Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions

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|fam1 = East Taktapṣaikhulu ''(areal)''

|ancestor = Pre-Dundulanyä

|creator = [[User:Lili21~~|Lili21]]~~

|creator = User:Lili21

|stand1 = Modern Standard Dundulanyä

|script1 = Dundulanyä abugida

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}}

'''Dundulanyä''' {{IPA|[dundulɐnjɛ]}}, natively known as ''dundulanyä ḫamfafa''<ref>Literally "Dundulanyä our-language", with a 1PL possessive; the stylistic variant ''dundulanyä ḫamfarān'' (lit. "Dundulanyä their-language") is sometimes found in neutral contexts.</ref> {{IPA|[dundulɐnjɛ ħɐmɸɐɸɐ]}}, is the most spoken language on the planet [[Verse:Eventoa|Eventoa]] (Dun.: ''Lelḫajāṃrya''). It is the official language of the Confederation of the United Dundulanyä Republics, which ~~makes it~~ the ~~main lingua franca across~~ the two southern hemisphere continents, Lusaṃrīte - where it originated - and Jūhma.

'''Dundulanyä''' {{IPA|[dundulɐnjɛ]}}, natively known as ''dundulanyä ḫamfafa''<ref>Literally "Dundulanyä our-language", with a 1PL possessive; the stylistic variant ''dundulanyä ḫamfarān'' (lit. "Dundulanyä their-language") is sometimes found in neutral contexts.</ref> {{IPA|[dundulɐnjɛ ħɐmɸɐɸɐ]}}, is the most spoken language on the planet [[Verse:Eventoa|Eventoa]] (Dun.: ''Lelḫajāṃrya''). It is the official language of the Confederation of the United Dundulanyä Republics, the pluricultural political entity which occupies the majority of the two southern hemisphere continents, Lusaṃrīte - where the language itself originated - and Jūhma, where it is the main lingua franca.

Dundulanyä itself has a long history, being first attested about ~~2400~~ years before the present in the areas of Central Lusaṃrīte, where the Dundulanyä civilization first developed; through ~~successive empires~~ and ~~religious proselytism~~, people and language spread across many areas of the continent - most notably Dundulanyä-ifying the north shore of the Inland Seas by the end of Classical Lusaṃrītene Antiquity. As the ~~dominant~~ civilization of Lusaṃrīte, the Dundulanyä spread their language to become the main lingua franca of trade and culture in most of the continent and in eastern Jūhma; the massive demographical changes brought by the epidemics that were the result of increased contact with the civilizations ~~of the northern hemisphere~~ effectively enabled the Dundulanyä culture to spread in areas where formerly other ~~civilizations were~~ dominant. By the modern and contemporary eras, a more standardized version of classical Dundulanyä remained the lingua franca among multiple peoples across Lusaṃrīte and Jūhma, and the situation remained more or less the same after the collapse of the Fifth Dundulanyä Empire and through the Three Leagues Period.

Dundulanyä itself has a long history, being first attested about 2600 years before the present in the areas of Central Lusaṃrīte, in the region of Taktapṣikha, where the Dundulanyä civilization first developed; through religious, cultural and political expansion, people and language spread across many areas of the continent, most notably Dundulanyä-ifying the north shore of the Inland Seas by the end of Classical Lusaṃrītene Antiquity. As the most advanced civilization on Lusaṃrīte, the Dundulanyä spread their language to become the main lingua franca of trade and culture in most of the continent and in eastern Jūhma; then, the massive demographical changes brought by the epidemics that were the result of increased contact with the Northern hemisphere civilizations effectively enabled the Dundulanyä culture to spread in areas where formerly other cultures had been dominant. By the modern and contemporary eras, a more standardized version of classical Dundulanyä remained the lingua franca among multiple peoples across Lusaṃrīte and Jūhma, and the situation remained more or less the same after the collapse of the Fifth Dundulanyä Empire and through the Three Leagues Period.

Today, Dundulanyä is the official language of the Confederation of the United Dundulanyä Republics (''laḫlurayäh dundulanyäɂi lileṣkorukṣarte śūsmurdibeṣarān'')~~, the multicultural political entity that is dominant throughout Lusaṃrīte and Jūhma~~; the standard language is a heavily ~~standardized~~ version of the classical language, with many of the less regular forms having fallen out of use after one millennium of being essentially a L2 for the totality of its speakers; high style language and creative usage, however, still uses forms ~~that have fallen out of use~~ in the everyday language. Dundulanyä, ~~along~~ with ~~any~~ of ~~the regional~~ languages of the ~~Confederation~~, is the main language for ~~its~~ 1,9 billion ~~inhabitants~~, a number to which should be added a substantial amount of foreign users in virtually all other countries in Lusaṃrīte and Jūhma.

