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|setting          = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena]
|setting          = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena]
|created          = 2020
|created          = 2020
|fam1              = [[Wasc languages | Wasc]]
|fam1              = [[:Category:Wasc languages | Wasc]]
|familycolor      = Wasc
|familycolor      = Wasc
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|era              = -2400 to -1700 MT
|era              = -2400 to -1500 MT
|map              = {fill later}
|map              = {fill later}
|mapsize          = {fill later}
|mapsize          = {fill later}
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}}
}}


'''Sekhulla''' /ˈsoʊkʊl/ (<small>Sekhulla:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[səkʰulːa]</span>) is a [[Wasc languages|Wasc language]] spoken in far western Septentria and Pulsuria and in the far eastern Knrawi Isles, and the common ancestor of the [[Sekhulla languages]].
'''Sekhulla''' /səˈkulə/ (<small>Sekhulla:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[səkʰulːa]</span>) is a [[:Category:Wasc languages|Wasc language]] spoken in far western Septentria and Pulsuria and in the far eastern Knrawi Isles, and the common ancestor of the [[:Category:Sekhulla languages|Sekhulla languages]].


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
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|-
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|High]]
! [[w:Close vowel|High]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] || || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || uː
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || iː || [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] || ɨː || rowspan="2" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || rowspan="2" | uː
|-
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
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|}
|}


*/ɨ/ only occurs postvocalically.
*/u(ː)/ is in free variation with [o(ː)]


===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is variably final, penultimate, or antipenultimate.
Stress is penultimate.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
====Alignment====
====Alignment====
Sekhulla has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.
Sekhulla has fluid active–stative morphosyntactic alignment.


===Nouns and pronouns===
===Nouns and pronouns===
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|+ Noun particles
|+ Noun particles
|-
|-
! !! {{gcl|ACC}} !! {{gcl|POSS|possessive}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|LOC}}
! !! {{gcl|ACC}}/{{gcl|ERG}} !! {{gcl|POSS|possessive}} !! {{gcl|LOC}}
|-
|-
! {{gcl|1}}
! {{gcl|1}}
| rowspan="3" | a || en || rowspan="3" | ez' || he
| rowspan="4" | a || ən || aə
|-
|-
! {{gcl|2}}
! {{gcl|2}}
| nej || hej
| nəh || aəːh
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL1}}/{{gcl|CL2}}
! {{gcl|CL1}}
| nu || hé
| ŋːan || aəɣan
|-
! {{gcl|CL2}}
| ənə(ɣʷ) || aəː
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL3}}
! {{gcl|CL3}}
| al || nil || rowspan="3" | ez'e || hel
| ala || nil || aəla
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL4}}
! {{gcl|CL4}}
| ax || nux || hex
| aɬ || nuɬ || aəɬ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL5}}
! {{gcl|CL5}}
| ád || nid' || hed'
| aːdi || niad || aəad
|}
|}


*Nouns with suppletive plural forms do not use plural particles, and plural particles are not used on nouns modified by numerators.
Plural nouns are marked either by suppletion or a preceding particle ''əzːə''.


====Pronouns====
====Pronouns====
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Sekhulla#Possession|Possession]]); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Sekhulla#Possession|Possession]]); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.


