Linguifex

User:Nicolasstraccia/afghanisketch: Difference between revisions

Created page with "---- :'''''This is Sketch B, based on the premises stated in the description of [http://jobs.conlang.org/archives/271 commission N°271 in the LCS's Jobs Board]. This should p..."
 
mNo edit summary
 
(44 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
----
----
:'''''This is Sketch B, based on the premises stated in the description of [http://jobs.conlang.org/archives/271 commission N°271 in the LCS's Jobs Board]. This should probably furthermore be seen primarily as a sketching exercise, since I'm not very likely to be able to meet the stated deadline.'''''
:''This language started as a prospective sketch for [http://jobs.conlang.org/archives/271 commission N°271 in the LCS's Jobs Board]. After not having been submitted as a proposal, it freely departed from the original premise and stands now on its own particular terms without any pretence of affiliation to the aforementioned project whatsoever.''
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
----
<br>
==Phonology and orthography==
<br>
===Phonology===
====Vowels====
 
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">i(ː)</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:13%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">y</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:40%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɨ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʉ</div>
-->
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u(ː)</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɯ</div>
-->
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:20%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɪ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:28%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʏ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʊ</div>
-->
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:13%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">e(ː)</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:22%; width:2em; top:29%;height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ø</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:46%; width:2.66em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɘ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:55%; width:2.66em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɵ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɤ</div>
-->
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o(ː)</div>
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:53%; width:2em; top:42%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ə</div>
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:24%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɛ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:33%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">œ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:51%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɜ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɞ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʌ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɔ</div>
-->
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:30%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">æ</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɐ</div>
-->
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:39%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">a</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:48%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɶ</div>
-->
<div style="position:absolute; left:62%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">äː</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɑ</div>
-->
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɒ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}
 
====Consonants====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
! rowspan="2" style="background:white"|
! colspan="4" | Labial
! colspan="8" | Coronal
! colspan="6" | Dorsal
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Labiovelar
! Laryngeal
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Bilabial
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Labiodental
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Dental
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Alveolar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatoalveolar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Retroflex
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatal
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Velar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Uvular
! style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Glottal
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Plosive
| p
| b
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| t
| d
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| [ʈ]
| [ɖ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| k
| g
| [q]
| [ɢ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʔ
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Nasal
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| m
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| n
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| [ɳ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɲ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ŋ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ŋʷ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Trill
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| r
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Tap/flap
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| [ɾ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Fricative
| ɸ
| β
| [f]
| [v]
| θ
| [ð]
| s
| z
| ʃ
| ʒ
| [ʂ]
| [ʐ]
| [ç]
| [ʝ]
| x
| [ɣ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| xʷ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| h
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Africate
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʦ
| ʣ
| ʧ
| ʤ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Approximant
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɹ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| j
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| w
| style="background: darkgray;"|
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Lateral Appr.
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| l
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
|-
|}
 
====Phonotaxis====
 
'''''Syllable structure'''''
 
Syllables may be structured as (C)(C)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants.
* Onset
** Consonant (C): can be any consonant or semivowel. Composed of either one consonant or a C+continuant cluster (other clusters, which are only found in loanwords, are broke with an epenthetic /ə/ between the consonants.)
* Nucleus
** Vowel or diphthong V
** Semivowel (S)
* Coda
** First consonant (C): can be any consonant.
** Second consonant (C): can also be any consonant (mostly /d/, /k/, /s/, /t/, & /z/).
 
