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|imagecaption      = Flag of the Natalician Republic
|imagecaption      = Flag of the Natalician Republic
|name              = Natalician
|name              = Natalician
|nativename        = Nataldha
|nativename        = Natal retti
|pronunciation    = na.ta.ld.ja
|pronunciation    = na.tal re.tːi
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Natalician
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Natalician
|states            = Natalicia; Firenia and the Kontamchian Islands
|states            = Natalicia; Firenia and the Kontamchian Islands
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|familycolor      = Tinarian
|familycolor      = Tinarian
|fam2              = Kasenian
|fam2              = Kasenian
|fam3              = Upper Kasenian
|fam3              = Natalo-Kesperic
|fam4              = Natalo-Kesperian
|fam4              = High Kesperic
|fam5              = Old Natalician
|fam5              = Old Natalician
|dia1              = Celician Natalician (''Selis Nataldha'')
|dia1              = Celician Natalician (''Selis Natal'')
|dia2              = Northern Natalician (''Köpreh Nataldha'')
|dia2              = Northern Natalician (''Köpreli Natal'')
|dia3              = Firenic Natalician (''Firen Nataldha'')
|dia3              = Firenic Natalician (''Firen Natal'')
|stand1            = Standard Central Natalician (''Kieneh Rasah Nataldha'')
|stand1            = Standard Central Natalician (''Durgum Raskaznol Natal'')
|creator          = User:Hazer
|creator          = User:Hazer
|script1          = Latin
|script1          = Latin
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|ancestor          = Old Natalician
|ancestor          = Old Natalician
}}
}}
'''Natalician''' ({{IPA|/nəˈtɑlɪʃən/}}; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Nataldha'' {{IPA|[na.ta.ld.ja]}} or ''Natal Rettive'' {{IPA|/na.tal re.tːive/}}) is a North Kasenian language predominantly spoken in Central East Tinaria, specifically in Natalicia, Firenia, and North-East Nirania. Beyond Natalicia, it holds official status in Budernie, Nirania, and Kannamie, and is recognized as a minority language in East Espidon and within the Dogostanian community in Eastern Amarania. Natalician shares a close linguistic relationship with other North Kasenian languages, such as Espidan and Niranian.
'''Natalician''' ({{IPA|/nəˈtɑlɪʃən/}}; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Natal'' {{IPA|[na.tal]}} or ''Natal Rettive'' {{IPA|/na.tal re.tːive/}}) is a North Kasenian language predominantly spoken in Central East Tinaria, specifically in Natalicia, Firenia, and North-East Nirania. Beyond Natalicia, it holds official status in Budernie, Nirania, and Kannamie, and is recognized as a minority language in East Espidon and within the Dogostanian community in Eastern Amarania. Natalician shares a close linguistic relationship with other North Kasenian languages, such as Espidan and Niranian.


Modern Natalician evolved from Old Natalician, which itself descended from an extinct, unnamed language spoken by the Natalo-Kesperian tribes. Today, Natalician stands as one of the world's most significant languages, boasting the highest number of speakers among the Kasenian languages, both as a native and a second language. Approximately 65 million people worldwide speak Natalician, including 37 million native speakers.
Modern Natalician evolved from Old Natalician, which itself descended from an extinct, unnamed language spoken by the Natalo-Kesperian tribes. Today, Natalician stands as one of the world's most significant languages, boasting the highest number of speakers among the Kasenian languages, both as a native and a second language. Approximately 65 million people worldwide speak Natalician, including 37 million native speakers.
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Natalician is spoken in the Natalician republic, the kingdom of Firenia, the northwestern camps of the Nirenian republic and as a minority language in Espidon and Amarania. The popularity of Natalician has increased following the Natalician Dispora program, resulting in an increase of demand for the language to be taught as a foreign language in most of Tinaria and the other three continents.
Natalician is spoken in the Natalician republic, the kingdom of Firenia, the northwestern camps of the Nirenian republic and as a minority language in Espidon and Amarania. The popularity of Natalician has increased following the Natalician Dispora program, resulting in an increase of demand for the language to be taught as a foreign language in most of Tinaria and the other three continents.


An exact global number of Natalician speakers is a matter of difference due to the several varieties of Natalician status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including certain forms of Kasperian and Rufeic Natalician. With the inclusion or exclusion of said varieties, the estimate is approximately 40 million people who speak Natalician as a [[w:first language]], 5 to 15 million speak it as a [[w:second language]], and 40 to 50 million as a [[w:foreign language]]. This would imply approximately 85 to 105 million Natalician speakers worldwide.
An exact global number of Natalician speakers is a matter of difference due to the several varieties of Natalician status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including certain forms of Kasperian and Rufeic Natalician. With the inclusion or exclusion of said varieties, the estimate is approximately 40 million people who speak Natalician as a first language, 5 to 15 million speak it as a second language, and 40 to 50 million as a foreign language. This would imply approximately 85 to 105 million Natalician speakers worldwide.