Today, Dundulanyä is the official language of the Confederation of the United Dundulanyä Republics (''laḫlurayäh dundulanyäɂi lileṣkorukṣarte śūsmurdibeṣarān''); the standard language is a heavily prescriptive and codified version of the classical language, with many of the less regular forms having fallen out of use after one millennium of being essentially a second language for the totality of its speakers; high style language and creative usage, however, still uses forms no longer used in the everyday language. Dundulanyä, coexisting in diglossia with hundreds of languages - its own daughter languages, creoles based on Dundulanyä, or completely unrelated ones - together known as the "vernaculars" or ''tūsahufāni'', is the main language for the 1,9 billion people living in the Confederation, a number to which should be added a substantial amount of foreign users in virtually all other countries in Lusaṃrīte and Jūhma.

~~Both the language and the setting are still under construction: see the [[Dundulanyä#External history|External history section on this page]] for more~~.

==Internal history==

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In the name of the language, ''dundulanyä ḫamfafa'', for example, ''dundulanyä'' is a bound form that however has the same form as the direct, due to the noun having a stem ending in a vowel. Some more examples of bound forms:

* ''~~imut~~ naviṣyaɂe'' "the teacher's book", ''~~imut~~'' being the bound form of ''~~imute~~'' "teacher", and ''naviṣya'' "book" being marked with the 3SG possessive ''ɂe''.

* ''līdad naviṣyaɂe'' "the teacher's book", ''līdad'' being the bound form of ''līdade'' "teacher", and ''naviṣya'' "book" being marked with the 3SG possessive ''ɂe''.

* ''nūrī dvārmaɂe'' "the child's room", ''nūrī'' being the bound form of ''nūrya'' "child".

* ''līv yude'' "3SG stands in the flat", where the positional verb ''yu-de-'' "to stand inside" requires its argument ''līve'' to be in the bound form ''līv''.

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|+Non-ablauting consonant stem 1st declension

|-

! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | ''~~imut~~-'' "~~teacher~~"

! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | ''śiv-'' "image, representation, photo"

|-

! Singular !! Dual !! Plural

|-

! Direct

| '''~~imute~~''' || rowspan=2 | ~~imutive~~ || rowspan=2 | ~~imuti~~

| '''śive''' || rowspan=2 | śivive || rowspan=2 | śivi

|-

! Vocative

| ~~imut~~

| śiv

|-

! Ergative

| ~~imutē~~ || ~~imutīyat~~ || ~~imutām~~

| śivē || śivīyat || śivām

|-

! Accusative

| ~~imutat~~ || ~~imutītha~~ || ~~imutaih~~

| śivat || śivītha || śivaih

|-

! Dative

| ~~imutak~~ || ~~imutīma~~ || ~~imutumi~~

| śivak || śivīma || śivumi

|-

! Ablative

| ~~imutū~~ || ~~imuteṣu~~ || ~~imutenī~~

| śivū || śiveṣu || śivenī

|-

! Locative

| ~~imutā~~ || rowspan=2 | ~~imutehe~~ || ~~imutän~~

| śivā || rowspan=2 | śivehe || śivän

|-

! Essive

| rowspan=2 | ~~imutī~~ || ~~imutoṭu~~

| rowspan=2 | śivī || śivoṭu

|-

! Instrumental

| ~~imutāl~~ || ~~imutenīka~~

| śivāl || śivenīka

|-

! Bound form

| ~~imut~~ || ~~imutiv~~ || ~~imutī~~

| śiv || śiviv || śivī

|}

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: ''naviṣyayäh hiyome ga padacyūse'''bu'''.'' "This is my favourite book." (lit.: "among books, this is my favourite")

An explicit possessor is marked used the bound form (typically together with third person clitics, but not exclusively):

: ''~~imut~~ nādaśrūṣe'''ɂe''''' "the teacher's bike"

: ''līdad nādaśrūṣe'''ɂe''''' "the teacher's bike"

: ''buneyev pūnuḍu'''hin''''' "the two older sisters' jobs"

