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| {{Construction}} | | {{Construction}} |
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| Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance. | | Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable. Examples are the elvish languages from J R. R. Tolkien's [[w:Middle-earth|Middle-earth]]. |
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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
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| | Bright Tongue vs Dark Tongue<br> |
| | *lack of gutturals vs lack of labials |
| | *synthesis vs anathesis |
| | *words don't repeat vs words repeat |
| | *diphthongs allowed vs diphthongs forbidden |
| | *only sonorants as free coda vs only stops as free coda |
| | *constraints... |
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| | '''The catch is that no Bright or Dark Tongue is fully understood. The former is far too complicated (though steady) to be learned by Men, while the latter is easily taught in vain, as its dialects change rapidly compared to a human's life span.''' |
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| ==Phonology==
| | Dark tongues may access /ɥ/ |
| The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Labial
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| |-
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| ! Sonorant
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| | l r
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| | n m
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| |-
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| ! Non-Sonorant
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| | ʃ d
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| | f b
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| |}
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| The
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
| | K [associated with choking |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Center
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| |-
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| !
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| | i ɛ
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| | a ae̯
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| |}
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| ===Sound Laws===
| | P [associated with kissing |
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| Accurate Elvish
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| *Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
| | In Veno's Dark Tongue |
| *Lenition/Dissimilation: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
| | ''gog yoguguluk'' "X speaks" |
| EX: Adamic ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''al'' and ''elvi'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
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| *Assimilation:
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| *Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
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| *Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
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| m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
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| m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
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| r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
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| r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
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| r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
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| r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
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| */s/ and /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
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| EX: The hypothetical ''iridin'' becomes ''eren''
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| *Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.
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| | ''yo-'' "X" + ''-gu-'' [X] + ''-g-'' [X] +''-ul-'' [X] + ''-uk'' [X] |
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| | sebeze paddaen adres nirdasbar vs zhogodosh kaktatona atrosh nurtaskara |
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| | ''ídrā naiaris'' "I was bitten by a serpent", ''siverae aebidis'' "I was bitten by a mosquito" ... |
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| alba "people" [alf, elbi]
| | nazil "flower", naevalla "sword" |
| arda "things" [arc, irida]
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| alma "high faculties" [a, elmi]
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| arna "emotions, sensations" [an, erni]
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| amba "time" [amf, embi]
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| anda "space" [anc, inida]
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| -
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| endar "land", arni "lands"
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| embal "celestial body", ambeli...
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| | belep (nom) bellī (pl) albā (col)<br> |
| | bel (acc) parabel (pl) ambī (col)<br> |
| | elbī (gen) il (pl) pasadarvā (col)<br> |
| | vs |
| | gog, gog-nagog<br> |
| | gogash, gog-nagogash<br> |
| | gogu, gog-nagogu<br> |
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| NA > ni [0], nae [1]
| | *Belep vs gog |
| alba enir
| | *Balardemea vs kalaradunga |
| ni, pe, ae
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| MA
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| NA
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| PA
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| TA
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| LA
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| RA
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| -
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| ALBA
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| ARDA
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| AMBA
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| ANDA
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| ALMA
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| ARNA
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| aia aio
| | Mixed Breed Dark Tongue: |
| | ''gog yoguguluk dash'' /ɠɔɠ ɥoɠuɠuɠuluk daʃ/ |
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| nao aocar i
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| nua valár
| | Pure Breed Dark Tongue: |
| | ''kꜣ̥k yꜣ̥kwkwlwk tsh'' /ƙħ̩ƙ ɥ̊ħ̩ƙʷƙʷlʷƙ tʃ/ |
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| ni erec alber
| | Vocabulary drawn from the Lovecraft Mythos, Tolkien's Legendarium ... |
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| fla
| | ''rꜣlyẙh khlw̥hllw'' "city", ''kl̥ rꜣ̥k'' "demon", ''ns̥k kw̥l'' "ghost", ''shw̥k nw̥kwrth'' "goat" |
| alf
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| *analytic
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| *one article
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| *no declension
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| *context and syntax play important role
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| ni arc alber
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| ni erec alber =/= ni erec er alf
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| ni irida alber
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| iru > eri > ere
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| ni, mi
| | Laiberim |
| ec, fe
| | Ungrauzuru |
| al, ar
| | Trizandir |
| | Naevalla |
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| iru > eri > ere
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| iru > eri > ere > irida
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| /r/ > /rd/
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| e > i
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| r > rVdV
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| anu/nua > ni
| | If without D-equilibrium: |
| ani/nia > ne
| | *Language rich in consonants and no vowels |
| ana/nā > na
| | *Language rich in vowels and no consonants |
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| ''Elbi irida ni indili'' = ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ''
| | *Language rich in intersegmentals and no metasegmentals |
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| | ''wl̥krꜣn'' /w̥l̩krħn̥/, ''kl̥x'' /kl̩ks/, ''wr̥l'' /w̥r̩l/, ''kr̥kt'' /kr̩kt/, ''tn̥c'' /tn̩ts/, ''tn̥k'' /tn̩k/ ''nẙx'' /n̥ĭks/, ''lw̥kwky'' /l̥ŭkʷkʲ/, ''sꜣ̥t'' /sʕ̩t/. |
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| Ni irida eren, ec cilma
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| Tua hícal, rī askút
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| iku [Adamic] > ihu (canon law) > *ehi (enlightment of vowels) > *ei (enlightment of consonants) > ae (enlightment of vowels)
| | /jɪee̞ɛæa īi̯/ |
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| | īy ay "the man", ī īnain "the mountain" |
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| /h/ > /∅/
| | A pure anathetic language would rather focus on the combinations of words than the words themselves (meaningless individually in this case): In Veno's Dark Tongue, associations strike as grammatical in zodrak hu "dog" versus hu zodrak "cat". |
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| ihu
| | A pure magis-synthetic language focuses instead on words of a variety of meanings. In Veno's Bright Tongue, elbī is a genitive of "person". |
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| ehi
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| ae
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| e
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| | Anathesis: In Portuguese, ''ca'' alone means nothing, as does ''sa'', yet ''casa'' means "house". Synthesis: In Latin, the particle ''-orum'' means not only [genitive], but also [plural] and [masculine]/[neuter]. Agglutination, on the other hand, is the neutral morphological nature. |
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| ni irida andal
| | degrees of purity |
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| ere & irida > -c-
| | important remark: anathesis is not that the components don't have meaning, but that the composition has a novel meaning because of them |
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| ===Consonants=== | | ==Phonology== |
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| ===Vowels===
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics=== | | ===Sound Laws=== |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots.
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| ni irida eren...
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| From one root, many stems are forged
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| ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)...
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| ALMA > ELEME
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| eldar (alba-endar)
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| erbal (arda-elbar)
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| arbelë
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| ilben, ilbini
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| eleben, af
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| lef, felin
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| ilmen, ilmini
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| elemen, am
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| lem, melin
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| irdem, irdimi
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| eredem, erc
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| rec, cerin
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |