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|ancestor3        = Old Tefrian
|ancestor3        = Old Tefrian
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'''Tefrian''' ([[w:Help:IPA/English|/təˈfɹiːən/]] ''[[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|tə-ꜰʀᴇᴇ-ən]]''), natively called '''{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|دلسان پریشحشر}}''' (di'lisān Prayešeḥšur [dəlɪˈsaːn ˈpʰɾäɪ̯(ə)ʃəħˌʃʉɾ]), is a West-Asisic belonging to the [[Asisic languages|Asisic language family]]. It is, excluding diaspora, spoken entirely within Shardarate of Tefria, wherein it is recognized as the sole official language. It is the most spoken and most influential West-Asisic language, with about 3 million native speakers.
'''Tefrian''' ([[w:Help:IPA/English|/təˈfɹiːən/]] ''[[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|tə-ꜰʀᴇᴇ-ən]]''), natively called '''{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|دلسان پریشحشر}}''' (di'lisān Prayešeḥšur [dəlɪˈsaːn ˈpʰɾäɪ̯(ə)ʃəħˌʃʉɾ]), is a Tephricheic language belonging to the [[Asisic languages|Asisic language family]]. It is, excluding diaspora, spoken entirely within Shardarate of Tefria, wherein it is recognized as the sole official language. It is the most spoken and most influential West-Asisic language, with about 3 million native speakers.


==Classification==
==Classification==
Tefrian is a member of the Tephricheic branch of the [[Asisic languages]]. <sup>[TODO]</sup>
==Name==
==Name==
==History==
==History==
The known history of Tefrian can be divided into the following distinct periods:
===Old Tefrian===
===Old Tefrian===
Old Tefrian is thought to have began diverging from Proto-West Asisic during the 10th century BC, vaguely corresponding with the migration of Iranic groups into Modern-Day Persia. The oldest attestations of Tefrian are sparce inscriptions in [[w:Ancient South Arabian script|Old South Arabian]] and [[w:Old Persian cuneiform|Persian Cuneiform]] dated to the 8th century BC. Most of these inscriptions are of names or short prayers.
* ˀmbˤl  ḥfdn /ʔampaʕl ħafatan/ — "may Ambaal elevate us"
Due to its location, situated in the southeastern portion of the Arabian Peninsula along the gulf coast, Old Tefrian would come into direct contact with Persians, South Semites, and Eastern Arab tribes, evident by the many loanwords entering the language during the Old Tefrian period.
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! Modern Tefrian
! Old Tefrian
! borrowed source
! English translation
|-
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|شردار}}}} ''šerdār''
| ''šartār''
| Old Persian ''*xšaθradārah''
| shardar
|-
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|کلیڤ}}}} ''klayev''
| ''kʰ(u)lāf''
| Middle Persian ''kulāf⁠''
| hat
|-
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|چر}}}} ''cur''
| ''c(a)tūr''
| Middle Persian ''čādur''
| clothing
|-
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|امفعل}}}} ''emfeˤel''
| ''ampaˤl''
| Yemenite Arabic ''am-baˤl''
| Ambaal; master
|-
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|شۆل}}}} ''šöwel''
| ''šuyl''
| Yemenite Arabic ''šuÿl''
| affliction
|-
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|اۆدت}}}} ''ȳdut''
| ''yūtūtatʰ''
| Eastern Arabic ''judūdat''
| country
|-
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|حینت}}}} ''ḥeyent''
| ''ḫatʰan''
| Old South Arabian ''ḫtn''
| son-in-law
|-
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|طاڤ}}}} ''ṭãv''
| ''ṭanf''
| Old South Arabian ''ṭnf''
| cliff
|-
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|مطر}}}} ''maṭṭar''
| ''maṭṭar''
| Old South Arabian ''mqṭr''
| shrine
|}
===Modern Tefrian===
===Modern Tefrian===
The transition to the modern form of Tefrian was already complete by the 10th century AD, evident by the increasing number or [[w:Arabic script|Arabic-Script]] transcripts in Tefrian from that period onwards.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | Mid
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Mid
| e̞ [[w:Arabic_diacritics#Kasrah|◌ِ]]
| e̞ [[w:Arabic_diacritics#Kasrah|◌ِ]]
|  
| (ə)
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 239: Line 299:


The subordinate clauses precedes the main clause, beginning with either a conjunction or a relative pronoun.
The subordinate clauses precedes the main clause, beginning with either a conjunction or a relative pronoun.
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|یر}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ضیفڔ}}</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|حۆ}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اچلد}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اد}}</span><span style="background-color:#ffa6fb">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|م}}</span> <span style="background-color:#fffea6">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|زچیدم}}</span>  — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Yer</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">ċayfeṛ</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">ḥöwe</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">icild</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">ed</span><span style="background-color:#ffa6fb">em</span> <span style="background-color:#fffea6">zecīdem</span>''  — "<span style="background-color:#ffa6fb">My</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">father</span> <span style="background-color:#fffea6">told me</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">that</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">guests</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">are coming</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">today</span>"
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|یم}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ضیفڔ}}</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|حۆ}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اچلد}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اد}}</span><span style="background-color:#ffa6fb">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|م}}</span> <span style="background-color:#fffea6">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|زچیدم}}</span>  — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Yem</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">ċayfeṛ</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">ḥöwe</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">icild</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">ed</span><span style="background-color:#ffa6fb">em</span> <span style="background-color:#fffea6">zecīdem</span>''  — "<span style="background-color:#ffa6fb">My</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">father</span> <span style="background-color:#fffea6">told me</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">that</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">guests</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">are coming</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">today</span>"


Yes-no questions are structured the same way as non-interrogative sentences. Interrogative sentences with interrogative pronouns place the interrogative pronoun in the object position.
Yes-no questions are structured the same way as non-interrogative sentences. Interrogative sentences with interrogative pronouns place the interrogative pronoun in the object position.
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | irregular
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | irregular
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|ڤر}}}} ''vir''<br /><span style="color:gray">"man"</span>
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|ڤر}}}} ''vir''<br /><span style="color:gray">"man"</span>
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ڤر}} ''veyeˤ''<br /><span style="color:gray">"men"</span>
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ڤیع}} ''veyeˤ''<br /><span style="color:gray">"men"</span>
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|ارض}}}} ''eraċ''<br /><span style="color:gray">"land"</span>
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|ارض}}}} ''eraċ''<br /><span style="color:gray">"land"</span>
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! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | direct
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ير}} ''yer''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ير}} ''yer''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|يم}} ''yem'
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|يم}} ''yem''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|يس}} ''yes''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|يس}} ''yes''
|-
|-
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! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | direct
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اش}} ''uš''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اش}} ''uš''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|قد}} ''qod'
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|قد}} ''qod''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|حر}} ''ḥor''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|حر}} ''ḥor''
|-
|-
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|}
|}
</div>
</div>
Tefrian doesn't have the so-called "[[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]]" between familiar and formal modes of address.


3rd-person pronouns also double as demonstratives.
3rd-person pronouns also double as demonstratives.
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|طو}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|شفر}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">ṭaw</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">šufr</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">this/that</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">book</span>"
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|طو}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|شفر}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">ṭaw</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">šufr</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">this/that</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">book</span>"
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Tefrian verbs conjugate for person, number, and mood, and express things such as tense and negation using prefixation.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ '''Conjugation of {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|{{c|عف}}}} ''ˤef'''''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Active
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Passive
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفم}} ''ˤefem''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفن}} ''ˤefen''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفمر}} ''ˤefmer''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفنت}} ''ˤefnet''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفش}} ''ˤefeš''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفر}} ''ˤefer''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفشر}} ''ˤefšer''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفرت}} ''ˤefret''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفد}} ''ˤefed''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفلد}} ''ˤefeld''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفتر}} ''ˤefter''
| {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفلت}} ''ˤeflet''
|}
====Verbal Prefixes====
=====Negation=====
The prefix {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ناـ}} ''nã-'' is used to negate verbs.
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفم}} ''ˤefem, "I make"'' → {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ناعفم}} ''nãˤfem, "I do not make"''
=====Tense=====
The prefix {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|زـ}} ''ze-'' is used to put verbs in the simple past tense.
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفم}} ''ˤefem'' → {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|زعفم}} ''zeˤfem, "I made"''
And the prefix {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اـ}} ''i-'' is used to put verbs in the simple past tense.
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|عفم}} ''ˤefem'' → {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اعفم}} ''iˤfem, "I will make"''
The aforementioned negation prefix also combines with the tensal prefixes.
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ناعفم}} ''nãˤfem'' → {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|زاعفم}} ''zãˤfem, "I did not make"''
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ناعفم}} ''nãˤfem'' → {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ایعفم}} ''ẽˤfem, "I will not make"''
=====Preverbs=====
Preverbs express adverbial senses such as location, direction, time, and relation. Preverbs go after negation/tense prefixes. Below are some common preverbs:
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|حـ}}  — ''ḥi-''  — "in, within, inside, into, here, herein"
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|شـ}}  — ''ši-''  — "there, therein, thereto, towards"
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|مـ}}  — ''mu-''  — "together, not alone, with the assistance of someone or something"
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|دـ}}  — ''da-''  — "again, one more time"
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|رـ}}  — ''re-''  — "out of, outside, outside of, outwards"
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ادـ}}  — ''ed(e)-''  — "to, towards, in the direction of"
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|حڤـ}}  — ''ḥev-''  — "away, away from, far, far away"
* {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ڤرـ}}  — ''vor-''  — "for, in order to"


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
<sup>[TODO]</sup>
==Example text==
==Example text==
<sup>[TODO]</sup>
==See also==
==See also==
<sup>[TODO]</sup>
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