: ''dundulanyä ḫamfa'''fa''''' "the Dundulanyä language" (lit.: "the language of us, the Dundulanyä")

Bound forms can also be marked with possessive clitics on their own:

: ''~~imut~~'''rān''' nādaśrūṣe'''ɂe''''' "their teacher's bike"

: ''līdad'''rān''' nādaśrūṣe'''ɂe''''' "their teacher's bike"

: ''buneyev'''bu''' pūnuḍu'''hin''''' "my two older sisters' jobs"

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: ''lalāruṇai fanēyai kuka '''ga''' irāḍai.'' "Lalāruṇai<ref>Giant domestic lizards endemic to central Lusaṃrīte: in Dundulanyä culture and history they have a role similar to horses.</ref> and capybaras are animals."

In any role outside of the direct knowledge indicative present, the copula is replaced by the (regular) verb ''jall-'':

: ''kālomīye ~~dariśah~~ '''jallī'''.'' "Kālomīye was a ~~dancer~~."

: ''kālomīye nindade '''jallī'''.'' "Kālomīye was a/the guide."

: ''kālomīye ~~dariśah~~ '''jalliṣya'''.'' "Kālomīye will be a ~~dancer~~."

: ''kālomīye nindade '''jalliṣya'''.'' "Kālomīye will be a/the guide."

However, whenever temporal adverbs that imply a non-present tense are found, '''ga''' is used instead:

: ''prānilau ~~kālomīye~~ '''ga''' dariśah.'' "Tomorrow, Kālomīye will be a ~~dancer~~."

: ''prānilau nindade '''ga''' dariśah.'' "Tomorrow, Kālomīye will be a/the guide."

The same particle '''ga''' doubles as an adpositive particle, joining nouns together in noun phrases:

: ''līlasuṃghāṇa '''ga''' marta'' "city of Līlasuṃghāṇa"

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: ''hine saṃhāram '''idu''' ṣurlāke.'' "This boy is not Ṣurlāke."

: ''kālomīye '''idu''' ñältahbu.'' "Kālomīye is not my sister."

: ''prānilau kālomīye '''idu''' ~~dariśah~~.'' "Tomorrow, Kālomīye will not be a ~~dancer~~."

: ''prānilau kālomīye '''idu''' nindade.'' "Tomorrow, Kālomīye will not be a/the guide."

: ''kālomīye ~~dariśah~~ '''jalliṣiga va'''.'' "Kālomīye will not be a ~~dancer~~."

: ''kālomīye nindade '''jalliṣiga va'''.'' "Kālomīye will not be a/the guide."

First- and second-person pronouns have synthetic (fused) copular forms:

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: ''āna lila '''umūm'''.'' "That person is good."

: ''hiyome '''idu cami'''.'' "This is not important."

The word ''didya'' "more" is either a copular adjective on its own, or part of a copular adjective phrase, therefore not considered a form of the copula:

: ''śārepai '''didya'''.'' "The dogs are more/in a greater number/There are more dogs."

: ''maihasin '''didya lalla'''.'' "Your daughter is taller."

: ''p̃aiṣubin '''idu didya lalla'''.'' "Our son is not taller."

===Numerals (''dhujāvāmi'')===

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| phrase = didya kamīne – yaivū uśudam tati naigū va tati idatvaḫa geṇṭha hulinē niqirblī.

| morphemes = didya kamīne – yaiv-ū uśud-∅-∅-m tati nai-g-ū-∅ va tati id<a>tvaḫ-∅-∅-a geṇṭh-∅-∅-a hulin-ē niqirbl-∅-∅-ī

| gloss = all-ABL. understand.PERF-EXP-PAT-1SG.IND. QUOT. say.IMP-IRR-AG-3. NEG. QUOT. offend.PERF-EXP-PAT-3.IND. old-EXP-PAT-PRES.3SG.IND. woman-ERG.SG. exclaim-EXP.PAT-PAST.3SG.IND.

| gloss = more. now. all-ABL. understand.PERF-EXP-PAT-1SG.IND. QUOT. say.IMP-IRR-AG-3. NEG. QUOT. offend.PERF-EXP-PAT-3.IND. old-EXP-PAT-PRES.3SG.IND. woman-ERG.SG. exclaim-EXP.PAT-PAST.3SG.IND.

| translation = “Don’t tell me that you understood them this time,” exclaimed the woman crossly.

