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Mariupol Gothic is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 15,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2.
{{Infobox language
|image            =
|imagesize        =
|imagecaption      =
|name              = Mariupol Gothic
|nativename        = Гутишка (Gutiškă)
|pronunciation    = 'ɦutɪʃkə
|states            = Ukraine
|setting          = Earth
|created          = 2019
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|fam2              = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3              = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4              =
|fam5              =
|creator          = User:Aelfwine
|stand1            =
|dia1              =
|dia2              =
|dia3              =
|script1          = Cyrl
|script2          = Latn
|script3          =
|script4          =
|nation            =
|minority          = Ukraine, Russia
|agency            =
|map              =
|mapsize          =
|mapcaption        =
|notice            = IPA
|ethnicity        =
|ancestor          = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2        = [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor3        = Old Gothic
|ancestor4        = Middle Gothic
|ancestor5        =
}}
 
'''Mariupol Gothic''' (natively '''Гутишка ''Gutiškă''''' ['ɦutɪʃkə]) or '''Gothish''' is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 45,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2.


== History ==
== History ==
Line 8: Line 47:


During World War II many Goths were expelled to various oblasts in Siberia to work as slave labour for the Soviet war machine. Like the Germans in the USSR, the Goths were feared to be sympathetic to the Nazis and therefore were persecuted heavily during World War II. While some Goths returned to the Black Sea after the war, many others had emigrated abroad to countries such as Brazil and Argentina.
During World War II many Goths were expelled to various oblasts in Siberia to work as slave labour for the Soviet war machine. Like the Germans in the USSR, the Goths were feared to be sympathetic to the Nazis and therefore were persecuted heavily during World War II. While some Goths returned to the Black Sea after the war, many others had emigrated abroad to countries such as Brazil and Argentina.
== Historical Development ==
=== Classical Gothic (c. 400–800) ===
* Loss of initial /h/ in all positions.
** ''handu'' → ''andu'' "hand"
** ''hūs'' → ''ūs'' "house"
* Simplification of geminate consonants.
** /tt kk ss/ → /t k s/
** ''sittan'' → ''sitan'' “to sit”
* Raising of long mid vowels.
** /eː/ → /iː/
*** ''dēdan'' → ''dīdan'' “to do”
** /oː/ → /uː/
*** ''bōks'' → ''būks'' “book”
* Short vowels remained unchanged during this stage.
==== Early Middle Gothic (c. 800–1200) ====
* Palatalization of velar consonants before front vowels.
** /k/ → /t͡ʃ/
*** ''mikils'' → /mit͡ʃils/ “big”
** /g/ → /j/
*** ''giban'' → /jiban/ "to give"
* Reduction of unstressed non-high vowels.
** /a e o/ → [ə] in unstressed syllables
*** ''sunō'' → ''sunə'' “sons”
* Fronting of /β/
** /β/ → /v/
*** /jiban/ → /jivan/ "to give"
==== Late Middle Gothic (after c. 1200) ====
* Lowering of short /i/.
** /i/ → /ɪ/
* Loss of vowel length contrast.
** Long and short vowels merged, with /ɪ/ remaining distinct from /i/.
*** ''dīdan'' → ''didan'' “to do”
*** ''mikils'' → /mɪt͡ʃəls/ “big”
** /uː u/ → /u/
*** ''būks'' → ''buks'' “book”
* Loss of word-final high vowels.
** Final /i u/ → ∅
*** ''suni'' → ''sun'' "son"
*** ''andu'' → ''and'' "hand"
* General weakening of /g/ in all positions.
** /g/ → /ɣ/ → /ɦ/
*** ''dag'' → /daɦ/ “day”
==== Modern Gothic (c. 1600 onwards) ====
* Word-final obstruent devoicing.
** /b d z v ɦ/ → [p t s f h] word-finally
*** /daɦ/ → [dah] “day”
* Secondary palatalization of dental consonants and affricates before front vowels.
** /t d s z n r l t͡ʃ/ → [Cʲ] / _ {i, e}
*** ''nі'' → [nʲi] “not”


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==


Since the 1920s Mariupol Gothic has been written in a Cyrillic alphabet based off of the Ukrainian script. The Biblical Gothic alphabet is also used, but it has been mostly limited to the liturgy. However, the Biblical Gothic letter þiuþ <𐌸> was imported to represent the /θ/ sound, it takes a form identical to that of Cyrillic psi.
Since the 1800s Mariupol Gothic has been written in a Cyrillic alphabet based off of the Ukrainian script. The Biblical Gothic alphabet is also used, but it has been mostly limited to the liturgy. However, the Biblical Gothic letter þiuþ <𐌸> was imported to represent the /θ/ sound, it takes a form identical to that of Cyrillic psi.


