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User:Nicolasstraccia/afghanisketch: Difference between revisions

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:'''''This is Sketch C, based on the premises stated in the description of [http://jobs.conlang.org/archives/271 commission N°271 in the LCS's Jobs Board]. This should probably furthermore be seen primarily as a sketching exercise, since I'm not very likely to be able to meet the stated deadline.'''''
:''This language started as a prospective sketch for [http://jobs.conlang.org/archives/271 commission N°271 in the LCS's Jobs Board]. After not having been submitted as a proposal, it freely departed from the original premise and stands now on its own particular terms without any pretence of affiliation to the aforementioned project whatsoever.''
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Premise as stated in the job description:
|-
|"Vaguely Afghan — mountain primitives and coastal dwellers (depending) — we only meet the mountain primitives — with a territory-raiding and cross-breeding relationship to (A)."
|-
|}
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<br>
<br>
=Grammar=
==Phonology and orthography==
==Phonology and orthography==
<br>
<br>
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====Consonants====
====Consonants====
====Consonant inventory 2====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʈ
| [ʈ]
| ɖ
| [ɖ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| k
| k
| g
| g
| q
| [q]
| ɢ
| [ɢ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɳ
| [ɳ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɲ
| ɲ
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɾ
| [ɾ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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| ɸ
| ɸ
| β
| β
| f
| [f]
| v
| [v]
| θ
| θ
| ð
| [ð]
| s
| s
| z
| z
| ʃ
| ʃ
| ʒ
| ʒ
| ʂ
| [ʂ]
| ʐ
| [ʐ]
| ç
| [ç]
| ʝ
| [ʝ]
| x
| x
| ɣ
| [ɣ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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====Phonotaxis====
====Phonotaxis====


* Syllable structure
'''''Syllable structure'''''


* Allophony
Syllables may be structured as (C)(C)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants.
* Onset
** Consonant (C): can be any consonant or semivowel. Composed of either one consonant or a C+continuant cluster (other clusters, which are only found in loanwords, are broke with an epenthetic /ə/ between the consonants.)
* Nucleus
** Vowel or diphthong V
** Semivowel (S)
* Coda
** First consonant (C): can be any consonant.
** Second consonant (C): can also be any consonant (mostly /d/, /k/, /s/, /t/, & /z/).


* Clusters
'''''Allophony and coarticulation'''''
 
:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! style="text-align:center"|Phoneme !! Allophone/Coarticulation !! Rule !! Description
|-
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Consonants
|-
| /t/ /k/ /p/ /ʦ/ || /tʰ/ /kʰ/ /pʰ/ /ʦʰ/ || P→Pʰ /%_ || ''word initial''
|-
| /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ || /ʈ/ /ɖ/ /ɳ/ /ʂ/ /ʐ/ || /_% || ''word final''
|-
| /t/ /d/ || [ʈ] [ɖ] || /C_ C=[+nasal], [+labial] || ''after nasals and labials''
|-
| /k/ /g/ || /q/ /ɢ/ || /_% || ''word final''
|-
| /ɸ/ /β/ || /f/ /v/ || /_%, /Z_ || ''word final, after sibilants''
|-
| /b/ || [w] || b→w /V_V || ''intervocalic, word medial''
|-
| /g/ || [ɣ] || g→ɣ /V_V || ''intervocalic, word medial''
|-
| /θ/ || /ð/ || θ→ð /F_ || ''after continuants''
|-
| /r/ || /ɾ/ || r→ɾ /Z_ || ''after sibilants''
|-
| /r/ || /ɹ/ || r→ɹ /V_N || ''after vowels and before nasals''
|-
| /r/ || /ʐ/ || r→ʐ /_% || ''word final''
|-
| /tu/ /nu/ /ku/ /gu/ /xu/ /ŋu/ || /tʷ/ /nʷ/ /kʷ/ /gʷ/ /xʷ/ /ŋʷ/ || u.V→ʷV. /C_.V C=[+velar]{ɣ}, [t, n] || ''when a vowel after /u/ is brought into the same syllable /u/ turns into a labialization of the preceding consonant''
|-
| /l/ || [lʲ] [lˠ] || l→lˠ /_V[+back], l→lʲ /_V[+front] || ''before front and back vowels respectively''
|-
| /ɹ/ || [ɹʲ] [ɹˠ] || ɹ→ɹˠ /_V[+back], ɹ→ɹʲ /_V[+front] || ''before front and back vowels respectively''
|-
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ʧ] [ʤ] || ʃ,ʒ→ʧ,ʤ /C_% [] || ''word final''
|-
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ç] [ʝ] || ʃ,ʒ→ç,ʝ /V_% [w,u(ː),o(ː)] || ''word final''
|-
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Vowels
|-
| /ɒ/ || [ä] || ɒ→ä /C_V̯, _j || ''diphthongs -which happen after a consonant- and before /j/''
|-
|}
 
<!--
'''''Clusters'''''
 
:{|
|-
|/tl/, /kl/, /bl/, /ɣl/, /lm/, /nm/, /lw/, /sw/, /br/, /tr/, /ɣr/, /pr/, /dr/, /wr/, /kɹ/, /mɹ/, /xp/, /pʃ/, /pʂ/, /xr/, /zb/, /ʒb/, /ʣm/, /mʣ/, /ʦk/, /sk/, /sp/, /ʃp/, /ʂk/, /xk/, /ʃk/, /kʃ/, /kx/, /kʂ/, /ml/, /gm/, /ʐm/
|-
|}
-->