}}

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 |fam1              = East Taktapṣaikhulu <small>''(areal)''</small>
 |ancestor          = Pre-Dundulanyä
-|creator           = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
+|creator           = User:Lili21
 |stand1            = Modern Standard Dundulanyä
 |script1           = Dundulanyä abugida
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 }}
-'''Dundulanyä''' {{IPA|[dundulɐnjɛ]}}, natively known as ''dundulanyä ḫamfafa''<ref>Literally "Dundulanyä our-language", with a 1PL possessive; the stylistic variant ''dundulanyä ḫamfarān'' (lit. "Dundulanyä their-language") is sometimes found in neutral contexts.</ref> {{IPA|[dundulɐnjɛ ħɐmɸɐɸɐ]}}, is the most spoken language on the planet [[Verse:Eventoa|Eventoa]] (Dun.: ''Lelḫajāṃrya''). It is the official language of the Confederation of the United Dundulanyä Republics, which makes it the main lingua franca across the two southern hemisphere continents, Lusaṃrīte - where it originated - and Jūhma.
+'''Dundulanyä''' {{IPA|[dundulɐnjɛ]}}, natively known as ''dundulanyä ḫamfafa''<ref>Literally "Dundulanyä our-language", with a 1PL possessive; the stylistic variant ''dundulanyä ḫamfarān'' (lit. "Dundulanyä their-language") is sometimes found in neutral contexts.</ref> {{IPA|[dundulɐnjɛ ħɐmɸɐɸɐ]}}, is the most spoken language on the planet [[Verse:Eventoa|Eventoa]] (Dun.: ''Lelḫajāṃrya''). It is the official language of the Confederation of the United Dundulanyä Republics, the pluricultural political entity which occupies the majority of the two southern hemisphere continents, Lusaṃrīte - where the language itself originated - and Jūhma, where it is the main lingua franca.
-Dundulanyä itself has a long history, being first attested about 2400 years before the present in the areas of Central Lusaṃrīte, where the Dundulanyä civilization first developed; through successive empires and religious proselytism, people and language spread across many areas of the continent - most notably Dundulanyä-ifying the north shore of the Inland Seas by the end of Classical Lusaṃrītene Antiquity. As the dominant civilization of Lusaṃrīte, the Dundulanyä spread their language to become the main lingua franca of trade and culture in most of the continent and in eastern Jūhma; the massive demographical changes brought by the epidemics that were the result of increased contact with the civilizations of the northern hemisphere effectively enabled the Dundulanyä culture to spread in areas where formerly other civilizations were dominant. By the modern and contemporary eras, a more standardized version of classical Dundulanyä remained the lingua franca among multiple peoples across Lusaṃrīte and Jūhma, and the situation remained more or less the same after the collapse of the Fifth Dundulanyä Empire and through the Three Leagues Period.
+Dundulanyä itself has a long history, being first attested about 2600 years before the present in the areas of Central Lusaṃrīte, in the region of Taktapṣikha, where the Dundulanyä civilization first developed; through religious, cultural and political expansion, people and language spread across many areas of the continent, most notably Dundulanyä-ifying the north shore of the Inland Seas by the end of Classical Lusaṃrītene Antiquity. As the most advanced civilization on Lusaṃrīte, the Dundulanyä spread their language to become the main lingua franca of trade and culture in most of the continent and in eastern Jūhma; then, the massive demographical changes brought by the epidemics that were the result of increased contact with the Northern hemisphere civilizations effectively enabled the Dundulanyä culture to spread in areas where formerly other cultures had been dominant. By the modern and contemporary eras, a more standardized version of classical Dundulanyä remained the lingua franca among multiple peoples across Lusaṃrīte and Jūhma, and the situation remained more or less the same after the collapse of the Fifth Dundulanyä Empire and through the Three Leagues Period.
-Today, Dundulanyä is the official language of the Confederation of the United Dundulanyä Republics (''laḫlurayäh dundulanyäɂi lileṣkorukṣarte śūsmurdibeṣarān''), the multicultural political entity that is dominant throughout Lusaṃrīte and Jūhma; the standard language is a heavily standardized version of the classical language, with many of the less regular forms having fallen out of use after one millennium of being essentially a L2 for the totality of its speakers; high style language and creative usage, however, still uses forms that have fallen out of use in the everyday language. Dundulanyä, along with any of the regional languages of the Confederation, is the main language for its 1,9 billion inhabitants, a number to which should be added a substantial amount of foreign users in virtually all other countries in Lusaṃrīte and Jūhma.
+Today, Dundulanyä is the official language of the Confederation of the United Dundulanyä Republics (''laḫlurayäh dundulanyäɂi lileṣkorukṣarte śūsmurdibeṣarān''); the standard language is a heavily prescriptive and codified version of the classical language, with many of the less regular forms having fallen out of use after one millennium of being essentially a second language for the totality of its speakers; high style language and creative usage, however, still uses forms no longer used in the everyday language. Dundulanyä, coexisting in diglossia with hundreds of languages - its own daughter languages, creoles based on Dundulanyä, or completely unrelated ones - together known as the "vernaculars" or ''tūsahufāni'', is the main language for the 1,9 billion people living in the Confederation, a number to which should be added a substantial amount of foreign users in virtually all other countries in Lusaṃrīte and Jūhma.
-Both the language and the setting are still under construction: see the [[Dundulanyä#External history|External history section on this page]] for more.
 ==Internal history==
@@ Line 310: / Line 308: @@
 In the name of the language, ''dundulanyä ḫamfafa'', for example, ''dundulanyä'' is a bound form that however has the same form as the direct, due to the noun having a stem ending in a vowel. Some more examples of bound forms:
-* ''imut naviṣyaɂe'' "the teacher's book", ''imut'' being the bound form of ''imute'' "teacher", and ''naviṣya'' "book" being marked with the 3SG possessive ''ɂe''.
+* ''līdad naviṣyaɂe'' "the teacher's book", ''līdad'' being the bound form of ''līdade'' "teacher", and ''naviṣya'' "book" being marked with the 3SG possessive ''ɂe''.
 * ''nūrī dvārmaɂe'' "the child's room", ''nūrī'' being the bound form of ''nūrya'' "child".
 * ''līv yude'' "3SG stands in the flat", where the positional verb ''yu-de-'' "to stand inside" requires its argument ''līve'' to be in the bound form ''līv''.
@@ Line 558: / Line 556: @@
 |+Non-ablauting consonant stem 1st declension
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | ''imut-''<br/>"teacher"
+! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | ''śiv-''<br/>"image, representation, photo"
 |-
 ! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
 |-
 ! <small>Direct</small>
-| '''imute''' || rowspan=2 | imutive || rowspan=2 | imuti
+| '''śive''' || rowspan=2 | śivive || rowspan=2 | śivi
 |-
 ! <small>Vocative</small>
-| imut
+| śiv
 |-
 ! <small>Ergative</small>
-| imutē || imutīyat || imutām
+| śivē || śivīyat || śivām
 |-
 ! <small>Accusative</small>
-| imutat || imutītha || imutaih
+| śivat || śivītha || śivaih
 |-
 ! <small>Dative</small>
-| imutak || imutīma || imutumi
+| śivak || śivīma || śivumi
 |-
 ! <small>Ablative</small>
-| imutū || imuteṣu || imutenī
+| śivū || śiveṣu || śivenī
 |-
 ! <small>Locative</small>
-| imutā || rowspan=2 | imutehe || imutän
+| śivā || rowspan=2 | śivehe || śivän
 |-
 ! <small>Essive</small>
-| rowspan=2 | imutī || imutoṭu
+| rowspan=2 | śivī || śivoṭu
 |-
 ! <small>Instrumental</small>
-| imutāl || imutenīka
+| śivāl || śivenīka
 |-
 ! <small>Bound form</small>
-| imut || imutiv || imutī
+| śiv || śiviv || śivī
 |}
 {{col-break}}
@@ Line 1,144: / Line 1,142: @@