The demonstrative ''haːl'' can also be used as a pronoun.
====Possession====


====Possession====
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Aspect====
====Aspect====
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|+ Verb agreement prefixes
|+ Verb agreement prefixes
|-
|-
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|CL1}} !! >{{gcl|CL2}} !! >{{gcl|CL3}} !! >{{gcl|CL4}} !! >{{gcl|CL5}}
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|CL1}} !! >{{gcl|CL2}} !! >{{gcl|CL3}}/{{gcl|CL4}} !! >{{gcl|CL5}}
|-
|-
! {{gcl|1}}
! {{gcl|1}}
| sək- || səkʷ- || səkju- || səp- || sətna- || saŋːi- || su-
| sək- || səkʷ- || səkju- || səp- || sətna- || su-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|2}}
! {{gcl|2}}
| kʷər- || kʷəzə- || kʷərju- || kʷəp- || kʷəriɬ- || kʷəran- || kʷu-
| kʷər- || kʷəzə- || kʷərju- || kʷəp- || kʷəriɬ- || kʷu-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL1}}
! {{gcl|CL1}}
| ajːuːsə- || ajːuːɣʷə- || ajːu- || ajːuːp- || ajːuːwin- || ajːuːwan- || ajːuːuː-
| jːuːsə- || jːuːɣʷə- || ajːu- || jːuːp- || jːuːwin- || jːuːuː-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL2}}
! {{gcl|CL2}}
| parə- || paɣʷ- || pazajːu- || ∅- || parin- || paŋːi- || pu-
| parə- || paɣʷ- || pazajːu- || pah- || parin- || pu-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL3}}
! {{gcl|CL3}}
| ina- || inaɣʷ- || iɬjːuː- || inalː- || inaɬ- || inɮə- || nu-
| ina- || naɣʷ- || iɬjːuː- || nalː- || inɮə- || nu-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL4}}
! {{gcl|CL4}}
| ansə- || aŋʷːə- || aŋːajːu- || aŋːip- || aŋːi- || aŋːin- || rowspan="2" | u-
| ansə- || ŋʷːə- || ŋːajːu- || ŋːip- || aŋːi- || rowspan="2" | u-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL5}}
! {{gcl|CL5}}
| us- || uɣʷ- || uwajːu- || uba- || uwiɬ- || uwaŋːi-
| us- || uɣʷ- || uwajːu- || ba- || uwiɬ-
|}
|}


*Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.
*Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.
**In western Sekhulla, ''pah-'' may be omitted; in eastern Sekhulla, ''u-'' may be omitted with class-5 patients.


====Copula====
====Copula====
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|+ Copulae
|+ Copulae
|-
|-
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|CL1}} !! >{{gcl|CL2}} !! >{{gcl|CL3}} !! >{{gcl|CL4}} !! >{{gcl|CL5}}
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|CL1}} !! >{{gcl|CL2}} !! >{{gcl|CL3}}/{{gcl|CL4}} !! >{{gcl|CL5}}
|-
|-
! {{gcl|1}}
! {{gcl|1}}
| səɣən || səɣʷəːn || səɣajːuːən || səpaən || sətnaɮən || saŋːiən || suən
| səɣən || səɣʷəːn || səɣajːuːən || səpaən || sətnaɮən || suən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|2}}
! {{gcl|2}}
| kʷərən || kʷəzən || kʷərajːuːən || kʷəbaən || kʷəriɮən || kʷəranən || kʷuən
| kʷərən || kʷəzən || kʷərajːuːən || kʷəbaən || kʷəriɮən || kʷuən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL1}}
! {{gcl|CL1}}
| ajːuːsəɣən || ajːuːɣʷəzən || ajːuːən || ajːuːbaən || ajːuːwinən || ajːuːwanən || ajːuːuːən
| jːuːsəɣən || jːuːɣʷəzən || ajːuːən || jːuːbaən || jːuːwinən || jːuːuːən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL2}}
! {{gcl|CL2}}
| parəɣən || paɣʷəːn || pazajːuːən || pazən || parinən || paŋːiən || puən
| parəɣən || paɣʷəːn || pazajːuːən || pazən || parinən || puən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL3}}
! {{gcl|CL3}}
| inasən || inaɣʷə:n || inaɮjːuːən || inaplaən || inaɮən || inaɮanən || nuən
| nasən || naɣʷəːn || naɮjːuːən || naplaən || naɮən || nuən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL4}}
! {{gcl|CL4}}
| ansəɣən || aŋʷːəːn || aŋːajːuːən || aŋːibaən || aŋːinən || aŋːiən || rowspan="2" | uən
| ansəɣən || ŋʷːəːn || ŋːajːuːən || ŋːibaən || ŋːiən || rowspan="2" | uən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL5}}
! {{gcl|CL5}}
| usəːn || uɣʷəːn || uwajːuːən || ubaən || uwinaɮən || uwaŋːiən
| səːn || ɣʷəːn || wajːuːən || baən || winaɮən
|}
|}


===Adjectives and adverbs===
===Adjectives and adverbs===
===Adpositions===
===Prepositions===
 
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Sekhulla uses base-12 numerals.
Sekhulla uses base-12 numerals which agree in class with their head noun.


