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'''Vesenian''' is a Slavic language.
'''Vesenian''' (native: ''vesenesko'' /veseˈnesko/) is a Slavic language.
<!--
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
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==Introduction==
Vesenian is an attempt to create a "Spanish-sounding" Slavic language.
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Example categories/headings:
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
-->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
-->
==Phonology==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
 
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
 
-->
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vesenian consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" |
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar/<br />Palatal
! Velar/<br />Guttural
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
|
| n
| ɲ
| (ŋ)
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c ~ tʃ
| k
|-
! voiced
| b
| d
|
|
| ɡ
|-
<!--
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tʃ
|
|-
! voiced
|
| dz
| dʒ
|
|-
-->
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
| f
| θ
| s
|
| x
|-
!  voiced
| v
| ð
| z
| ʝ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| (β̞)
| (ð̞)
|
| (j)
| (w), (ɣ˕)
|-
! colspan="2"| Lateral
|
|
| l
| ʎ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
|
| r
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
===Phonological history===
===='''''From Proto-Slavic (with original vowel length preserved) to Proto-Vesenian'''''====
 
'''Vowels'''
* *oRC > *oRъC
* *eRC > *eRьC
* *ъRC > *ъRъC
* *ьRC > *ьRьC
*Weakening of yers:
**Yers were considered weak (and were likely shortened to some extent but were not completely dropped) when final, and when followed by a syllable in the same word that did not contain a weak yer.
**Yers followed by a syllable containing a weak yer were considered strong.
**Weak yers could not carry an accent. Therefore, any accent they had was shifted to the previous vowel, resulting in the neoacute.
*All final-syllable accents were shifted to the previous syllable (or the syllable before that if the penultimate syllable contained a weak yer), forming more cases of the neoacute.
*Neoacute vowels (including yers) were lengthened.
 
'''Consonants'''
* *šč > *sc / adjacent to front vowels
* *č > *c / adjacent to front vowels
* *č > *ť / otherwise
* *ždž > *zdz / adjacent to front vowels
* *ždž > *žď / otherwise
* *ž > *z / adjacent to front vowels
* *š > *s / adjacent to front vowels
* *ś > *s / everywhere
 
'''Proto-Venesian prounciation notes'''
*Preserved *š = /ç/
*Preserved *ž = /ʝ/
* *ť = /c/
* *ď = /ɟ/
* *ь = /ɪ/
* *ъ = /ʊ/
 
===='''''From Proto-Vesenian to Early Old Vesenian'''''====
 
'''Vowels'''
<!--*ь̄ (long *ь) > e
* *ъ̄ (long *ъ) > o-->
*Reformulation of strong and weak yers (only applies to short yers):
**The earlier distinction between strong and weak yers was lost.
**Final yers were preserved except when part of a polysyllabic inflectional ending and in some other exceptional cases.
**Elsewhere, yers were dropped whenever phonotactically feasible (with the second of a sequence of two yers being dropped when possible), lengthening the preceding vowel. This process was highly susceptible to analogy.
**Yers were also added to break impermissible consonant clusters. The quality of the yer was in accordance with the vowel of the syllable that it split.
**A front yer was also added word-initially before clusters of a sibilant + consonant.
<!--Long vowels were shortened when -->
* *ь̄ > e
* *ъ̄ > o
* *e > ь / before palatal consonants (j, ž, š, ť, ď)
* *o > vъ / before j initially or after velars
* *o > ъ / before j otherwise
 
'''''From Early Old Vesenian to Late Old Vesenian'''''
 
'''Vowels'''
*ь, ъ > i / adjacent to j, ž, š
*ь, ъ > e / adjacent to ť, ď
*ь > e / otherwise
*ъ > o / otherwise
*ě > ē
*ę > ēN / before a consonant (N = homorganic nasal to following consonant)
*ę > ē / otherwise
*ǫ > ōN / before a consonant
*ǫ > ō / otherwise
 
 
'''Consonants'''
*šť > ť / initially
*šť > jť / otherwise
*žď > ď / initially
*žď > jď / otherwise
*ť > č /c/ (purely transcription change)
*ď > ž /ʝ/
*j > ∅ / #_i
 
'''Transcription Notes'''
*Long vowels are consistently marked with macrons.
 