 : ''naviṣyayäh hiyome ga padacyūse'''bu'''.'' "This is my favourite book." (lit.: "among books, this is my favourite")
 An explicit possessor is marked used the bound form (typically together with third person clitics, but not exclusively):
-: ''imut nādaśrūṣe'''ɂe''''' "the teacher's bike"
+: ''līdad nādaśrūṣe'''ɂe''''' "the teacher's bike"
 : ''buneyev pūnuḍu'''hin''''' "the two older sisters' jobs"
 : ''dundulanyä ḫamfa'''fa''''' "the Dundulanyä language" (lit.: "the language of us, the Dundulanyä")
 Bound forms can also be marked with possessive clitics on their own:
-: ''imut'''rān''' nādaśrūṣe'''ɂe''''' "their teacher's bike"
+: ''līdad'''rān''' nādaśrūṣe'''ɂe''''' "their teacher's bike"
 : ''buneyev'''bu''' pūnuḍu'''hin''''' "my two older sisters' jobs"
@@ Line 1,423: / Line 1,421: @@
 : ''lalāruṇai fanēyai kuka '''ga''' irāḍai.'' "Lalāruṇai<ref>Giant domestic lizards endemic to central Lusaṃrīte: in Dundulanyä culture and history they have a role similar to horses.</ref> and capybaras are animals."
 In any role outside of the direct knowledge indicative present, the copula is replaced by the (regular) verb ''jall-'':
-: ''kālomīye dariśah '''jallī'''.'' "Kālomīye was a dancer."
+: ''kālomīye nindade '''jallī'''.'' "Kālomīye was a/the guide."
-: ''kālomīye dariśah '''jalliṣya'''.'' "Kālomīye will be a dancer."
+: ''kālomīye nindade '''jalliṣya'''.'' "Kālomīye will be a/the guide."
 However, whenever temporal adverbs that imply a non-present tense are found, '''ga''' is used instead:
-: ''prānilau kālomīye '''ga''' dariśah.'' "Tomorrow, Kālomīye will be a dancer."
+: ''prānilau nindade '''ga''' dariśah.'' "Tomorrow, Kālomīye will be a/the guide."
 The same particle '''ga''' doubles as an adpositive particle, joining nouns together in noun phrases:
 : ''līlasuṃghāṇa '''ga''' marta'' "city of Līlasuṃghāṇa"
@@ Line 1,435: / Line 1,433: @@
 : ''hine saṃhāram '''idu''' ṣurlāke.'' "This boy is not Ṣurlāke."
 : ''kālomīye '''idu''' ñältahbu.'' "Kālomīye is not my sister."
-: ''prānilau kālomīye '''idu''' dariśah.'' "Tomorrow, Kālomīye will not be a dancer."
+: ''prānilau kālomīye '''idu''' nindade.'' "Tomorrow, Kālomīye will not be a/the guide."
-: ''kālomīye dariśah '''jalliṣiga va'''.'' "Kālomīye will not be a dancer."
+: ''kālomīye nindade '''jalliṣiga va'''.'' "Kālomīye will not be a/the guide."
 First- and second-person pronouns have synthetic (fused) copular forms:
@@ Line 1,445: / Line 1,443: @@
 : ''āna lila '''umūm'''.'' "That person is good."
 : ''hiyome '''idu cami'''.'' "This is not important."
+The word ''didya'' "more" is either a copular adjective on its own, or part of a copular adjective phrase, therefore not considered a form of the copula:
+: ''śārepai '''didya'''.'' "The dogs are more/in a greater number/There are more dogs."
+: ''maihasin '''didya lalla'''.'' "Your daughter is taller."
+: ''p̃aiṣubin '''idu didya lalla'''.'' "Our son is not taller."
 ===Numerals (''dhujāvāmi'')===
@@ Line 2,441: / Line 2,443: @@
 | phrase = didya kamīne – yaivū uśudam tati naigū va tati idatvaḫa geṇṭha hulinē niqirblī.
 | morphemes = didya kamīne – yaiv-ū uśud-∅-∅-m tati nai-g-ū-∅ va tati id<a>tvaḫ-∅-∅-a geṇṭh-∅-∅-a hulin-ē niqirbl-∅-∅-ī
-| gloss = all-<small>ABL</small>. understand.<small>PERF-EXP-PAT-1SG.IND</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. say.<small>IMP-IRR-AG-3</small>. <small>NEG</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. offend.<small>PERF-EXP-PAT-3.IND</small>. old-<small>EXP-PAT-PRES.3SG.IND</small>. woman-<small>ERG.SG</small>. exclaim-<small>EXP.PAT-PAST.3SG.IND</small>.
+| gloss = more. now. all-<small>ABL</small>. understand.<small>PERF-EXP-PAT-1SG.IND</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. say.<small>IMP-IRR-AG-3</small>. <small>NEG</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. offend.<small>PERF-EXP-PAT-3.IND</small>. old-<small>EXP-PAT-PRES.3SG.IND</small>. woman-<small>ERG.SG</small>. exclaim-<small>EXP.PAT-PAST.3SG.IND</small>.
 | translation = “Don’t tell me that you understood them this time,” exclaimed the woman crossly.
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