(This chart is to be updated later as a picture.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
|+ Orthography of Mariupol Gothic
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Cyrillic !! Latin !! Phoneme !! Notes
|-
|-
! Cyrillic
| а || a || /a/ || Also represents unstressed /ə/
! Biblical Gothic
! Romanization
! Phoneme
|-
|-
| [[w:A (Cyrillic)|А а]] || 𐌰 || a || /ɐ/
| б || b || /b/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]] || 𐌱 || b || /b/
| в || w || /v/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Ve (Cyrillic)|В в]] || 𐌱 (but smaller) || v || /v/
| г || h || /ɦ/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Ge (Cyrillic)|Г г]] || 𐌲 || gh || /ɣ/
| ґ || g || /g/ || Mostly loanwords
|-
|-
| [[w:Ghe with upturn|Ґ ґ]] || 𐌲' || g || /g/
| д || d || /d/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:De (Cyrillic)|Д д]] || 𐌳 || d || /d/
| е || e || /e/ || Also represents unstressed /ə/
|-
|-
| [[w:Ye (Cyrillic)|Е e]] || 𐌴 || e || /e/
| є || je || /je/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Ukrainian Ye|Є є]] || 𐌾𐌴 || je || /je/
| з || z || /z/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:e (Cyrillic)|Э э]] || 𐌴 (but backwards) || ə || /ə/
| и || ĭ / ï || /ɪ/ || Often written ''i'' in non-scholarly Latin
|-
|-
| [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]] || 𐌶 || z || /z/
| i || i || /i/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:I (Cyrillic)|И и]] || 𐌹 || i || /i/
| ї || ji || /ji/ || Can also represent /jɪ/
|-
|-
| [[w:Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]] || 𐌺 || k || /k/
| й || j || /j/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:El (Cyrillic)|Л л]] || 𐌻 || l || /l/
| к || k || /k/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Em (Cyrillic)|М м]] || 𐌼 || m || /m/
| л || l || /l/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:En (Cyrillic)|Н н]] || 𐌽 || n || /n/
| м || m || /m/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:O (Cyrillic)|О o]] || 𐍉 || o || /o/
| н || n || /n/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]] || 𐍀 || p || /p/
| о || o || /o/ || Also represents unstressed /ə/
|-
|-
| [[w:Er (Cyrillic)|Р р]] || 𐍂 || r || /r/
| п || p || /p/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Es (Cyrillic)|С с]] || 𐍃 || s || /s/
| р || r || /r/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]] || 𐍄 || t || /t/
| с || s || /s/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:U (Cyrillic)|У у]] || 𐌿 || u || /u/
| т || t || /t/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]] || 𐍆 || f || /f/
| у || u || /u/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Psi (Cyrillic)|Ѱ ѱ]] || 𐌸 || th || /θ/
| ф || f || /f/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Kha (Cyrillic)|Х х]] || 𐍇 || ch || /x/
| ѱ || þ || /θ/ || Inherited from Gothic ''𐌸''
|-
|-
| [[w:Yu (Cyrillic)|Ү ү]] || 𐍅 || y || /y/
| ч || č || /t͡ʃ/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш ш]] || 𐌵 || sch || /ʃ/
| ш || š || /ʃ/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Shcha|Щ щ]] || 𐍁 || scht || /ʃt/
| ю || ju || /ju/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Ya (Cyrillic)| Я я]] || 𐌾𐌰 || ja || /ja/
| я || ja || /ja/ ||
|}
|}


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==


=== Vowels ===
=== Consonants ===


In comparison to most other Germanic languages, Mariupol Gothic has an incredibly small vowel inventory of just 7 vowels.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
|+ Consonant phonemes of Mariupol Gothic
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!              !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
|-
!
! Plosive
! Front
| p&nbsp;b || || || t&nbsp;d || || || k (g) ||
! Central
! Back
|-
|-
! High
! Fricative
| i
| || f&nbsp;v || θ || s&nbsp;z || ʃ || || || ɦ
| y
| u
|-
|-
! Mid
! Affricate
| e
| || || || || t͡ʃ || || ||
| ə
| o
|-
|-
! Low
! Nasal
!
| m || || || n || || || ||
| ɐ
!
|-
|-
! Approximant
| || || || r&nbsp;l || || j || ||
|}
|}


Every vowel except /ə/ can be lengthened. These are usually unmarked, however, dictionaries and
* All consonants may undergo secondary palatalization [ʲ] before front vowels; this palatalization is allophonic and not phonemic.
* Word-final obstruents are devoiced phonetically but remain voiced phonemically.


