North-East Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the first member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] - "throwing spear" combine to make /ˈkə̰təkʷəsa/ [ˈkə̰ːto̰kʷo̰sa] - "dart" (literally "short spear").

The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [~~ˈkʷṳsːa~~] - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkukʷusɨ] - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop.

The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [ˈkʷṳsːɨ] - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkukʷusɨ] - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop.

There is a very strong preference to make endocentric compounds from words that have identical voicing on the stressed syllable. For example, the word /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ [ˈxæ̰ːɾʲḭ] - "freshwater fish", could, in theory, be compounded with /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake", to form /bɨˈʔə̤kɨxaɾʲɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkɨxæɾʲi] - "baked freshwater fish". However, since /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ has breathy voice, and /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ has tense voice, the resulting compound would strike native speakers as inelegant and clumsy.

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/ˈnə̰tʷɨ/ [ˈno̰ːtʷṵ] - "North", /gʷɨˈʔə̤/ [gʷuˈʔə̤ː] - "remain", /ˈnə̰tɨgʷɨʔə/ [ˈnə̰ːtṵgʷuʔə] - "person who did not migrate south to Antarctica, but rather stayed to take their chances on the northern continents" (literally "North remain").

===Nominalisation===

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The benefactive form is used for actions that are done for the benefit of the speaker (if suffixed with -kɨ), or for the listener (if suffixed with -~~ja_~~. For example, the root /wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤/ [wudukʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn dried wood" can take the nonfuture telic benefective to become /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-kɨ/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːkɨ] - "burnt up the dried wood for me", or /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ja/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːæ̤] - "burnt up the dried wood for you".

The benefactive form is used for actions that are done for the benefit of the speaker (if suffixed with -kɨ), or for the listener (if suffixed with -ja). For example, the root /wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤/ [wudukʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn dried wood" can take the nonfuture telic benefective to become /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-kɨ/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːkɨ] - "burnt up the dried wood for me", or /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ja/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːæ̤] - "burnt up the dried wood for you".

The irrealis forms are used for events that the speaker considers hypothetical, or at least unlikely e.g. the telic nonfuture irrealis /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ʈa/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjɐ̤ːʈɑ] - "would have burnt up the dried wood".

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The conditional optative is a conditional form that is used for things that are / were supposed to have been done (e.g. as a duty). For example /ŋa-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-tɨ/ [ŋawudukʷœˈjæ̤ːtɨ] - "if ... had burned the dried wood" (which ... was supposed to do).

===Relativisation===

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This dog that some men bit.

==Sentence Level Syntax==

The word order is quite strict, but is not connected with subjects and objects. The word order is as follows: [Topicalised / Proximate Noun] [Wh-Phrase] [Verb] [Obviate Nouns] [Adverbs].

==Copula==

In North-East Antarctican, the copula is the particle /haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/. This can be used for nominal predication e.g.

dʷaˈʔɨ̤ːɻɨ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰

these COP animal.PL.INDEF=dog

These are dogs.

It can also be used for locational predication (with a locative noun class marker) e.g.

mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ kɨwaˈn=ɨ̰mːʲɨ

1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP LOC.SG.INDEF=fjord

My dog is at a fjord.

Finally, it can also be used for adjectival predication e.g.

mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa

1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP warm

My dog is warm.

However, it is important to note that, unlike English, the copula /haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/ is a particle and not a verb, and does not take TAM or other inflections.

==Predicative Possession==

Like English, there is a transitive verb meaning "to have", /ˈka̤gːʷɨ/ e.g.

dʷəɻɨ=ˈma̤ɴ ja-ˈka̤gːʷɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰

those=man PRES.ATEL-have animal.PL.INDEF=dog

Those men have dogs.

Normally, /ˈka̤gːʷɨ/ is used with atelic prefixes. With telic prefixes, it means "get" or "obtain" e.g.

dʷəɻɨ=ˈma̤ɴ bɨʔa-ˈka̤gːʷɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰

those=man PRES.TEL-have animal.PL.INDEF=dog

Those men got dogs.

==Comparative Constructions==

North-East Antarctican has different comparative constructions depending on what the two things are being compared in terms of.

===Adjectives/Nouns===

To say "A is more X than B", where X is an adjective or noun, North-East Antarctican replaces the particle /haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/ with the particle /ma̤sːɨ/. For example, from the following sentence:

mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa

1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP warm

My dog is warm.

we can derive a comparative sentence:

mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ ma̤sːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa jɨw=ɨˈɲɨ̰

1PS.SG.POSS=dog CMPR warm 2PS.POSS=dog

My dog is warmer than your dog.

===Verbs===

To say "A does X more than B", B takes the preposition /dʷa̤ɴ/ e.g.

mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ ja-bə~ˈbə̤tɨ dʷa̤ɴ jɨw=ɨˈɲɨ̰

1PS.SG.POSS=dog PRES.ATEL-RECP-bite more.than 2PS.POSS=dog

My dogs bite each other more than your dogs.