'''''Allophony and coarticulation'''''
 
:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! style="text-align:center"|Phoneme !! Allophone/Coarticulation !! Rule !! Description
|-
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Consonants
|-
| /t/ /k/ /p/ /ʦ/ || /tʰ/ /kʰ/ /pʰ/ /ʦʰ/ || P→Pʰ /%_ || ''word initial''
|-
| /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ || /ʈ/ /ɖ/ /ɳ/ /ʂ/ /ʐ/ || /_% || ''word final''
|-
| /t/ /d/ || [ʈ] [ɖ] || /C_ C=[+nasal], [+labial] || ''after nasals and labials''
|-
| /k/ /g/ || /q/ /ɢ/ || /_% || ''word final''
|-
| /ɸ/ /β/ || /f/ /v/ || /_%, /Z_ || ''word final, after sibilants''
|-
| /b/ || [w] || b→w /V_V || ''intervocalic, word medial''
|-
| /g/ || [ɣ] || g→ɣ /V_V || ''intervocalic, word medial''
|-
| /θ/ || /ð/ || θ→ð /F_ || ''after continuants''
|-
| /r/ || /ɾ/ || r→ɾ /Z_ || ''after sibilants''
|-
| /r/ || /ɹ/ || r→ɹ /V_N || ''after vowels and before nasals''
|-
| /r/ || /ʐ/ || r→ʐ /_% || ''word final''
|-
| /tu/ /nu/ /ku/ /gu/ /xu/ /ŋu/ || /tʷ/ /nʷ/ /kʷ/ /gʷ/ /xʷ/ /ŋʷ/ || u.V→ʷV. /C_.V C=[+velar]{ɣ}, [t, n] || ''when a vowel after /u/ is brought into the same syllable /u/ turns into a labialization of the preceding consonant''
|-
| /l/ || [lʲ] [lˠ] || l→lˠ /_V[+back], l→lʲ /_V[+front] || ''before front and back vowels respectively''
|-
| /ɹ/ || [ɹʲ] [ɹˠ] || ɹ→ɹˠ /_V[+back], ɹ→ɹʲ /_V[+front] || ''before front and back vowels respectively''
|-
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ʧ] [ʤ] || ʃ,ʒ→ʧ,ʤ /C_% [] || ''word final''
|-
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ç] [ʝ] || ʃ,ʒ→ç,ʝ /V_% [w,u(ː),o(ː)] || ''word final''
|-
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Vowels
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Premise as stated in the job description:
| /ɒ/ || [ä] || ɒ→ä /C_V̯, _j || ''diphthongs -which happen after a consonant- and before /j/''
|-
|}
 
<!--
'''''Clusters'''''
 
:{|
|-
|-
|"Vaguely Arabic — lightly nomadic (with some small settlements), horse-based, individualistic warriors, non-dominant regionally (minority culture), allied to (A)."
|/tl/, /kl/, /bl/, /ɣl/, /lm/, /nm/, /lw/, /sw/, /br/, /tr/, /ɣr/, /pr/, /dr/, /wr/, /kɹ/, /mɹ/, /xp/, /pʃ/, /pʂ/, /xr/, /zb/, /ʒb/, /ʣm/, /mʣ/, /ʦk/, /sk/, /sp/, /ʃp/, /ʂk/, /xk/, /ʃk/, /kʃ/, /kx/, /kʂ/, /ml/, /gm/, /ʐm/
|-
|-
|}
|}
----
-->
<br>
 
===Orthography===
 
:{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Latin transcription
|-
| Vowels
|-
|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|IPA || i || iː || e || eː || o || oː || u || uː || ɒ || äː || æ || ə
|-
| style="background:LightBlue"|Romanization || i || ī || e || ē || o || ō || u || ū || a || ā || ä || ë
|-
| style="background:LightBlue"|Alternative romanization || i || î || e || ê || o || ô || u || û || a || â || á || é
|-
|}
|
|-
| Consonants
|-
|
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center"
|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:left"|IPA || p || b || t || d || k || g || ʔ || m || n || ɲ || ŋ || ŋʷ || r || ɹ || l || j || w
|-
| style="background:LightBlue; text-align:left"|Romanization || p || b || t || d || k || g || ' || m || n || ń || ṇ || ṇw || ŕ || r || l || y || w
|-
| style="background:LightBlue; text-align:left"|Alternative romanization || p || b || t || d || k || g || ' || m || n || ny || ng || ngw || r || rh || l || y || w
|-
|}
|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| ɸ || β || θ || s || z || ʃ || ʒ || x || ɣ || xʷ || h || ʦ || ʣ || ʧ || ʤ
|-
| f || v || ϑ || s || z || ṣ || ẓ || x || ǵ || xw || h || ts || dz || ĉ || ĵ
|-
| f || v || th || s || z || sh || zh || x || gh || xw || h || ts || dz || ch || dj
|-
|}
|
|}
|
|}
 
==Morphology and syntax==
 
===Morphology===
 
Split ergativity. In the present tense or future tense, the subject is marked as nominative, and the object is marked as accusative. In the past tense, however, the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique, and the verb agrees with the object.
 
====Nouns====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Case
! colspan="3" | Marker
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|Nominative {{sc|nom}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ∅
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Accusative {{sc|acc}}
| rowspan="2" | -NA
| dialect 1 || -në, -ϑë, -të, -xwe, -ϑe, -te
|-
| dialect 2 || -na, -ϑa, -da, -ṇwe, -ṣe, -se
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Genitive {{sc|gen}}
| rowspan="2" | -NEK
| dialect 1 || -nëk, -ϑëk, -tëk, -nek, -ϑek, -tek
|-
| dialect 2 || -niǵ, -ϑik, -diǵ -neǵ, -ϑeǵ, -teǵ
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Dative {{sc|dat}}
| rowspan="2" | -KA
| dialect 1 || -ka, -ge, -ko, -kä
|-
| dialect 2 || -xwa, -xwe, -xo, -xwä
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Locative {{sc|loc}}
| rowspan="2" | -TA
| dialect 1 || -ta, -da, -to, -do
|-
| dialect 2 || -te, -de, -tä, -dä
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Ablative {{sc|abl}}
| rowspan="2" | -TAn
| dialect 1 || -tan, -dan, -ϑon, -tun
|-
| dialect 2 || -ton, -don, -ϑän, -ϑun
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Oblique {{sc|obl}}
| rowspan="2" | -SuN
| dialect 1 || -sū, -ṣun, -son
|-
| dialect 2 || -zum, -ẓō, -zon
|}
 
====Verbs====
Verbs are conjugated for singular and plural number and first, second, and third persons.
 
There are two types of verbs distinguished by their infinitive forms: those ending in the suffix ''-lam'' /lɒm/ and those ending in ''-rom'' /ɹom/.
 
=====Evidentiality=====
 
The {{sc|direct.evidence}} marker ''-dir'' and the {{sc|rumour}} marker ''-mëṣ'' appear to coalesce as part of the {{sc|indirect.evidence}} marker ''-dirmë[ṣ]näm'', but the etymological evidence is not yet conclusive.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" colspan="2"|Marker || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|⟨ ⟩ || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|[]
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" colspan="2"| unmarked for evidentiality || colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| ∅
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|direct.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dir || -dir || -diʐ
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -dir || -dir || -ɖiʒ
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|hearsay}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -ëpdir || -əp.dir || -əp.ɖiʐ
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -eftir || -ef.tir || -ef.ʈiʒ
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|indirect.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dirmënäm || -dir.mə.næm || -diɾ.mə.næm
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -diṛenäm || -di.re.næm || -di.re.næm
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|rumour}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məç
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -meṣ || -meʃ || -meʂ
|-
|}
 
====Negation====
 
Negative verb:  ⟨ϑīwṣ⟩ /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number.
 
Negative suffix: ⟨-yūṣ⟩ /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix ⟨-kyem⟩ /kjem/ or ⟨-kuom⟩ /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears ⟨-kyem⟩ is used when dealing with one event, ⟨-yūṣ⟩ for more habitual or lasting states.
 
===Syntax===
 
N/A
 
V/Adv
 
Posessed/Posessor
 
The normal word order is subject–object–verb.
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/User:Nicolasstraccia/afghanisketch"