Nawuhu: Difference between revisions

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| dia1 = Pemaka dialect †

| dia2 = Nisulu dialect †

~~| dia3 = [[Nawuhu#Nayohbuk|Nayohbuk]]~~

| development_body = [https://discord.gg/Wzd9gWFu97 Wuhu Island Community Discord]

| agency = [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/ Wuhu Autonomous Zone]

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| notice = ipa

}}

'''Nawuhu'''(''na’a wúhu'', Nawuhu: [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''' or '''Nauhu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island(''akka wúhu'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka ~~ˈwu~~.ɦu]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.

'''Nawuhu'''(''na’a wúhu'', Nawuhu: [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''' or '''Nauhu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island(''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.

==Phonology==

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===Consonants===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar ~~!! Alveolo- palatal~~ !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal

! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal

|-

! colspan=2 |Plosive

| p b || t d || || || k g ||

| p b || t d || || k g ||

|-

! rowspan=2 | Nasal

! pulmonic

| m || n || || ɲ || ŋ ||

| m || n || ɲ || ŋ ||

|-

! pre-glottalised

| ˀm || ˀn || || || ˀŋ ||

| ˀm || ˀn || || ˀŋ ||

|-

! colspan=2 |Fricative

| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || || h (ɦ)

| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || h (ɦ)

|-

! colspan=2 |Semivowel

| w || || || j || ||

| w || || j || ||

|-

! colspan=2 |Lateral

| || l || || ʎ || ||

| || l || ʎ || ||

|}

/ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions(between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''.

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|-

! Second

| ''ádo'' || ''ádon'' || ''yuín'' || ''~~neíyo~~''

| ''ádo'' || ''ádon'' || ''yuín'' || ''néyo''

|-

! Third

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! Future

| ''iló'' || ''we’é'' || ''inó''

|}

==Vocabulary==

===Conversation===

{| class=wikitable

! English(''na’a ingélu'') !! Nawuhu(''na’a wúhu'') !! Pronunciation

|-

| Yes || ''Pi'' || [pi]

|-

| No || ''Nvki'' || [ˈnʉki]

|-

| Of course! || ''Tiéma!'' || [tiˈema]

|-

| Hello! || rowspan=2 | ''Peku!''(informal) / ''Pekutéleki!''(formal) || rowspan=2 | [peku]; [pekuˈteleki]

|-

| Goodbye!

|-

| Cheers! || ''Kal!'' || [kal]

|-

| How are you? || ''Li’i?''(informal) / ''Li’i ey?''(formal) || [li.i]; [li.i ej]

|-

| Good day! || ''Pi tupi!'' || [pi tupi]

|-

| Good morning! || ''Pi tupi!'' / ''Pi tupi’ikélo!''(lit. "What a good sunrise!") || [pi tupi]; [pi tupi.iˈkelo]

|-

| Good evening! || ''Pi tupi'iyáki!''<ref>This greeting is rarely used; one would typically use ''Pi tupi!'' instead.</ref> || [pi tupi.iˈjaki]

|}

==Dialects==

===Historical===

~~===Modern===~~

~~====Nayohbuk====~~

~~'''Nayohbuk'''(Nawuhu: ''na’a yohbukai'', lit. "thief talk") is the Nawuhu slang used(or at least known) by most young people in Wuhu Town.~~

It is significantly more influenced by English than standard Nawuhu, with many Japanese loanwords in standard Nawuhu being replaced by English equivalents in Nayohbuk, such as Nawuhu ''he'en'' "bizarre" replaced with Nayohbuk ''wé'ed'', from English "weird".

