Verse:Mwail/Irenesian languages: Difference between revisions

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-In [[Verse:Angai]], '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''bry lleqang Dylethyzz'' /prə 'ɬɛʔaŋ tə'lɛθəz/ CLF language Dylath-ADJ) is a highly conservative [[Trans-Sarnathian languages|Trans-Sarnathian]] language with a Welsh-like grammar and a loosely Welsh-like aesthetic. Dylathian and its closest relatives are spoken in the Dylathian plateau and the Sarnathian mountain range in the borderlands of Aem-Zmaə, which contains Mt. ___, the highest mountain in Angai. Dylathian and its neighboring relatives are vital for reconstructing the early history of the Trans-Sarnathian branch.
+{{List subpages}}
+The '''Irenesian languages''' are a large language family mainly spoken in Mwail Asia. It includes some of the largest languages,such as [[Verse:Mwail/Ernish|Ernish]].
-Standard Dylathian is the liturgical language of ___ (a version of Tibetan Buddhism).
+The Irenesian urheimat is thought to have been Taiwan. The family is inspired by Austronesian and Semitic.
-== Lexicon ==
+== Todo ==
-PTS tilakt -> ''Dylath''
+== Family tree ==
+* Irenesian
+** [[Verse:Mwail/Erno-Kawenic languages|Erno-Kawenic]]
+** Dhasrawitic
+*** Lhabhdweni
+*** [[Verse:Mwail/Dhasrawita|Dhasrawita]]
+** Hirbic
+*** Len!ir
+** Irenic
+*** Dosubian
+** West Sadhcevan
+** East Sadhcevan
+** Antipodean
-PTS ʔlars -> ''qalarch'' "oneself"
+== Phonology ==
+=== Consonants ===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
+|-
+! colspan="2" |
+! | Labial
+! | Coronal
+! | Palatal
+! | Velar
+|-
+! colspan="2" | Nasal
+| '''m''' /m/
+| '''n''' /n/
+|
+| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
+|-
+! rowspan="3" | Stop
+! | plain
+| '''p''' /p/
+| '''t''' /t/
+|
+| '''k''' /k/
+|-
+! | voiced
+| '''b''' /b/
+| '''d''' /d/
+|
+| '''g''' /g/
+|-
+! | ejective
+| '''pʼ''' /pʼ/
+| '''tʼ''' /tʼ/
+|
+| '''kʼ''' /kʼ/
+|-
+! colspan="2" | Fricative
+|
+| '''s''' /s{{ret}}/
+|
+|
+|-
+! colspan="2" | Resonant
+|
+| '''r''' /r/, '''l''' /l/
+| '''y''' /j/
+| '''w''' /w/
+|}
-PTS sleʔans -> (pry/yni) ''lleqang'' "speech"
+=== Vowels ===
+ă a e i o u
-PTS tsʼajbʰ 'water' -> Dyl. ''tzqâf''
+No diphthongs; hiatus is permitted
-PTS kʷʼē -> (wy/fa) ''cwqê'' 'egg'
+Aim for Semito-Tagalog aesthetic words
-== Phonology ==
+== Grammar ==
-=== Consonants ===
+=== Typological overview ===
-* '''m n ng l r ll rh''' /m n ŋ l r ɬ r̥/
+Syntactically "Arabic but Austronesian"
-* '''b d dz ds g gw''' /p t ts ts{{ret}} k kʷ/
-* '''p t tz ts c cw''' /pʰ tʰ tsʰ ts{{ret}}ʰ kʰ kʷʰ/
-* '''pq tq tzq tsq cq cwq ''' /pʼ tʼ tsʼ ts{{ret}}ʼ kʼ kʷʼ/
-* '''ff th z s ch chw h q'''  /f θ s s{{ret}} x xʷ h ʔ/
-* '''f dd zz w''' /v ð z w/
-;Notes
+Proto-Irenesian had a system of symmetrical voice ("Austronesian alignment") with three cases:
-* All consonants are longer and use more airflow than in English. In fact, so much airflow is used that final stops are released unlike in the language's monosyllabic tonal relatives.
+# direct case: the syntactic subject. The verb's voice may promote the direct object to the syntactic subject, or it may promote the indirect object.
+# indirect case: the most significant argument that is not the subject (the non-subject agent or the non-subject patient).
+# genitive case: possessors and prepositional complements.
-=== Vowels ===
+Proto-Irenesian syntax is VSO and head-initial, but with some tendency to be topic-prominent (unlike Goidelic). Here S is the syntactic subject marked with the direct case.
-'''i e u y a w o''' /i ɛ ɨ ə a u ɔ/; long '''î ê û ŷ â ŵ ô'''
-=== Stress ===
+(Many daughter languages are SVO and head-initial-ish. Kawenic which has a Finnic-like grammar is an exception.)
-Stress is consistently penultimate.
+=== Nouns and adjectives ===
-== Grammar ==
+Nouns inflect for case and number, and adjectives agree with nouns in case and number.
-"Colloquial Welsh with classifiers"
+==== Declension ====
-=== Nouns ===
+* direct: -0
-As in reconstructed Proto-Trans-Sarnathian, most nouns have an unmarked form and a marked form (called the ''singulative'' for sake of convenience) that is only used for indefinite singular nouns. Like Welsh plurals, the singulative is unpredictable and is marked with a suffix, vowel changes, or both.
+* indirect: -ăl
+* genitive: -ăm
-For the definite article, the appropriate classifier is used, except for inalienably possessed nouns; the number is marked on the classifier.
+==== Possessive suffixes ====
-==== List of classifiers ====
-==== Alienable possession ====
-==== Inalienable possession ====
-=== Numerals ===
+=== Verbs ===
-There is no isolated word for "one". Counting uses a word that was formerly "once/an occurrence" (cf. Slavic '''raz''' dva tri...). Otherwise, the singulative form of the noun in question is used, when necessary emphasized with __ 'only'.
+==== Triggers ====
+=== Classifiers ===
+Classifiers are morphologically nouns, but a few have suppletive plural forms.
-=== TAM auxiliaries ===
+There could be some dialectal variation in classifiers
-Inflected for person and number (inherited from Proto-Trans-Sarnathian)
+* nawil, pl. ike: generic things
-=== Verbs ===
+* soŋi, pl. oru: people
-The word order is "T1 S T2 V O".
+* p'asur: big animals
+* wipi: small animals
+* mosat: flat sheets
+* keron: trees and bushes
+* yuŋos: herbaceous plants
+* bawăd: flowers, bunches of fruit
+* tiŋa: long thin rigid objects, paths, ways things are done (e.g. languages)
+* wasik: long thin flexible objects
+* ut’uop: fruits, roughly spherical things
+* tul: circles, rings
+* ŋes: buildings
+* p'odal: vehicles
+* lăep: marks, like written characters, wounds, …
+* rukir: places
+* uta: events; verbal nouns tend to take this classifier
-=== Clausal syntax ===
+=== Ideophones ===
+* ŋubeŋube ‘sluggish’
+=== Derivation ===