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| In [[Verse:Angai]], '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''bry lleɂang Dylethyzz'' /prə 'ɬɛʔaŋ tə'lɛθəz/ CLF language Dylath-ADJ) is a highly conservative [[Trans-Sarnathian languages|Trans-Sarnathian]] language with a Welsh-like grammar and a loosely Welsh-like aesthetic. Dylathian and its closest relatives are spoken in the Dylathian plateau and the Sarnathian mountain range in the borderlands of Aem-Zmaə, which contains Mt. ___, the highest mountain in Angai. Dylathian and its neighboring relatives are vital for reconstructing the early history of the Trans-Sarnathian branch.
| | {{List subpages}} |
| | The '''Irenesian languages''' are a large language family mainly spoken in Mwail Asia. It includes some of the largest languages,such as [[Verse:Mwail/Ernish|Ernish]]. |
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| Standard Dylathian is the liturgical language of ___ (a version of Tibetan Buddhism).
| | The Irenesian urheimat is thought to have been Taiwan. The family is inspired by Austronesian and Semitic. |
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| == Lexicon == | | == Todo == |
| PTS tilakt -> ''Dylath''
| | == Family tree == |
| | | * Irenesian |
| PTS ʔlars 'life' -> ''ɂalarch'' "oneself"
| | ** [[Verse:Mwail/Erno-Kawenic languages|Erno-Kawenic]] |
| | | ** Dhasrawitic |
| PTS sleʔans -> (pry/yni) ''lleɂang'' (no sgv) "speech"
| | *** Lhabhdweni |
| | | *** [[Verse:Mwail/Dhasrawita|Dhasrawita]] |
| PTS tsʼajbʰ 'water' -> Dyl. (lly) ''tzɂaf'' (no sgv)
| | ** Hirbic |
| | | *** Len!ir |
| PTS kʷʼē -> (wy/wng) ''cwɂe'' (sgv ''cwɂelch'') 'egg'
| | ** Irenic |
| | | *** Dosubian |
| ''mam'' (no sgv) '(specific person's) mother'
| | ** West Sadhcevan |
| | | ** East Sadhcevan |
| ''tad'' (no sgv) '(specific person's) father'
| | ** Antipodean |
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| ''tzɂan'' '1'
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| ''mancwɂynyll'' (sgv. ''mancwɂynyllu'') 'mother(s) in general'
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| ''tacwɂynyll'' (sgv. ''tacwɂynyllu'') 'father(s) in general'
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| == Phonology == | | == Phonology == |
| === Consonants === | | === Consonants === |
| * '''m n ng l r ll rh''' /m n ŋ l r ɬ r̥/
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
| * '''b d dz ds g gw''' /p t ts ts{{ret}} k kʷ/
| | |- |
| * '''p t tz ts c cw''' /pʰ tʰ tsʰ ts{{ret}}ʰ kʰ kʷʰ/
| | ! colspan="2" | |
| * '''pɂ tɂ tzɂ tsɂ cɂ cwɂ ''' /pʼ tʼ tsʼ ts{{ret}}ʼ kʼ kʷʼ/
| | ! | Labial |
| * '''ff th z s ch chw h ɂ''' /f θ s s{{ret}} x xʷ h ʔ/
| | ! | Coronal |
| * '''f dd zz w''' /v ð z w/
| | ! | Palatal |
| | | ! | Velar |
| ;Notes
| | |- |
| * All consonants are longer and use more airflow than in English. In fact, so much airflow is used that final stops are released unlike in the language's monosyllabic tonal relatives.
| | ! colspan="2" | Nasal |
| | | '''m''' /m/ |
| | | '''n''' /n/ |
| | | |
| | | '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="3" | Stop |
| | ! | plain |
| | | '''p''' /p/ |
| | | '''t''' /t/ |
| | | |
| | | '''k''' /k/ |
| | |- |
| | ! | voiced |
| | | '''b''' /b/ |
| | | '''d''' /d/ |
| | | |
| | | '''g''' /g/ |
| | |- |
| | ! | ejective |
| | | '''pʼ''' /pʼ/ |
| | | '''tʼ''' /tʼ/ |
| | | |
| | | '''kʼ''' /kʼ/ |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" | Fricative |
| | | |
| | | '''s''' /s{{ret}}/ |
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| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" | Resonant |
| | | |
| | | '''r''' /r/, '''l''' /l/ |
| | | '''y''' /j/ |
| | | '''w''' /w/ |
| | |} |
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| === Vowels === | | === Vowels === |
| '''i e u y a w o''' /i ɛ ɨ ə a u ɔ/
| | ă a e i o u |
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| === Stress ===
| | No diphthongs; hiatus is permitted |
| Stress is consistently penultimate.