===='''''From Late Old Vesenian to Modern Vesenian'''''====
 
'''Vowels (vowel length marked)'''
*Non-final posttonic short vowels were often dropped where phonotactically feasible.
*Posttonic long vowels were shortened.
*ē > ië (note: ë = /ə/)
*ō > uë
*ā > a
*ī > i
*ū > u
*ȳ > ë
*ë > e
*CjV, CijV > CiV (i.e. became an opening diphthong)
*uej > ui /u̯i/
**This occurred after ''gC > jC'' and resulted in Old Vesenian ''ōgC'' becoming ''uiC''.
*uie > Cui
**This (and the change below) occurred after CvV > CuV
*ui > uj / before non-front vowels
*ue > u / _CiV
*ie > i / _CiV
'''Consonants'''
*š /ç/ > x
*c > ť /θ/
*j > j /ʝ/ / except when before a consonant (i.e. in a closing diphthong) or after /i/, in which case it is pronounced /j/
*ž > j /ʝ/
*dz > ď /ð/
*dl > gl
*tl > kl
*g > j / before consonants
*x > f / before consonants
*fv > f
*v > u /w/ / adjacent to consonants and word-finally
<!--
*gn > ň /ɲ/
*gl > ľ /ʎ/
*gd > j
-->
<!--
*/i/ of rising diphthongs is absorbed by the following consonants (and therefore lost in those environments):
**č
**x (including from earlier š)
**j
**ň
**ľ
**ř
<!--
*nj > ň /ɲ/
*lj > ľ /ʎ/
*rj > ř /r/-->
*r > r /ɾ/
*ř > ř /r/
*m > n / word-finally
 
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Vesenian personal pronouns
! rowspan="2" |Person/ Number !! rowspan="2" | Subject !! rowspan="2"| Object !! rowspan="2"| Oblique !! rowspan="2"| Approximative !! colspan="2"| Clitic object !! colspan="2" |Possessive
|-
! Direct || Indirect || Weak || Strong
|-
! 1S
| ja || mene || menen || meneh ||  me || mi || mi || mije
|-
! 2S
| te || tebe || teben || tebeh || te || ti || ti || tije
|-
! 3SM
| ono || niego || niegon || niegoh || go || gi || gi || jego
|-
! 3SF
| ona || nijo || nijon || nijoh ||  jo || ji || ji || ije
|-
! 3R
| — || sebe || seben || sebeh || se || si || si || sije
|-
! 1P
| ne || namo || namon || namoh || ne || nas || nas || naso
|-
! 2P
| ve || vamo || vamon || vamoh || ve || vas || vas || vaso
|-
! 3PM
| oni || niho || nihon || nihoh || ho || hi || hi || iho
|-
! 3PF
| one || niho || nihon || nihoh || ho || hi || hi || iho
|-
|}
Strong possessives decline as adjectives.
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
-->
 
===Nouns===
Original Proto-Slavic case forms were mostly lost, with some relics.
 
Possessive adjectives, equivalent to -'s in English, are formed with the suffixes ''-vo'' (added after the final vowel of masculine nouns ending in ''-o'' or ''-e'') and ''-ino'' (added to non-masculine nouns, replacing the final vowel). When formed from a plural noun, the suffix is ''-sevo'' (added after the final vowel of the plural).
 
The plural is regularly formed by changing the final vowel to ''-i'' (masculine) or ''-e'' (feminine). However, if this would result in the word ending in ''-ji'' or ''-ii'', the final vowel instead becomes ''-a'' (yielding ''-ja'' or ''-ia'' respectively). Many nouns have irregular plurals, often co-occurring with regular plurals.
 
An emphatic plural can be formed with the suffix ''-s'' added after the vowel of the regular plural. However, the emphatic plural is often used colloquially as the default plural.
 
The oblique is formed by adding a final nasal (''-n'') to a noun in the singular or plural.
 
The approximative (meaning "around X", "in the area of X", "approximately X") is formed by adding a final (''-h'') to the plural form of the noun.
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are declined as nouns and agree with them.
 
Unlike other Slavic languages, the long/definite forms of adjectives have been completely lost except for some relics.
 
===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Vesenian numerals
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
|-
! 0
| zero; niťe
| zereno
|-
! 1
| eno, ena
| pervo
|-
! 2
| dova, dove
| votoro
|-
! 3
| tri
| trete
|-
! 4
| ťeteri
| ťeterto
|-
! 5
| piente
| piento
|-
! 6
| seste
| sesto
|-
! 7
| sedme
| sedmo
|-
! 8
| osme
| osmo
|-
! 9
| deviente
| deviento
|-
! 10
| desiente
| desiento
|-
! 11
| enaťie
|
|-
! 12
| dovanaťie
|
|-
! 13
| trinaťie
|
|-
! 14
| ťeterinaťie
|
|-
! 15
| pientenaťie
|
|-
! 16
| sestenaťie
|
|-
! 17
| sedmenaťie
|
|-
! 18
| osmenaťie
|
|-
! 19
| devientenaťie
|
|-
! 20
| dovaťién
|
|-
! 21
| dovaťién i eno
|
|-
! 30
| triťién
|
|-
! 40
| ťeteriťién
|
|-
! 50
| pienteťién
|
|-
! 60
| sesteťién
|
|-
! 70
| sedmeťién
|
|-
!80
| osmeťién
|
|-
! 90
| devienteťién
|
|-
! 100
| soto
| soteno
|-
! 200
| dueste
| duesteno
|-
! 300
| trista
| tristeno
|-
! 400
| ťeteristo
|
|-
! 500
| pientesto
|
|-
! 1000
| tesienťa
|
|-
! 2000
| dove tesienťe
|
|}
 
===Verbs===
<!--
====To do====
*Collapse of lexical aspect
* ''-va-'' suffix for habitual
* ''-n-'' suffix (Proto-Slavic ''-nǫti'') for perfect(ive)
* ''-ťen-'' suffix for inchoative
* Likewise, use other perfective/imperfective suffixes for specific meanings (either inflectionally or derivationally)
* Prefixes are derivational and have their own meanings independent of aspect
* Aspect is regularly indicated by suffixes (except some fossilized forms)
* Develop new derivational and/or inflectional suffixes from other Proto-Slavic verbs, especially monosyllabic verbs-->
====Features====
* Lexical aspect is highly regularized.
* Most verbs regularly form the perfective and habitual from the imperfective (via the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-va-'' respectively).
* Verbs that are inherently perfective form the imperfective via the ''-va-'' suffix appended to the perfective form. This applies to most prefixed verbs.
** Note: The ''-va-'' suffix is appended after the theme vowel, but a preceding ''-a-'' becomes ''-e-'' (except in monosyllabic or originally monosyllabic stems).
* A durative can be formed from any base verb (whether imperfective or perfective) by combining the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-va-''. This gives a meaning of "to do (verb) for a period of time".
* Aspectual counterparts essentially behave as tense/aspect counterparts of a single verb.
* Verbs formed from imperfectives with prefixes other than ''po-'' are also usually perfective, but they have additional meaning and behave as derived verbs, with their own regularly formed imperfective, habitual, and durative aspectual forms.
 
====''a''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielati'' "to be doing" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| diel'''ati'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''anťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''alo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''ano'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| diel'''anie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''ó''' || diel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''ás''' || diel'''ases''' || diel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''á''' || diel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''amo''' || diel'''asmo''' || diel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''ate''' || diel'''aste''' || diel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''án''' || diel'''ahon''' ||
|}
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielati'' "to be doing" (impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''ó''' <br /> diel'''ajo'''|| diel'''aho''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''ás''' <br /> diel'''ajes''' || diel'''ases''' || diel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''á''' <br /> diel'''aje''' || diel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''amo''' <br /> diel'''ajmo''' || diel'''asmo''' <br /> diel'''ahmo''' || diel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''ate''' <br /> diel'''ajte''' || diel'''aste''' || diel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''án''' <br /> diel'''ajon''' || diel'''asen''' <br /> diel'''ahon''' ||
|}-->
 
====''ie''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''bilieti'' "to be whitening" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| bil'''ieti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ielo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ieno'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| bil'''ienie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| bil'''ijo''' || bil'''ieh''' ||
|-
! 2S
| bil'''ijes''' || bil'''ieses''' || bil'''í'''
|-
! 3S
| bil'''ije''' || bil'''iese''' ||
|-
! 1P
| bil'''imo''' || bil'''iesmo''' || bil'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| bil'''ite''' || bil'''ieste''' || bil'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| bil'''ijon''' || bil'''iehon''' ||
|}
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''bilieti'' "to be whitening" (impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| bil'''ijo''' || bil'''ieho''' <br /> bil'''iaho''' ||
|-
! 2S
| bil'''ís''' <br /> bil'''ijes''' || bil'''ieses''' <br /> bil'''iases''' || bil'''í'''
|-
! 3S
| bil'''í''' <br /> bil'''ije''' || bil'''iese''' <br /> bil'''iase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| bil'''imo''' || bil'''iesmo''' <br /> bil'''iehmo''' <br /> bil'''iasmo''' <br /> bil'''iahmo''' || bil'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| bil'''ite''' || bil'''ieste''' <br /> bil'''iaste''' || bil'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| bil'''ijon''' || bil'''iesen''' <br /> bil'''iehon''' <br /> bil'''iasen''' <br /> bil'''iahon''' ||
|}-->
 
====''i''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''voditi'' "to be leading" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| vod'''iti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ilo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ino'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| vod'''inie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| vod'''io''' || vod'''ih''' ||
|-
! 2S
| vod'''is''' || vod'''ises''' || vod'''i'''
|-
! 3S
| vod'''i''' || vod'''ise''' ||
|-
! 1P
| vod'''imo''' || vod'''ismo''' || vod'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| vod'''ite''' || vos'''iste''' || vod'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| vod'''ien''' || vod'''ihon''' ||
|}
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''voditi'' "to be leading" (impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| vo''ď'''''o''' || vod'''iho''' <br /> vo''ď'''''aho''' ||
|-
! 2S
| vod'''is''' || vod'''ises''' <br /> vo''ď'''''ases''' || vod'''i'''
|-
! 3S
| vod'''i''' || vod'''ise''' <br /> vo''ď'''''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| vod'''imo''' || vod'''ismo''' <br /> vod'''ihmo''' <br /> vo''ď'''''asmo''' <br /> vo''ď'''''ahmo''' || vod'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| vod'''ite''' || vos'''iste''' <br /> vo''ď'''''aste''' || vod'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| vod'''ien''' || vod'''isen''' <br /> vod'''ihon''' <br /> vo''ď'''''asen''' <br /> vo''ď'''''ahon''' ||
|}-->
 
====''u''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''tolkuati'' "to be interpreting" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uati'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''ujenťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''ualo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uano'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uanie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| tolk'''ujo''' || tolk'''uah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| tolk'''ujes''' || tolk'''uases''' || tolk'''uj'''
|-
! 3S
| tolk'''uje''' || tolk'''uase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| tolk'''ujmo''' || tolk'''uasmo''' || tolk'''ujmo'''
|-
! 2P
| tolk'''ujte''' || tolk'''uaste''' || tolk'''ujte'''
|-
! 3P
| tolk'''ujon''' || tolk'''uahon''' ||
|}
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''tolkuati'' "to be interpreting" (impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| tolk'''ujo''' || tolk'''uaho''' ||
|-
! 2S
| tolk'''ujes''' || tolk'''uases''' || tolk'''uj'''
|-
! 3S
| tolk'''uje''' || tolk'''uase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| tolk'''ujmo''' || tolk'''uasmo''' <br /> tolk'''uahmo''' || tolk'''ujmo'''
|-
! 2P
| tolk'''ujte''' || tolk'''uaste''' || tolk'''ujte'''
|-
! 3P
| tolk'''ujon''' || tolk'''uasen''' <br /> tolk'''uahon''' ||
|}-->
 
====Consonant stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''paseti'' "to be grazing" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| pas'''eti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''elo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''eno'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| pas'''enie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| pas'''o''' || pas'''eh''' ||
|-
! 2S
| pas'''es''' || pas'''eses''' || pas'''i'''
|-
! 3S
| pas'''e''' || pas'''ese''' ||
|-
! 1P
| pas'''emo''' || pas'''esmo'''  || pas'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| pas'''ete''' || pas'''este''' || pas'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| pas'''on''' || pas'''ehon''' ||
|}
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''pasete'' "to be grazing" (impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| ner'''o''' || ner'''eho''' <br /> ner'''iaho''' <br /> nier'''ho''' ||
|-
! 2S
| ner'''es''' || ner'''eses''' <br /> ner'''iases''' <br /> nier'''ses''' || ner'''i'''
|-
! 3S
| ner'''e''' || ner'''ese''' <br /> ner'''iase''' <br /> nier'''se''' ||
|-
! 1P
| ner'''emo''' <br /> ner'''mo''' || ner'''esmo''' <br /> ner'''ehmo''' <br /> ner'''iasmo''' <br /> ner'''iahmo''' <br/> nier'''homo'''  || ner'''iemo'''
|-
! 2P
| ner'''ete''' <br /> ner'''te''' || ner'''este''' <br /> ner'''iaste''' || ner'''iete'''
|-
! 3P
| ner'''on''' || ner'''esen''' <br /> ner'''ehon''' <br /> ner'''iasen''' <br /> ner'''iahon''' <br/> nier'''hon''' ||
|}-->
 