[[Category:Languages]]

[[Category:North-East Antarctican]]

@@ Line 190: / Line 190: @@
 Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the first member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] - "throwing spear" combine to make /ˈkə̰təkʷəsa/ [ˈkə̰ːto̰kʷo̰sa] - "dart" (literally "short spear").
-The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [ˈkʷṳsːa] - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkukʷusɨ] - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop.
+The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [ˈkʷṳsːɨ] - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkukʷusɨ] - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop.
 There is a very strong preference to make endocentric compounds from words that have identical voicing on the stressed syllable. For example, the word /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ [ˈxæ̰ːɾʲḭ] - "freshwater fish", could, in theory, be compounded with /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake", to form /bɨˈʔə̤kɨxaɾʲɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkɨxæɾʲi] - "baked freshwater fish". However, since /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ has breathy voice, and /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ has tense voice, the resulting compound would strike native speakers as inelegant and clumsy.
@@ Line 213: / Line 213: @@
 /ˈnə̰tʷɨ/ [ˈno̰ːtʷṵ] - "North", /gʷɨˈʔə̤/ [gʷuˈʔə̤ː] - "remain", /ˈnə̰tɨgʷɨʔə/ [ˈnə̰ːtṵgʷuʔə] - "person who did not migrate south to Antarctica, but rather stayed to take their chances on the northern continents" (literally "North remain").
 ===Nominalisation===
@@ Line 574: / Line 573: @@
 |}
-The benefactive form is used for actions that are done for the benefit of the speaker (if suffixed with -kɨ), or for the listener (if suffixed with -ja_. For example, the root /wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤/ [wudukʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn dried wood" can take the nonfuture telic benefective to become /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-kɨ/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːkɨ] - "burnt up the dried wood for me", or /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ja/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːæ̤] - "burnt up the dried wood for you".
+The benefactive form is used for actions that are done for the benefit of the speaker (if suffixed with -kɨ), or for the listener (if suffixed with -ja). For example, the root /wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤/ [wudukʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn dried wood" can take the nonfuture telic benefective to become /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-kɨ/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːkɨ] - "burnt up the dried wood for me", or /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ja/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːæ̤] - "burnt up the dried wood for you".
 The irrealis forms are used for events that the speaker considers hypothetical, or at least unlikely e.g. the telic nonfuture irrealis /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ʈa/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjɐ̤ːʈɑ] - "would have burnt up the dried wood".
@@ Line 583: / Line 582: @@
 The conditional optative is a conditional form that is used for things that are / were supposed to have been done (e.g. as a duty). For example /ŋa-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-tɨ/ [ŋawudukʷœˈjæ̤ːtɨ] - "if ... had burned the dried wood" (which ... was supposed to do).
 ===Relativisation===
@@ Line 611: / Line 609: @@
 This dog that some men bit.
+==Sentence Level Syntax==
+The word order is quite strict, but is not connected with subjects and objects. The word order is as follows: [Topicalised / Proximate Noun] [Wh-Phrase] [Verb] [Obviate Nouns] [Adverbs].
+==Copula==
+In North-East Antarctican, the copula is the particle /haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/. This can be used for nominal predication e.g.
+dʷaˈʔɨ̤ːɻɨ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰
+these COP animal.PL.INDEF=dog
+These are dogs.
+It can also be used for locational predication (with a locative noun class marker) e.g.
+mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ kɨwaˈn=ɨ̰mːʲɨ
+PS.SG.POSS=dog COP LOC.SG.INDEF=fjord
+My dog is at a fjord.
+Finally, it can also be used for adjectival predication e.g.
+mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa
+PS.SG.POSS=dog COP warm
+My dog is warm.
+However, it is important to note that, unlike English, the copula /haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/ is a particle and not a verb, and does not take TAM or other inflections.
+==Predicative Possession==
+Like English, there is a transitive verb meaning "to have", /ˈka̤gːʷɨ/ e.g.
+dʷəɻɨ=ˈma̤ɴ ja-ˈka̤gːʷɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰
+those=man PRES.ATEL-have animal.PL.INDEF=dog
+Those men have dogs.
+Normally, /ˈka̤gːʷɨ/ is used with atelic prefixes. With telic prefixes, it means "get" or "obtain" e.g.
+dʷəɻɨ=ˈma̤ɴ bɨʔa-ˈka̤gːʷɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰
+those=man PRES.TEL-have animal.PL.INDEF=dog
+Those men got dogs.
+==Comparative Constructions==
+North-East Antarctican has different comparative constructions depending on what the two things are being compared in terms of.
+===Adjectives/Nouns===
+To say "A is more X than B", where X is an adjective or noun, North-East Antarctican replaces the particle /haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/ with the particle /ma̤sːɨ/. For example, from the following sentence:
+mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa
+PS.SG.POSS=dog COP warm
+My dog is warm.
+we can derive a comparative sentence:
+mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ ma̤sːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa 	jɨw=ɨˈɲɨ̰
+PS.SG.POSS=dog CMPR warm 2PS.POSS=dog
+My dog is warmer than your dog.
+===Verbs===
+To say "A does X more than B", B takes the preposition /dʷa̤ɴ/ e.g.
+mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ ja-bə~ˈbə̤tɨ dʷa̤ɴ jɨw=ɨˈɲɨ̰
+PS.SG.POSS=dog PRES.ATEL-RECP-bite more.than 2PS.POSS=dog
+My dogs bite each other more than your dogs.
+[[Category:Languages]]
+[[Category:North-East Antarctican]]