New Karanesa: Difference between revisions

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'''New Karanesa''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|kaˈranɛsa}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in Quillan. Derived from the former prestige language in the Quill Kingdom, Imperial Karanesa, New Karanesa is a constructed language ~~maintained~~ to make reading of Karanesa Empire-era and earlier works easier. It is assumed to be mostly compatible with Imperial Karanesa, though they are separated by time, so its compatibility is impossible to evaluate for certain.

'''New Karanesa''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|kaˈranɛsa}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in Quillan. Derived from the former prestige language in the Quill Kingdom, Imperial Karanesa, New Karanesa is a semi-constructed language, a standardized form of [[Karroka]] and [[High Karanesa]] created with the intent to make reading of Karanesa Empire-era and earlier works easier. It is assumed to be mostly compatible with Imperial Karanesa, though they are separated by time, so its compatibility is impossible to evaluate for certain.

==Introduction==

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| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

|-

! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]

| colspan="2" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]

| colspan="2" |

|-

! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar ~~sibilant~~|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

| ~~style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style~~="~~border-left: 0;~~" | ~~[[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]~~

| colspan="2" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]

| colspan="2" |

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====Notes====

* Fricatives /ɸ s ʃ θ/ become voiced [β z ʒ ð] in morpheme-final position.

* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ ~~often~~ are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ].

* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ usually are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ]. The voiced equivalents to /ʃ tʃ/ both are written differently to their unvoiced counterpart, but are usually pronounced [dʑ] in onset position, and [ʑ] in coda position, so these phonemes are merged.

* Many phonemes, particularly /s z k g x/, palatalize to [ɕ ʑ c ʒ ç] when before /j/.

* The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].

* Approximants /j w ɺ/ tense to suave fricatives [ʝ ɣʷ ɮ] in intervocalic stressed position. In some dialects, this fricated pronunciation for /ɺ/ is actually closer to [ð].

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===Phonotactics===

New Karanesa is a (C)(C)V(C) language. Generally speaking, syllables with one onset consonant and one coda consonant are more common than syllables with two onset consonants, which are more common than full syllables. The only onset clusters that ~~can have a coda consonant~~ are any consonant before an approximant or rhotic (that is, /j w ɺ r/) and any plosive after /s z/.

New Karanesa is a (C)(C)V(C) language. Generally speaking, syllables with one onset consonant and one coda consonant are more common than syllables with two onset consonants, which are more common than full syllables. The only onset clusters that are attested are any non-palatal consonant before an approximant or rhotic (that is, /j w ɺ r/) and any plosive after /s/. Voiced plosives in this situation cause the /s/ to be voiced [z].

New Karanesa's only phonemic diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw}}/. However, any two vowels can be separated by only a hiatus as long as the second vowel is not [i u]. This phonetically sounds similar to a diphthong.

The following strings of phonemes that may occur due to affixes or compounding are not allowed:

* Any ~~phoneme~~ followed by itself; if a conflict occurs, one is dropped for consonants.

* Any sonorant followed by itself; if a conflict occurs, one is dropped for consonants.

** Vowel handling under this rule differs between dialects, though usually either they combine to a long vowel, or the latter vowel is given hard attack. Dialects where the latter is common may write such words as if they had an intervening /q/ between the vowels.

* Two consecutive consonants that differ only in voicing; if a conflict occurs, then the voiced ~~vowel is kept~~ unless the prior vowel is phonetically short (/i u e o ə a/) and unstressed, then the unvoiced ~~consonant~~ is ~~kept~~.

* Two consecutive consonants that differ only in voicing; if a conflict occurs, then the unvoiced consonant becomes voiced unless the prior vowel is phonetically short (/i u e o ə a/) and unstressed, then the voiced consonant becomes unvoiced.

* Any obstruent followed by another of the same manner of articulation; if this occurs, then the one closest to the root is duplicated to the one further from the root.

==Orthography==

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===Romanization===

New Karanesa consonants are written as seen in the IPA, with the following exceptions:

* /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ is written as ny

* /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ is written as ny or nh

* /{{IPA|ɲː}}/ is written as nny

* /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is written as ng

* /{{IPA|ŋː}}/ is written as nh

* /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ is written as c

* /{{IPA|dʒ}}/ is written as j

* /{{IPA|x}}/ is written as h

* /{{IPA|ɣ}}/ is written as rh

* /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ is written as sh

* /{{IPA|j}}/ is written as y ~~in the onset (and in i-on-glide diphthongs) and i in the coda (in i-off-glide diphthongs)~~

* /{{IPA|ʒ}}/ is written as zh

* /{{IPA|w}}/ is written as ~~w in the onset and u in the coda (in diphthongs)~~

* /{{IPA|θ}}/ is written as th

* /{{IPA|ɺ}}/ is written as l

* /{{IPA|j}}/ is written as y

* /{{IPA|ɸ}}/ is written as f

New Karanesa's so-called "short vowels" (not to be confused with phonetically short vowels) are /i u e o ə/; these are written with <i u e o a> respectively. The other vowels /ɨː eː oː ɛː ɔː a əː/ are written with accents on the closest short vowel: <î/û é ó ê ô á â>. The orthography used for /ɨː/ depends on if the following consonant is rounded: it uses <î> if it isn't, and <û> if it is.