====Example of a regular verb====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielati'' "to be doing" (impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !! <!--Perfect !!--> Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''ó''' || <!--diél'''aho''' ||--> diel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''ás''' || <!--diel'''as''' ||--> diel'''ases''' || diel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''á''' || <!--diel'''a''' ||--> diel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''amo''' || <!--diel'''ahomo''' ||-- diel'''ahmo'''--> diel'''asmo''' || diel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''ate''' || <!--diél'''aste''' ||--> diel'''aste''' || diel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''án''' || <!--diél'''asen''' ||-- diel'''ahon'''--> diel'''ahon''' ||
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''podielati'' "to have done" (perf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !! <!--Perfect !!--> Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| podiel'''ó''' || <!--diél'''aho''' ||--> podiel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| podiel'''ás''' || <!--diel'''as''' ||--> podiel'''ases''' || podiel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| podiel'''á''' || <!--diel'''a''' ||--> podiel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| podiel'''amo''' || <!--diel'''ahomo''' ||-- diel'''ahmo'''--> podiel'''asmo''' || podiel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| podiel'''ate''' || <!--diél'''aste''' ||--> podiel'''aste''' || podiel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| podiel'''án''' || <!--diél'''asen''' ||-- diel'''ahon'''--> podiel'''ahon''' ||
|}
<!--
*The perfective equivalent is ''udielati''.-->
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielevati'' "to do" (hab.)
! Person/Number !! Present !! <!--Perfect !!--> Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''evó''' || <!--diél'''aho''' ||--> diel'''evah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''evás''' || <!--diel'''as''' ||--> diel'''evases''' || diel'''evaj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''evá''' || <!--diel'''a''' ||--> diel'''evase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''evamo''' || <!--diel'''ahomo''' ||-- diel'''ahmo'''--> diel'''evasmo''' || diel'''evajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''evate''' || <!--diél'''aste''' ||--> diel'''aste''' || diel'''evajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''eván''' || <!--diél'''asen''' ||-- diel'''ahon'''--> diel'''evahon''' ||
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''podielevati'' "to do for a while" (dur.)
! Person/Number !! Present !! <!--Perfect !!--> Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| podiel'''evó''' || <!--diél'''aho''' ||--> podiel'''evah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| podiel'''evás''' || <!--diel'''as''' ||--> podiel'''evases''' || podiel'''evaj'''
|-
! 3S
| podiel'''evá''' || <!--diel'''a''' ||--> podiel'''evase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| podiel'''evamo''' || <!--podiel'''ahomo''' ||-- diel'''ahmo'''--> podiel'''evasmo''' || podiel'''evajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| podiel'''evate''' || <!--diél'''aste''' ||--> podiel'''aste''' || podiel'''evajte'''
|-
! 3P
| podiel'''eván''' || <!--diél'''asen''' ||-- diel'''ahon'''--> podiel'''evahon''' ||
|}
 
====Example of a highly irregular verb====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''beti'' "to be" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| beti
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="3"| sienťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="3"| belo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="3"| beno
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="3"| benie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| esme || beh || buendo ||
|-
! 2S
| es || beses || buendes || buendi
|-
! 3S
| e || bese || buende ||
|-
! 1P
| esmo || besmo  || buendemo || buendimo
|-
! 2P
| este || beste || buendete || buendite
|-
! 3P
| suen || behon || buendon ||
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''estati'' "to be, become" (perf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| estati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| estanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| estalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| estanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| estano || estah ||
|-
! 2S
| estanes || estases || estani
|-
! 3S
| estane || estase ||
|-
! 1P
| estanemo || estasmo  || estanimo
|-
! 2P
| estanete || esaste || estanite
|-
! 3P
| estanon || estahon ||
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''bevati'' "to be" (hab.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| bevati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| bevanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| bevalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| bevanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| bevó || bevah ||
|-
! 2S
| bevás || bevases || bevaj
|-
! 3S
| bevá || bevase ||
|-
! 1P
| bevamo || bevasmo  || bevajmo
|-
! 2P
| bevate || bevaste || bevajte
|-
! 3P
| beván || bevahon ||
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''estavati'' "to become" (hab.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| estavati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| estavanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| estavalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| estavanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| estavó || estavah ||
|-
! 2S
| estavás || estavases || estavaj
|-
! 3S
| estavá || estavase ||
|-
! 1P
| estavamo || estavasmo  || estavajmo
|-
! 2P
| estavate || estavaste || estavajte
|-
! 3P
| estaván || estavahon ||
|}
 
Other forms:
* Durative: ''postavati'' "to be for a while"
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
<!--
PS: Vьśi ľudьje rodętь sę svobodьni i orvьni vъ dostojьnьstvě i zakoně. Oni sǫtь odařeni orzumomь i sъvěstьjǫ i dъlžьni vesti sę drugъ kъ drugu vъ duśě bratrьstva.
OCS: Vĭsi bo ljudije rodętŭ sę svobodĭni i ravĭni vŭ dostoinĭstvě i zakoně. Oni sǫtŭ odarjeni razumomĭ i sŭvědijǫ i dŭlžĭni sǫtŭ dějati vŭ dusě bratĭstva.-->
Vesi ľudie rodien se soboni e isti vo dostineston i zakonon. Suen odaruani so uerzumon i soviesten, i tierba ťe  ...
 
IPA: /ˈvesi ˈʎudje ˈrodjen‿se soˈboni e ˈisti vo dostiˈneston i zaˈkonon ‖ swen odaˈɾwani so weɾˈzumon i soˈvjesten | i ˈtjeɾba θe  .../
 
==Other resources==
[[Vesenian/Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:Vesenian]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Slavic languages]]

Latest revision as of 13:40, 11 February 2025

Vesenian (native: vesenesko /veseˈnesko/) is a Slavic language.

Introduction

Vesenian is an attempt to create a "Spanish-sounding" Slavic language.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Vesenian consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar/
Palatal 		Velar/
Guttural
Nasal m n ɲ (ŋ)
Stop voiceless p t c ~ tʃ k
voiced b d ɡ
Fricative voiceless f θ s x
voiced v ð z ʝ
Approximant (β̞) (ð̞) (j) (w), (ɣ˕)
Lateral l ʎ
Trill r
Tap ɾ

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Phonological history

From Proto-Slavic (with original vowel length preserved) to Proto-Vesenian

Vowels

  • *oRC > *oRъC
  • *eRC > *eRьC
  • *ъRC > *ъRъC
  • *ьRC > *ьRьC
  • Weakening of yers:
    • Yers were considered weak (and were likely shortened to some extent but were not completely dropped) when final, and when followed by a syllable in the same word that did not contain a weak yer.
    • Yers followed by a syllable containing a weak yer were considered strong.
    • Weak yers could not carry an accent. Therefore, any accent they had was shifted to the previous vowel, resulting in the neoacute.
  • All final-syllable accents were shifted to the previous syllable (or the syllable before that if the penultimate syllable contained a weak yer), forming more cases of the neoacute.
  • Neoacute vowels (including yers) were lengthened.

Consonants

  • *šč > *sc / adjacent to front vowels
  • *č > *c / adjacent to front vowels
  • *č > *ť / otherwise
  • *ždž > *zdz / adjacent to front vowels
  • *ždž > *žď / otherwise
  • *ž > *z / adjacent to front vowels
  • *š > *s / adjacent to front vowels
  • *ś > *s / everywhere

Proto-Venesian prounciation notes

  • Preserved *š = /ç/
  • Preserved *ž = /ʝ/
  • *ť = /c/
  • *ď = /ɟ/
  • *ь = /ɪ/
  • *ъ = /ʊ/

From Proto-Vesenian to Early Old Vesenian

Vowels

  • Reformulation of strong and weak yers (only applies to short yers):
    • The earlier distinction between strong and weak yers was lost.
    • Final yers were preserved except when part of a polysyllabic inflectional ending and in some other exceptional cases.
    • Elsewhere, yers were dropped whenever phonotactically feasible (with the second of a sequence of two yers being dropped when possible), lengthening the preceding vowel. This process was highly susceptible to analogy.
    • Yers were also added to break impermissible consonant clusters. The quality of the yer was in accordance with the vowel of the syllable that it split.
    • A front yer was also added word-initially before clusters of a sibilant + consonant.
  • *ь̄ > e
  • *ъ̄ > o
  • *e > ь / before palatal consonants (j, ž, š, ť, ď)
  • *o > vъ / before j initially or after velars
  • *o > ъ / before j otherwise

From Early Old Vesenian to Late Old Vesenian

Vowels

  • ь, ъ > i / adjacent to j, ž, š
  • ь, ъ > e / adjacent to ť, ď
  • ь > e / otherwise
  • ъ > o / otherwise
  • ě > ē
  • ę > ēN / before a consonant (N = homorganic nasal to following consonant)
  • ę > ē / otherwise
  • ǫ > ōN / before a consonant
  • ǫ > ō / otherwise


Consonants

  • šť > ť / initially
  • šť > jť / otherwise
  • žď > ď / initially
  • žď > jď / otherwise
  • ť > č /c/ (purely transcription change)
  • ď > ž /ʝ/
  • j > ∅ / #_i

Transcription Notes

  • Long vowels are consistently marked with macrons.

From Late Old Vesenian to Modern Vesenian

Vowels (vowel length marked)

  • Non-final posttonic short vowels were often dropped where phonotactically feasible.
  • Posttonic long vowels were shortened.
  • ē > ië (note: ë = /ə/)
  • ō > uë
  • ā > a
  • ī > i
  • ū > u
  • ȳ > ë
  • ë > e
  • CjV, CijV > CiV (i.e. became an opening diphthong)
  • uej > ui /u̯i/
    • This occurred after gC > jC and resulted in Old Vesenian ōgC becoming uiC.
  • uie > Cui
    • This (and the change below) occurred after CvV > CuV
  • ui > uj / before non-front vowels
  • ue > u / _CiV
  • ie > i / _CiV

Consonants

  • š /ç/ > x
  • c > ť /θ/
  • j > j /ʝ/ / except when before a consonant (i.e. in a closing diphthong) or after /i/, in which case it is pronounced /j/
  • ž > j /ʝ/
  • dz > ď /ð/
  • dl > gl
  • tl > kl
  • g > j / before consonants
  • x > f / before consonants
  • fv > f
  • v > u /w/ / adjacent to consonants and word-finally
  • r > r /ɾ/
  • ř > ř /r/
  • m > n / word-finally

Morphology

Pronouns

Vesenian personal pronouns
Person/ Number Subject Object Oblique Approximative Clitic object Possessive
Direct Indirect Weak Strong
1S ja mene menen meneh me mi mi mije
2S te tebe teben tebeh te ti ti tije
3SM ono niego niegon niegoh go gi gi jego
3SF ona nijo nijon nijoh jo ji ji ije
3R — sebe seben sebeh se si si sije
1P ne namo namon namoh ne nas nas naso
2P ve vamo vamon vamoh ve vas vas vaso
3PM oni niho nihon nihoh ho hi hi iho
3PF one niho nihon nihoh ho hi hi iho

Strong possessives decline as adjectives.

Nouns

Original Proto-Slavic case forms were mostly lost, with some relics.

Possessive adjectives, equivalent to -'s in English, are formed with the suffixes -vo (added after the final vowel of masculine nouns ending in -o or -e) and -ino (added to non-masculine nouns, replacing the final vowel). When formed from a plural noun, the suffix is -sevo (added after the final vowel of the plural).

The plural is regularly formed by changing the final vowel to -i (masculine) or -e (feminine). However, if this would result in the word ending in -ji or -ii, the final vowel instead becomes -a (yielding -ja or -ia respectively). Many nouns have irregular plurals, often co-occurring with regular plurals.

An emphatic plural can be formed with the suffix -s added after the vowel of the regular plural. However, the emphatic plural is often used colloquially as the default plural.

The oblique is formed by adding a final nasal (-n) to a noun in the singular or plural.

The approximative (meaning "around X", "in the area of X", "approximately X") is formed by adding a final (-h) to the plural form of the noun.

Adjectives

Adjectives are declined as nouns and agree with them.

Unlike other Slavic languages, the long/definite forms of adjectives have been completely lost except for some relics.

Numerals

Vesenian numerals
# Cardinal Ordinal
0 zero; niťe zereno
1 eno, ena pervo
2 dova, dove votoro
3 tri trete
4 ťeteri ťeterto
5 piente piento
6 seste sesto
7 sedme sedmo
8 osme osmo
9 deviente deviento
10 desiente desiento
11 enaťie
12 dovanaťie
13 trinaťie
14 ťeterinaťie
15 pientenaťie
16 sestenaťie
17 sedmenaťie
18 osmenaťie
19 devientenaťie
20 dovaťién
21 dovaťién i eno
30 triťién
40 ťeteriťién
50 pienteťién
60 sesteťién
70 sedmeťién
80 osmeťién
90 devienteťién
100 soto soteno
200 dueste duesteno
300 trista tristeno
400 ťeteristo
500 pientesto
1000 tesienťa
2000 dove tesienťe

Verbs

Features

  • Lexical aspect is highly regularized.
  • Most verbs regularly form the perfective and habitual from the imperfective (via the prefix po- and the suffix -va- respectively).
  • Verbs that are inherently perfective form the imperfective via the -va- suffix appended to the perfective form. This applies to most prefixed verbs.
    • Note: The -va- suffix is appended after the theme vowel, but a preceding -a- becomes -e- (except in monosyllabic or originally monosyllabic stems).
  • A durative can be formed from any base verb (whether imperfective or perfective) by combining the prefix po- and the suffix -va-. This gives a meaning of "to do (verb) for a period of time".
  • Aspectual counterparts essentially behave as tense/aspect counterparts of a single verb.
  • Verbs formed from imperfectives with prefixes other than po- are also usually perfective, but they have additional meaning and behave as derived verbs, with their own regularly formed imperfective, habitual, and durative aspectual forms.

a-stems

Conjugation of dielati "to be doing" (impf.)
Infinitive dielati
Present active participle dielanťe
Past active participle dielalo
Passive participle dielano
Verbal noun dielanie
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S dieló dielah
2S dielás dielases dielaj
3S dielá dielase
1P dielamo dielasmo dielajmo
2P dielate dielaste dielajte
3P dielán dielahon

ie-stems

Conjugation of bilieti "to be whitening" (impf.)
Infinitive bilieti
Present active participle bilienťe
Past active participle bilielo
Passive participle bilieno
Verbal noun bilienie
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S bilijo bilieh
2S bilijes bilieses bilí
3S bilije biliese
1P bilimo biliesmo bilimo
2P bilite bilieste bilite
3P bilijon biliehon

i-stems

Conjugation of voditi "to be leading" (impf.)
Infinitive voditi
Present active participle vodienťe
Past active participle vodilo
Passive participle vodino
Verbal noun vodinie
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S vodio vodih
2S vodis vodises vodi
3S vodi vodise
1P vodimo vodismo vodimo
2P vodite vosiste vodite
3P vodien vodihon

u-stems

Conjugation of tolkuati "to be interpreting" (impf.)
Infinitive tolkuati
Present active participle tolkujenťe
Past active participle tolkualo
Passive participle tolkuano
Verbal noun tolkuanie
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S tolkujo tolkuah
2S tolkujes tolkuases tolkuj
3S tolkuje tolkuase
1P tolkujmo tolkuasmo tolkujmo
2P tolkujte tolkuaste tolkujte
3P tolkujon tolkuahon

Consonant stems

Conjugation of paseti "to be grazing" (impf.)
Infinitive paseti
Present active participle pasienťe
Past active participle paselo
Passive participle paseno
Verbal noun pasenie
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S paso paseh
2S pases paseses pasi
3S pase pasese
1P pasemo pasesmo pasimo
2P pasete paseste pasite
3P pason pasehon

Example of a regular verb

Conjugation of dielati "to be doing" (impf.)
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S dieló dielah
2S dielás dielases dielaj
3S dielá dielase
1P dielamo dielasmo dielajmo
2P dielate dielaste dielajte
3P dielán dielahon
Conjugation of podielati "to have done" (perf.)
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S podieló podielah
2S podielás podielases podielaj
3S podielá podielase
1P podielamo podielasmo podielajmo
2P podielate podielaste podielajte
3P podielán podielahon
Conjugation of dielevati "to do" (hab.)
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S dielevó dielevah
2S dielevás dielevases dielevaj
3S dielevá dielevase
1P dielevamo dielevasmo dielevajmo
2P dielevate dielaste dielevajte
3P dieleván dielevahon
Conjugation of podielevati "to do for a while" (dur.)
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S podielevó podielevah
2S podielevás podielevases podielevaj
3S podielevá podielevase
1P podielevamo podielevasmo podielevajmo
2P podielevate podielaste podielevajte
3P podieleván podielevahon

Example of a highly irregular verb

Conjugation of beti "to be" (impf.)
Infinitive beti
Present active participle sienťe
Past active participle belo
Passive participle beno
Verbal noun benie
Person/Number Present Past Future Imperative
1S esme beh buendo
2S es beses buendes buendi
3S e bese buende
1P esmo besmo buendemo buendimo
2P este beste buendete buendite
3P suen behon buendon
Conjugation of estati "to be, become" (perf.)
Infinitive estati
Present active participle estanťe
Past active participle estalo
Passive participle —
Verbal noun estanie
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S estano estah
2S estanes estases estani
3S estane estase
1P estanemo estasmo estanimo
2P estanete esaste estanite
3P estanon estahon
Conjugation of bevati "to be" (hab.)
Infinitive bevati
Present active participle bevanťe
Past active participle bevalo
Passive participle —
Verbal noun bevanie
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S bevó bevah
2S bevás bevases bevaj
3S bevá bevase
1P bevamo bevasmo bevajmo
2P bevate bevaste bevajte
3P beván bevahon
Conjugation of estavati "to become" (hab.)
Infinitive estavati
Present active participle estavanťe
Past active participle estavalo
Passive participle —
Verbal noun estavanie
Person/Number Present Past Imperative
1S estavó estavah
2S estavás estavases estavaj
3S estavá estavase
1P estavamo estavasmo estavajmo
2P estavate estavaste estavajte
3P estaván estavahon

Other forms:

  • Durative: postavati "to be for a while"

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Vesi ľudie rodien se soboni e isti vo dostineston i zakonon. Suen odaruani so uerzumon i soviesten, i tierba ťe ...

IPA: /ˈvesi ˈʎudje ˈrodjen‿se soˈboni e ˈisti vo dostiˈneston i zaˈkonon ‖ swen odaˈɾwani so weɾˈzumon i soˈvjesten | i ˈtjeɾba θe .../

Other resources

Swadesh list

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