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| == Grammar ==
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| "Colloquial Welsh with classifiers"
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| === Nouns ===
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| As in reconstructed Proto-Trans-Sarnathian, most nouns have an unmarked form and a marked form (called the ''singulative'' for sake of convenience) that is only used for indefinite singular nouns. Like Welsh plurals, the singulative is unpredictable and is marked with a suffix (such as ''-u'', ''-ob'', ''-(y)lch''), vowel changes, or both.
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| For the definite article, the appropriate classifier is used, except for inalienably possessed nouns; the number is marked on the classifier.
| | Aim for Semito-Tagalog aesthetic words |
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| Mass nouns and certain nouns for blood relatives have no singulative form, e.g. ''tz{{2}}af'' 'water', ''mam'' '(specific person's) mother' and ''tad'' '(specific person's) father'.
| | == Grammar == |
| ==== List of classifiers ==== | | === Typological overview === |
| * sg. ''dyn'', pl. ''bôl'': people
| | Syntactically "Arabic but Austronesian" |
| * sg. ''wy'', pl. ''wng'': round objects
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| * ''lly'': mass nouns
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| * sg. ''rhwng'', pl. ''rhyngi'': non-blood social relationships
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| * sg. ''pry'', pl. ''yni'': abstractions
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| * sg. ''un'', pl. ''au'': generic classifier
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| ==== Personal inflection of classifiers ====
| | Proto-Irenesian had a system of symmetrical voice ("Austronesian alignment") with three cases: |
| | # direct case: the syntactic subject. The verb's voice may promote the direct object to the syntactic subject, or it may promote the indirect object. |
| | # indirect case: the most significant argument that is not the subject (the non-subject agent or the non-subject patient). |
| | # genitive case: possessors and prepositional complements. |
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| ==== Alienable possession ====
| | Proto-Irenesian syntax is VSO and head-initial, but with some tendency to be topic-prominent (unlike Goidelic). Here S is the syntactic subject marked with the direct case. |
| Alienable possession uses possessed classifiers:
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| ''rhwng ɂotɂrab rhyngoch'' (CLF AGT-love CLF-1SG) or ''rhyngoch ɂotɂrab'' (CLF-1SG AGT-love) 'my lover'
| | (Many daughter languages are SVO and head-initial-ish. Kawenic which has a Finnic-like grammar is an exception.) |
| | === Nouns and adjectives === |
| | Nouns inflect for case and number, and adjectives agree with nouns in case and number. |
| | ==== Declension ==== |
| | * direct: -0 |
| | * indirect: -ăl |
| | * genitive: -ăm |
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| ==== Inalienable possession ==== | | ==== Possessive suffixes ==== |
| mam-och (or just mam) 'my mother', tad-och (or just tad) 'my father', ...
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| (No classifier is used for blood relations)
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| <!-- Avoid tsarn- -->
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| === Numerals ===
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| There is no isolated word for "one". Counting uses a word ''cwyzy'' that was formerly "once/an occurrence" (cf. Slavic '''raz''' dva tri...). Otherwise, the singulative form of the noun in question is used, when necessary emphasized with ''ɂâzz'' 'only'.
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| === TAM auxiliaries ===
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| Inflected for person and number (inherited from Proto-Trans-Sarnathian)
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| * Present tense: 1sg tsoi, 2sg tsw, 3sg tso, 1pl tsol, 2pl tson, 3pl tsor
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| === Verbs === | | === Verbs === |
| The word order is "T1 S T2 V O":
| | ==== Triggers ==== |
| | | === Classifiers === |
| * ''Tso tadoch llos tzɂaf'' (is_located father-1SG drink.VN water) = My father is drinking water
| | Classifiers are morphologically nouns, but a few have suppletive plural forms. |
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| === Is-a === | |
| Tsoi che'w tacwɂynyll (AUX 1SG among father_in_general) 'I am a father'
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| === Is-the ===
| | There could be some dialectal variation in classifiers |
| Che lym tadal (1SG who_is father-2SG) 'I am your father'
| | * nawil, pl. ike: generic things |
| | * soŋi, pl. oru: people |
| | * p'asur: big animals |
| | * wipi: small animals |
| | * mosat: flat sheets |
| | * keron: trees and bushes |
| | * yuŋos: herbaceous plants |
| | * bawăd: flowers, bunches of fruit |
| | * tiŋa: long thin rigid objects, paths, ways things are done (e.g. languages) |
| | * wasik: long thin flexible objects |
| | * ut’uop: fruits, roughly spherical things |
| | * tul: circles, rings |
| | * ŋes: buildings |
| | * p'odal: vehicles |
| | * lăep: marks, like written characters, wounds, … |
| | * rukir: places |
| | * uta: events; verbal nouns tend to take this classifier |
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| === Clausal syntax === | | === Ideophones === |
| | * ŋubeŋube ‘sluggish’ |
| | === Derivation === |