{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Numerals
|+ Classless Numerals
|-
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
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! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
|-
| əzaːl || əːh || əda || əam || əɣʷi || ɬi
| zaːl || əːh || əda || əam || ɣʷi || ɬi
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːl || əh ɬi || sʰi || ɬiɣan || sʰiɣan || ɬi sʰiɣan
|}
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-1 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːlkan || əkʰan || taɣan || aŋʷːan || kʷiɣan || kuːɣan
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːlkan || əːkʰan || ədaɣan || əaŋʷːan || əɣʷiɣan || ɬiɣan
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːlkan || əh ɬiɣan || sʰiɣan || ɬiɣaŋːan || sʰiɣaŋːan || ɬi sʰiɣaŋːan
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-2 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːlə || əzə || taə || amə || kʷiə || kuːə
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːlə || əːzə || ədaə || əamə || əɣʷiə || ɬiə
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːlə || əh ɬiə || sʰiə || ɬiɣanə || sʰiɣanə || ɬi sʰiɣanə
|}
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-3 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːlːa || əlːa || tala || amla || kʷila || kuːla
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːlːa || əːlːa || ədala || əamla || əɣʷila || ɬila
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːlːa || əh ɬila || sʰila || ɬiɣanla || sʰiɣanla || ɬi sʰiɣanla
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-4 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːlː || əɬʰ || taɬ || amɬə || kʷiɬ || kuːɬ
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːlː || əːɬʰ || ədaɬ || əamɬə || əɣʷiɬ || ɬiɬ
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːlː || əh ɬiə || sʰiɬ || ɬiɣanɬə || sʰiɣanɬə || ɬi sʰiɣanɬə
|}
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-5 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːladi || əzadi || taːdi || amadi || kʷiadi || kuːadi
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːladi || əːzadi || ədaːdi || əamadi || əɣʷiadi || ɬiadi
|-
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
|-
| ɬi haːl || əh ɬi || əsʰi || ɬiɣan || əsʰiɣan || ɬi əsʰiɣan
| ɬi haːladi || əh ɬiadi || sʰiadi || ɬiɣanadi || sʰiɣanadi || ɬi sʰiɣanadi
|}
|}
|}
In East Sekhulla, ''ɬiɣan'' "1,728" and ''sʰiɣan'' "20,736" (as opposed to class-1 ''ɬiɣan'' "12" and ''sʰiɣan'' "144") may be replaced by indeclinable ''saːaːt'' and ''saːsaː'' respectively.
Classless numerals are used when modifying a non-noun, including when non-final in multiword numerals, when numerating an agreement-marked first- or second-person argument, and when numerating a possessive particle. Classless numerals are also variably used in counting regardless of the thing counted, and classed numerals are used when themselves functioning as nouns.


Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.
Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.
====Questions====
Questions are marked by dipping intonation.


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
====Part-of-speech modifiers====
====Part-of-speech modifiers====
====-aʃ====
====aʃ====
The causative suffix ''-aʃ'' can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.
The causative enclitic ''aʃ'' can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.


====-suʃ====
====-suʃ====
Line 201: Line 303:


====Reduplication====
====Reduplication====
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
SVO or VSO order is most common, but word order is flexible.
SVO order is most common, but word order is flexible and VSO is also common in western Sekhulla.


===Noun and verb phrases===
===Noun and verb phrases===
All modifiers follow their head noun or verb, except aspect-mood particles precede verbs and the demonstrative ''haːl'' precedes nouns. Generally numerators follow adjectives and possessors follow all other modifiers, but otherwise modifier order is flexible.
All modifiers follow their head noun or verb, except aspect-mood particles precede verbs. Generally numerators follow adjectives and possessors follow all other modifiers, but otherwise modifier order is flexible.


===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and are usually marked with a relativizer ''aːaːə-''.
Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and are usually marked with a relative particle ''aːaːə''.


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
Line 222: Line 325:


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[https://cals.info/language/sekhulla/ CALS]
*[https://cals.info/language/sekhulla/ CALS]
*[[Sekhulla/Swadesh]]


[[Category:Sekhulla language]]
[[Category:Sekhulla language]]
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[[Category:Wasc languages]]
[[Category:Wasc languages]]
[[Category:Sekhulla languages]]
[[Category:Sekhulla languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Pollasena]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
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