w)
* Tone B: -ʔ -nʼ -lʼ -rʼ -yʼ -dʼ (-mʼ -wʼ)
* Tone C: -h -ł -š -x -s (-ms -ns -ls -rs -ys -ws -ps -ts -ks)
* Tone D: -k -t (-p)
 
=== Stress ===
Very strong final stress
 
== Grammar ==
=== Pronouns ===
* 1sg xey
* 2sg mo
* 1pl tli
* 2pl: tna
 
=== The Classical Thean auxiliary ===
The Classical Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.


The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)
The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)


* Present tense affirmative: 1sg ''soi'', 2sg ''sou'' (or zero), 3sg ''laː'', 1pl.ex, ''sol'', 2pl ''son'', 3pl ''lar''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
* Present tense interrogative, negative: ''bhə-gwhai, bhə-gwhau, bhə-gwhaː, bhə-gwhal, bhə-gwhan, bhə-gwhar''
|+ Classical Thean auxiliary constructions (V = verb)
* Present tense relative: ''h3iː, h2uː, h3aː, h2ol, h2on, h2or''
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
* Focused: ''h1ə-gwhaː''
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
** (''dhat muː h1ə-gwhaː h2ay'' 'I am your father')
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
* Past tense affirmative: ''dzhei, dzheu, dzheː, dzhel, dzhen, dzher''
! style="width: 75px; " | 3
* Past tense interrogative, negative: ''h1ə-dzhei, h1ə-dzheu, h1ə-dzheː, h1ə-dzhel, h1ə-dzhen, h1ə-dzher''
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
* Future tense affirmative: ''h1ai, h1au, h1aː, h1al, h1an, h1ar''
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
* Future tense interrogative, negative: ''h1ə-dhai, h1ə-dhau, h1ə-dhaː, h1ə-dhal, h1ə-dhan, h1ə-dhar''
|-
* Conditional/subjunctive: ''dhoi, dhou, dhoː, dhol, dhon, dhor''
!rowspan=3| present
! affirmative
| ''xco xey gʷer V''
| ''(rəco) mo gʷer V''
| ''la šru gʷer V''
| ''łco tli gʷer V''
| ''nəco tna gʷer V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''xgʷay xey gʷer V''
| ''rəgʷay mo gʷer V''
| ''gʷay šru gʷer V''
| ''łgʷay tli gʷer V''
| ''nəgʷay tna gʷer V''
|-
! negative
| ''xgʷay xey wa gʷer V''
| ''rəgʷay mo wa gʷer V''
| ''gʷay šru wa gʷer V''
| ''łgʷay tli wa gʷer V''
| ''nəgʷay tna wa gʷer V''
|-
!rowspan=3| past
! affirmative
| ''xʒe xey V''
| ''rəʒe mo V''
| ''ʒe sru V''
| ''łʒe tli V''
| ''nəʒe tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxʒe xey V''
| ''ʔərʒe mo V''
| ''ʔəʒe sru V''
| ''ʔəłʒe tli V''
| ''ʔənʒe tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxʒe xey wa V''
| ''ʔərʒe mo wa V''
| ''ʔəʒe sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłʒe tli wa V''
| ''ʔənʒe tna wa V''
|-
!rowspan=3| future
! affirmative
| ''xʔal xey V''
| ''rəʔal mo V''
| ''ʔal sru V''
| ''łʔal tli V''
| ''nəʔal tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxda xey V''
| ''ʔərda mo V''
| ''ʔəda sru V''
| ''ʔəłda tli V''
| ''ʔənda tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxda xey wa V''
| ''ʔərda mo wa V''
| ''ʔəda sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłda tli wa V''
| ''ʔənda tna wa V''
|-
!rowspan=3| conditional/subjunctive
! affirmative
| ''xdo xey V''
| ''rədo mo V''
| ''do sru V''
| ''łdo tli V''
| ''nədo tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxdo xey V''
| ''ʔədo mo V''
| ''ʔədo sru V''
| ''ʔədol tli V''
| ''ʔədon tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxdo xey wa V''
| ''ʔədo mo wa V''
| ''ʔədo sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłdo tli wa V''
| ''ʔəndo tna wa V''
|-
|}
 
Todo: Add more forms, look at Welsh
 
== Derivational morphology ==
* ''kʼ-'' (allomorph of ''k-''?) derives agent or instrument nouns
** ƛʼu 'to hunt', kʼƛʼu 'tooth'


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Old Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost. In Early Old Thean, T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Classical Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost, and T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.


In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle
In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle
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