Indefinite Article
=== Vowels ===


Mariupol Gothic has no indefinite article. However, sometimes итэ is used
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
|+ Vowel phonemes of Mariupol Gothic
== Nouns ==
!        !! Front !! Central !! Back
 
=== Strong Masculine Stems ===
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
! Close
! Singular
| i || ɪ || u
! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Mid
| дахс
| e || ə || o
| дагэс
|-
! Oblique
| дах
| дагэнс
|-
|-
! Open
| || a ||
|}
|}


=== Weak Masculine Stems ===
* The vowel /ə/ occurs only as an allophone of unstressed /a e o/ and is not considered phonemic.


Mariupol Gothic weak masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of a weak masculine stem noun, '''мӣнэ''' (moon):
== Nouns ==


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
=== Masculine Stems ===
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| мӣнэ
| мӣнэнс
|-
! Oblique
| мӣнэ
| мӣнэнс
|-
|}


=== Strong Feminine Stems ===
=== Strong Masculine Stems ===


Mariupol Gothic strong feminine stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic ō-, ī- and jō-stem feminine nouns. Example of a strong feminine stem noun, '''раздэ''' (language):  
Mariupol Gothic inanimate masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of an inanimate masculine stem noun, '''мiна''' (moon):  


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
=== Strong Feminine Stems ===
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| раздэ
| раздэс
|-
! Oblique
| раздэ
| раздэс
|-
|}


=== Weak Feminine Stems ===
=== Weak Feminine Stems ===
Mariupol Gothic weak feminine stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic ōn- and in-stem feminine nouns. Example of a weak feminine stem noun, '''тунгэ''' (tongue):
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| тунгэ
| тунгэнс
|-
! Oblique
| тунгэн
| тунгэнс
|-
|}


=== Strong Neuter Stems ===
=== Strong Neuter Stems ===


Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''бро̄т''' (bread):  
Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''брот''' (bread):
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| брōт
| брōдэ
|-
! Oblique
| брōт
| брōдэ
|-
|}


=== Weak Neuter Stems ===
=== Weak Neuter Stems ===
Mariupol Gothic weak neuter stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem neuters. Example of a weak neuter stem noun, '''о̄гэ''' (eye):
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ōгэ
| ōгэнэ
|-
! Oblique
| ōгэ
| ōгэнэ
|-
|}


== Adjectives ==
== Adjectives ==


The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree in case, number and gender with the noun they modify.
The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree in case, number and gender with the noun they modify.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!colspan=7|Strong
!colspan=6|Weak
|-
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
|-
!NOM
| -с || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -эс || rowspan=2 | -этэ <br> - || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -энс || -э || rowspan=2 | -энс || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -энэ
|-
!OBL
| - || -эн
|}


== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==


Verbs are usually cited in four parts: the infinitive, the
All verbs regardless of class share an infinitive ending in -eн.
Typically, the preterite
 
All verbs regardless of class share an infinitive ending in -эн.
 
The passive voice is formed with the past participle and the word геэн ''geen'' "to go."
 
== Class II ==
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Present
!colspan=2|Preterite
|-
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
|-
!1st
| бю̄дэ || бю̄дэмс || бōт || будэм
|-
!2nd
| бю̄дэс || бю̄дэт || бōст || будэт
|-
!3rd
| бю̄дэт || бю̄дэн || бōт || будэн
|-
!rowspan=2|
!INF
!IMP
!PART.PRS
!PART.PST
|-
|| бю̄дэн || бю̄т || бю̄дэнс || бодэнс
|}


Use of jegen (auxiliary verb):
The passive voice is formed with the past participle and the word геeн ''geen'' "to go."


'''ик єх ѱе коп ак ѱе кат.'''<br>
== Lord's Prayer ==
''Ik jech þe kop ak þe kat.''<br>
"I have the cup and the cat."
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