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-'''New Karanesa''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|kaˈranɛsa}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in Quillan. Derived from the former prestige language in the Quill Kingdom, Imperial Karanesa, New Karanesa is a constructed language maintained to make reading of Karanesa Empire-era and earlier works easier. It is assumed to be mostly compatible with Imperial Karanesa, though they are separated by time, so its compatibility is impossible to evaluate for certain.
+'''New Karanesa''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|kaˈranɛsa}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in Quillan. Derived from the former prestige language in the Quill Kingdom, Imperial Karanesa, New Karanesa is a semi-constructed language, a standardized form of [[Karroka]] and [[High Karanesa]] created with the intent to make reading of Karanesa Empire-era and earlier works easier. It is assumed to be mostly compatible with Imperial Karanesa, though they are separated by time, so its compatibility is impossible to evaluate for certain.
 ==Introduction==
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
+|-
+! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
+| colspan="2" |
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
+| colspan="2" |
+| colspan="2" |
 |-
 ! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
+| colspan="2" |
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
 | colspan="2" |
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 ====Notes====
 * Fricatives /ɸ s ʃ θ/ become voiced [β z ʒ ð] in morpheme-final position.
-* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ often are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ].
+* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ usually are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ]. The voiced equivalents to /ʃ tʃ/ both are written differently to their unvoiced counterpart, but are usually pronounced [dʑ] in onset position, and [ʑ] in coda position, so these phonemes are merged.
+* Many phonemes, particularly /s z k g x/, palatalize to [ɕ ʑ c ʒ ç] when before /j/.
 * The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].
 * Approximants /j w ɺ/ tense to suave fricatives [ʝ ɣʷ ɮ] in intervocalic stressed position. In some dialects, this fricated pronunciation for /ɺ/ is actually closer to [ð].
@@ Line 173: / Line 181: @@
 ===Phonotactics===
-New Karanesa is a (C)(C)V(C) language. Generally speaking, syllables with one onset consonant and one coda consonant are more common than syllables with two onset consonants, which are more common than full syllables. The only onset clusters that can have a coda consonant are any consonant before an approximant or rhotic (that is, /j w ɺ r/) and any plosive after /s z/.
+New Karanesa is a (C)(C)V(C) language. Generally speaking, syllables with one onset consonant and one coda consonant are more common than syllables with two onset consonants, which are more common than full syllables. The only onset clusters that are attested are any non-palatal consonant before an approximant or rhotic (that is, /j w ɺ r/) and any plosive after /s/. Voiced plosives in this situation cause the /s/ to be voiced [z].
 New Karanesa's only phonemic diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw}}/. However, any two vowels can be separated by only a hiatus as long as the second vowel is not [i u]. This phonetically sounds similar to a diphthong.
 The following strings of phonemes that may occur due to affixes or compounding are not allowed:
-* Any phoneme followed by itself; if a conflict occurs, one is dropped for consonants.
+* Any sonorant followed by itself; if a conflict occurs, one is dropped for consonants.
 ** Vowel handling under this rule differs between dialects, though usually either they combine to a long vowel, or the latter vowel is given hard attack. Dialects where the latter is common may write such words as if they had an intervening /q/ between the vowels.
-* Two consecutive consonants that differ only in voicing; if a conflict occurs, then the voiced vowel is kept unless the prior vowel is phonetically short (/i u e o ə a/) and unstressed, then the unvoiced consonant is kept.
+* Two consecutive consonants that differ only in voicing; if a conflict occurs, then the unvoiced consonant becomes voiced unless the prior vowel is phonetically short (/i u e o ə a/) and unstressed, then the voiced consonant becomes unvoiced.
+* Any obstruent followed by another of the same manner of articulation; if this occurs, then the one closest to the root is duplicated to the one further from the root.
 ==Orthography==
@@ Line 188: / Line 197: @@
 ===Romanization===
 New Karanesa consonants are written as seen in the IPA, with the following exceptions:
-* /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ is written as ny
+* /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ is written as ny or nh
-* /{{IPA|ɲː}}/ is written as nny
 * /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is written as ng
-* /{{IPA|ŋː}}/ is written as nh
 * /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ is written as c
+* /{{IPA|dʒ}}/ is written as j
 * /{{IPA|x}}/ is written as h
 * /{{IPA|ɣ}}/ is written as rh
 * /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ is written as sh
-* /{{IPA|j}}/ is written as y in the onset (and in i-on-glide diphthongs) and i in the coda (in i-off-glide diphthongs)
+* /{{IPA|ʒ}}/ is written as zh
-* /{{IPA|w}}/ is written as w in the onset and u in the coda (in diphthongs)
+* /{{IPA|θ}}/ is written as th
+* /{{IPA|ɺ}}/ is written as l
+* /{{IPA|j}}/ is written as y
+* /{{IPA|ɸ}}/ is written as f
 New Karanesa's so-called "short vowels" (not to be confused with phonetically short vowels) are /i u e o ə/; these are written with &lt;i u e o a> respectively. The other vowels /ɨː eː oː ɛː ɔː a əː/ are written with accents on the closest short vowel: &lt;î/û é ó ê ô á â>. The orthography used for /ɨː/ depends on if the following consonant is rounded: it uses &lt;î> if it isn't, and &lt;û> if it is.