===Orthography===
===Orthography===


====Latin transcription====
:{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Latin transcription
|-
| Vowels
|-
|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|IPA || i || iː || e || eː || o || oː || u || uː || ɒ || äː || æ || ə
|-
| style="background:LightBlue"|Romanization || i || ī || e || ē || o || ō || u || ū || a || ā || ä || ë
|-
| style="background:LightBlue"|Alternative romanization || i || î || e || ê || o || ô || u || û || a || â || á || é
|-
|}
|
|-
| Consonants
|-
|
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center"
|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:left"|IPA || p || b || t || d || k || g || ʔ || m || n || ɲ || ŋ || ŋʷ || r || ɹ || l || j || w
|-
| style="background:LightBlue; text-align:left"|Romanization || p || b || t || d || k || g || ' || m || n || ń || ṇ || ṇw || ŕ || r || l || y || w
|-
| style="background:LightBlue; text-align:left"|Alternative romanization || p || b || t || d || k || g || ' || m || n || ny || ng || ngw || r || rh || l || y || w
|-
|}
|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| ɸ || β || θ || s || z || ʃ || ʒ || x || ɣ || xʷ || h || ʦ || ʣ || ʧ || ʤ
|-
| f || v || ϑ || s || z || ṣ || ẓ || x || ǵ || xw || h || ts || dz || ĉ || ĵ
|-
| f || v || th || s || z || sh || zh || x || gh || xw || h || ts || dz || ch || dj
|-
|}
|
|}
|
|}
 
==Morphology and syntax==
 
===Morphology===


* Vowels
Split ergativity. In the present tense or future tense, the subject is marked as nominative, and the object is marked as accusative. In the past tense, however, the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique, and the verb agrees with the object.
 
====Nouns====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Case
! colspan="3" | Marker
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|Nominative {{sc|nom}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ∅
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Accusative {{sc|acc}}
| rowspan="2" | -NA
| dialect 1 || -në, -ϑë, -të, -xwe, -ϑe, -te
|-
| dialect 2 || -na, -ϑa, -da, -ṇwe, -ṣe, -se
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Genitive {{sc|gen}}
| rowspan="2" | -NEK
| dialect 1 || -nëk, -ϑëk, -tëk, -nek, -ϑek, -tek
|-
| dialect 2 || -niǵ, -ϑik, -diǵ -neǵ, -ϑeǵ, -teǵ
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Dative {{sc|dat}}
| rowspan="2" | -KA
| dialect 1 || -ka, -ge, -ko, -kä
|-
| dialect 2 || -xwa, -xwe, -xo, -xwä
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Locative {{sc|loc}}
| rowspan="2" | -TA
| dialect 1 || -ta, -da, -to, -do
|-
| dialect 2 || -te, -de, -tä, -dä
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Ablative {{sc|abl}}
| rowspan="2" | -TAn
| dialect 1 || -tan, -dan, -ϑon, -tun
|-
|-
| IPA || i || iː || e || eː || o || oː || u || uː || ɒ || äː || æ || ə
| dialect 2 || -ton, -don, -ϑän, -ϑun
|-
|-
| Romanization || i || ī || e || ē || o || ō || u || ū || a || ā || ä || ë
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Oblique {{sc|obl}}
| rowspan="2" | -SuN
| dialect 1 || -sū, -ṣun, -son
|-
|-
| dialect 2 || -zum, -ẓō, -zon
|}
|}


* Consonants
====Verbs====
Verbs are conjugated for singular and plural number and first, second, and third persons.
 
There are two types of verbs distinguished by their infinitive forms: those ending in the suffix ''-lam'' /lɒm/ and those ending in ''-rom'' /ɹom/.
 
=====Evidentiality=====
 
The {{sc|direct.evidence}} marker ''-dir'' and the {{sc|rumour}} marker ''-mëṣ'' appear to coalesce as part of the {{sc|indirect.evidence}} marker ''-dirmë[ṣ]näm'', but the etymological evidence is not yet conclusive.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
| IPA ||  
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" colspan="2"|Marker || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|⟨ ⟩ || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|[]
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" colspan="2"| unmarked for evidentiality || colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| ∅
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|direct.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dir || -dir || -diʐ
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -dir || -dir || -ɖiʒ
|-
|-
| Romanization ||  
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|hearsay}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -ëpdir || -əp.dir || -əp.ɖiʐ
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -eftir || -ef.tir || -ef.ʈiʒ
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|indirect.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dirmënäm || -dir.mə.næm || -diɾ.mə.næm
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -diṛenäm || -di.re.næm || -di.re.næm
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|rumour}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məç
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -meṣ || -meʃ || -meʂ
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Morphology and syntax==
====Negation====
 
Negative verb:  ⟨ϑīwṣ⟩ /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number.
 
Negative suffix: ⟨-yūṣ⟩ /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix ⟨-kyem⟩ /kjem/ or ⟨-kuom⟩ /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears ⟨-kyem⟩ is used when dealing with one event, ⟨-yūṣ⟩ for more habitual or lasting states.
 
===Syntax===
 
N/A
 
V/Adv
 
Posessed/Posessor
 
The normal word order is subject–object–verb.
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