~~Nayohbuk speakers also tend to pronounce /l/ as [ɾ], and addressing one another as ''púno'', a shortened form of ''puhúno'', is more common than in standard Nawuhu.~~

==References==

[[Category:Nawuhu]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 | dia1 = Pemaka dialect †
 | dia2 = Nisulu dialect †
-| dia3 = [[Nawuhu#Nayohbuk|Nayohbuk]]
 | development_body = [https://discord.gg/Wzd9gWFu97 Wuhu Island Community Discord]
 | agency = [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/ Wuhu Autonomous Zone]
@@ Line 28: / Line 27: @@
 | notice = ipa
 }}
-'''Nawuhu'''(''na’a wúhu'', <small>Nawuhu:</small> [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''' or '''Nauhu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island(''akka wúhu'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka ˈwu.ɦu]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.
+'''Nawuhu'''(''na’a wúhu'', <small>Nawuhu:</small> [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''' or '''Nauhu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island(''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 57: / Line 56: @@
 ===Consonants===
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Alveolo-<br>palatal !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
+! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
 |-
 ! colspan=2 |Plosive
-| p b || t d || || || k g ||
+| p b || t d || || k g ||
 |-
 ! rowspan=2 | Nasal
 ! pulmonic
-| m || n || || ɲ || ŋ ||
+| m || n || ɲ || ŋ ||
 |-
 ! pre-glottalised
-| ˀm || ˀn || || || ˀŋ ||
+| ˀm || ˀn || || ˀŋ ||
 |-
 ! colspan=2 |Fricative
-| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || || h (ɦ)
+| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || h (ɦ)
 |-
 ! colspan=2 |Semivowel
-| w || || || j || ||
+| w || || j || ||
 |-
 ! colspan=2 |Lateral
-| || l || || ʎ || ||
+| || l || ʎ || ||
 |}
 /ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions(between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''.
@@ Line 134: / Line 133: @@
 |-
 ! Second
-| ''ádo'' || ''ádon'' || ''yuín'' || ''neíyo''
+| ''ádo'' || ''ádon'' || ''yuín'' || ''néyo''
 |-
 ! Third
@@ Line 210: / Line 209: @@
 ! Future
 | ''iló'' || ''we’é'' || ''inó''
+|}
+==Vocabulary==
+===Conversation===
+{| class=wikitable
+! English(''na’a ingélu'') !! Nawuhu(''na’a wúhu'') !! Pronunciation
+|-
+| Yes || ''Pi'' || [pi]
+|-
+| No || ''Nvki'' || [ˈnʉki]
+|-
+| Of course! || ''Tiéma!'' || [tiˈema]
+|-
+| Hello! || rowspan=2 | ''Peku!''(informal) / ''Pekutéleki!''(formal) || rowspan=2 | [peku]; [pekuˈteleki]
+|-
+| Goodbye!
+|-
+| Cheers! || ''Kal!'' || [kal]
+|-
+| How are you? || ''Li’i?''(informal) / ''Li’i ey?''(formal)  || [li.i]; [li.i ej]
+|-
+| Good day! || ''Pi tupi!'' || [pi tupi]
+|-
+| Good morning! || ''Pi tupi!'' / ''Pi tupi’ikélo!''(lit. "What a good sunrise!") || [pi tupi]; [pi tupi.iˈkelo]
+|-
+| Good evening! || ''Pi tupi'iyáki!''<ref>This greeting is rarely used; one would typically use ''Pi tupi!'' instead.</ref> || [pi tupi.iˈjaki]
 |}
 ==Dialects==
 ===Historical===
-===Modern===
-====Nayohbuk====
-'''Nayohbuk'''(Nawuhu: ''na’a yohbukai'', lit. "thief talk") is the Nawuhu slang used(or at least known) by most young people in Wuhu Town.
-It is significantly more influenced by English than standard Nawuhu, with many Japanese loanwords in standard Nawuhu being replaced by English equivalents in Nayohbuk, such as Nawuhu ''he'en'' "bizarre" replaced with Nayohbuk ''wé'ed'', from English "weird".
-Nayohbuk speakers also tend to pronounce /l/ as [ɾ], and addressing one another as ''púno'', a shortened form of ''puhúno'', is more common than in standard Nawuhu.
 ==References==
 [[Category:Nawuhu]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]