Natalician sociolinguist Mezred Siförtah estimated a number of 150 million Natalician foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker.
Natalician sociolinguist Mezred Siförtah estimated a number of 150 million Natalician foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker.
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
[[file:Natalician_vh_chart.png]]
[[file:Natalician_vh_chart.png|border|600px]]


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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Grammatical affixes have "a chameleon-like quality" and obey one of the following patterns of vowel harmony:
Grammatical affixes have "a chameleon-like quality" and obey one of the following patterns of vowel harmony:
* '''Twofold (''-e/-o'')''': The article, for example, is ''-(v)e'' after front vowels and ''-(v)o'' after back vowels.
* '''Twofold ĕ (''-e/-o'')''': The article, for example, is ''-(v)e'' after front vowels and ''-(v)o'' after back vowels.
* '''Fourfold (''-i/-a/-ü/-u'')''': The verb infinitive suffix, for example, is ''-i'' or ''-a'' after unrounded vowels (front or back respectively); and ''-ü'' or ''-u'' after the corresponding rounded vowels.
* '''Fourfold ĭ (''-i/-a/-ü/-u'')''': The verb infinitive suffix, for example, is ''-i'' or ''-a'' after unrounded vowels (front or back respectively); and ''-ü'' or ''-u'' after the corresponding rounded vowels.
* '''Type & 'and'''': The adjectival passive voice suffix, for example, is ''-t&t'', the ''&'' being the same vowel as the previous one.
* '''Type & 'and'''': The adjectival passive voice suffix, for example, is ''-t&t'', the ''&'' being the same vowel as the previous one.


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# '''Native, non-compound words''', e.g. ''Ela'' "then", ''Čela'' "drink", ''Ťehozuk'' "discussion"
# '''Native, non-compound words''', e.g. ''Ela'' "then", ''Čela'' "drink", ''Ťehozuk'' "discussion"
# '''Native compound words''', e.g. ''Pave'' "for what"
# '''Native compound words''', e.g. ''Pave'' "for what"
# '''Foreign words''', e.g. many English loanwords such as '''Sertifikäht''' (certificate), '''Hospitol''' (hospital), '''Komphuter''' (computer)
# '''Foreign words''', e.g. many English loanwords such as '''Sertifikäht''' (certificate), '''Hospitol''' (hospital), '''Kompiułter''' (computer)
# '''Invariable prefixes / suffixes:'''
# '''Invariable prefixes / suffixes:'''


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| From ''haša'' "to come"
| From ''haša'' "to come"
|-
|-
| '''gik-'''
| '''gel-'''
| ''gikdönšetet'' || "uncleaned"
| ''gelsincetet'' || "decomposed"
| From ''dönšetet'' "cleaned"
| From ''since'' "compose"
|}
|}


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#'''[[verb]]''' (''öhker'' from Amaranian '''eiyiker''', or ''dirzik'' "action");
#'''[[verb]]''' (''öhker'' from Amaranian '''eiyiker''', or ''dirzik'' "action");
#'''[[adverb]]''' (''randara'');
#'''[[adverb]]''' (''randara'');
#'''[[postposition]]''' (''hasah eřči'' "later addition");
#'''[[postposition]]''' (''hasla eř'' "later addition");
#'''[[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]]''' (''sedlek übeřre'' "sentence link");
#'''[[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]]''' (''sedlek übeřre'' "sentence link");
#'''[[Grammatical particle|particle]]''' (''meres'');
#'''[[Grammatical particle|particle]]''' (''meres'');
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:''danah danah'' – "happily"
:''danah danah'' – "happily"


===Nouns===
====Inflection====
A Natalician noun has no gender.
There are seven regular inflectional affixes in Natalician.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Inflectional affixes in English
!Affix
!Grammatical category
!Mark
!Part of speech
|-
| -(v)ĕv
|Grammatical number|Number
|plural
|nouns
|-
| -'(ĭ)n
|Case
|genitive
|nouns and noun phrases, pronouns
|-
| -tĕs
|Aspect
|progressive
|gerunds or participles
|-
| -t&t
|[[Grammatical tense|Tense]]
|[[Past tense|past]] ([[Simple aspect|simple]])
|[[verb]]s
|-
| -(ĕ)m
|[[Degree of comparison]]
|[[comparative]]
|[[adjective]]s and [[adverbs]]
|-
| -mĕ
|[[Degree of comparison]]
|[[superlative]]
|[[adjective]]s and [[adverbs]]
|}
Through its presence or absence, the plural ending shows distinctions of [[Grammatical number|number]].
=====Number=====
A noun is made plural by addition of ''-(v)ev'' or ''-(v)ov'' (depending on the vowel harmony). When a numeral is used with a noun, however, the plural suffix is ''not'' used:
:{|
|-
| ''böšter'' || "table"
|-
| ''böšterev'' || "tables"
|-
| ''nav böšter'' || "four tables"
|}
The plural ending also allows a family (living in one house) to be designated by a single member:
:{|
|-
| ''ičedevev'' || "Ičede and his family / The Ičedes"
|}
====Verbal nouns====
The '''verbal noun''' is created by the addition of the suffix ''-zĭk'' and the '''root''' of the verb.
:{| class=wikitable
! Verb !! Noun
|-
| ''fas-'' "give" || ''faszak'' "giving / donation"
|-
| ''den-'' "let" || ''denzik'' "allowance"
|-
| ''kur-'' "speak" || ''kurzuk'' "speech"
|-
| ''dön-'' "ask" || ''dönzük'' "question"
|}
The verb ''et-'' "make, do" can be considered as an '''auxiliary verb''', since for example it is often used with verbal nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Arabic:
''kabul et-'' "accept" (''kabul'' "[an] accepting");
''reddet-'' "reject" (''ret'' "[a] rejecting");
''ziyaret et-'' "visit"  (''ziyaret'' "[a] visiting").
Considered as units, these are transitive verbs; but the nouns in them can also, by themselves, take direct objects:
''Antalya'yı ziyaret'' "visit to Antalya".
What looks like an ablative gerund is usually an adverb; the ending ''-meden'' usually has the sense of "without".
See [[#Adverbs]] below.
An infinitive in the absolute case can be the object of a verb such as ''iste-'' "want":
{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2
| Kimi eğitime devam etmek, kimi de çalışmak istiyor.
| some-of-them towards-education continuation make some-of-them also work want
| Some want to continue their education, and some want to work"
(''source:'' ''Cumhuriyet Pazar Dergi'', 14 August 2005, p. 1.)}}
Note here that the compound verb ''devam et-'' "continue, last" does not take a direct object, but is complemented by a dative noun.
Another way to express obligation (besides with ''lâzım'' as in the [[#lazim|earlier example]]) is by means of ''zor'' "trouble, compulsion" and an infinitive:
''Gitmek zoru'' "Go compulsion",
''Gitmek zorundayız'' "We must go".
(''Source:'' same as the last example.)
Both an infinitive and a gerund are objects of the postposition ''için'' "for" in the third sentence of the quotation within the following quotation:
{{Verse translation|
{{lang|tr|
Tesis yetkilileri,
"Bölge insanları genelde tutucu.
Sahil kesimleri
yola yakın olduğu için
rahat bir şekilde göle giremiyorlar.
Biz de
hem yoldan geçenlerin görüş açısını '''kapatmak'''
hem de erkeklerin rahatsız '''etmemesi''' için
paravan kullanıyoruz"
dedi.
Ancak paravanın aralarından
çocukların karşı tarafı gözetlemeleri
engellenemedi.
}}
|
Facility its-authorities
"District its-people in-general conservative.
Shore its-sections   
to-road near their-being for
comfortable a in-form to-lake they-cannot-enter.
We also
both from-road of-passers sight their-angle '''to-close'''
and men's uncomfortable '''their-not-making''' for
screen we-are-using"
they-said.
But curtain's from-its-gaps
children's other side their-spying
cannot-be-hindered.
|attr1=''Cumhuriyet,'' 9 August 2005, p. 1.}}
A free translation is:
<blockquote>
The facility authorities said: "The people of this district [namely [[Edremit, Van]]] are generally conservative.  They cannot enter [[Lake Van|the lake]] comfortably, because the shore areas are near the road.  So we are using a screen, both '''to close off''' the view of passersby on the road, and so '''that''' men '''will not cause discomfort.'''"  However, children cannot be prevented from spying on the other side through gaps in the screen.
</blockquote>


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===


{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
!
|+ Natalician pronouns
!colspan=3|Singular
|-
!colspan=3|Plural
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | personal pronouns
|-
|-
! !!1st!!2nd!!3rd!!1st!!2nd!!3rd
! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#subject|subjective]] !! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#object|objective]]
|-
|-
!Personal Pronoun
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
|''Nei''  ||''On''  ||''Sü'' ||''Namše''  ||''Daš''  ||''So''
| {{term|nei}} || {{term|in}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|namše}} || {{term|nameš}}
|-
|-
!Object Pronoun / Possessive Determiner
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
|''In''  ||''Un''  ||''Süs''  ||''Nameš''  ||''Daša''  ||''Soz''
| {{term|on}} || {{term|un}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|daš}} || {{term|daša}}
|-
|-
!Possessive Pronoun
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
|''Ini'' ||''Onu'' ||''Süzü'' ||''Nameše'' ||''Dašo'' ||''Sozun''
| {{term|sü}} || {{term|süs}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|so}} || {{term|soz}}
|}
|}


In a sentence, the possessive determiner will always succeed the object. The object pronoun usually comes after the verb (''Haz ensei ert '''in''''' - This is '''my''' father).
{| class=wikitable
|+ Natalician possessive pronouns
|-
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | possessive pronouns
|-
! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#subject|possessive determiner]] !! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#object|possessive pronoun]]
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
| {{term|in}} || {{term|ini}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|nameš}} || {{term|nameše}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
| {{term|un}} || {{term|onu}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|daša}} || {{term|dašo}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
| {{term|süs}} || {{term|süzü}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|soz}} || {{term|sozun}}
|}
 
The possessive determiners are the same as the objective personal pronouns. The possessive pronouns always succeed the subject/object.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples with ''teyze'' ("maternal aunt")
|-
! Example !! Composition !! Translation
|-
| ''ert in'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''in'' "me" || "my father"
|-
| ''ert daša'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''daša'' "you (plural objective)" || "your father"
|-
| ''ertev süs'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''-ev'' (plural suffix) + ''süs'' "him/her (objective)" || "his/her fathers"
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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| Sunałh || Please || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj]]]
| Sunałh || Please || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj]]]
|-
|-
| Azlakšo vin <sup>informal / s</sup> <br >Azlakšod in <sup>formal / pl</sup> || Excuse me || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃo vin]]]<br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃod in]]]
| Azlakšov in <sup>informal / s</sup> <br >Azlakšod in <sup>formal / pl</sup> || Excuse me || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃo vin]]]<br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃod in]]]
|-
|-
| Büder || Thank you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[by.dɛr]]]
| Büder || Thank you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[by.dɛr]]]
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| Eš gun gelnok || Likewise || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[eʃ gun gel.nok]]]
| Eš gun gelnok || Likewise || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[eʃ gun gel.nok]]]
|-
|-
| A ačan kursui Nataldha? || Does anyone here speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a a.t͡ʃan kur.suj na.tald.ja]]]
| A ačan kursui Natal? || Does anyone here speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a a.t͡ʃan kur.suj na.tald.ja]]]
|-
|-
| A kurdui Nataldha? || Do you speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a kur.duj na.tald.ja]]]
| A kurdui Natal?<sup>informal / s</sup> <br >A kurdus Natal?<sup>formal / pl</sup> || Do you speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a kur.duj na.tald.ja]]]
|-
|-
| Eha <br >Ada / Mel <br >Kelševsi|| Yes <br >No <br >Maybe || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e.ja]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ada] [mɛl]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɛl.ʃɛv.si]]]
| Eha <br >Ada / Mel <br >Kelševsi|| Yes <br >No <br >Maybe || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e.ja]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ada] [mɛl]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɛl.ʃɛv.si]]]
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| Nis lümekdi kel ha? || How do you pronounce this word? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis ly.mɛg.di kɛl ha]]]
| Nis lümekdi kel ha? || How do you pronounce this word? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis ly.mɛg.di kɛl ha]]]
|-
|-
| Nis kelševi [...] eš Nataldha? || How to say [...] in Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis kɛl.ʃɛ.vi ⸨...⸩ eʃ na.tald.ja]]]
| Nis kelševi [...] eš Natal? || How to say [...] in Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis kɛl.ʃɛ.vi ⸨...⸩ eʃ na.tald.ja]]]
|-
|-
| Kuzda nen rettivev kursui? || How many languages do you speak? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kuz.da nɛn re.tːi.vɛv kur.suj]]]
| Kuzda nen rettivev kursui? || How many languages do you speak? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kuz.da nɛn re.tːi.vɛv kur.suj]]]
|-
|-
| Sunałh, kur kortom || Please, speak slower || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj kur kor.tom]]]
| Sunałh, kur kortso || Please, speak slower || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj kur kort.so]]]
|-
|-
| Sunałh, özše har || Please, repeat that || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj œ.ʃːe har]]]
| Sunałh, özše har || Please, repeat that || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj œ.ʃːe har]]]
Line 673: Line 860:
| Ensei ďehoron || It is an emergency || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[en.sɛj ðe.jo.ron]]]ˈ
| Ensei ďehoron || It is an emergency || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[en.sɛj ðe.jo.ron]]]ˈ
|-
|-
| Kelirte kutzuk ödek || Call the fire department || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te kud.zuk œdɛk]]]
| Kelirte kutzuk ödeke || Call the fire department || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te kud.zuk œdɛkɛ]]]
|-
|-
| Kelirte polise || Call the police || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te po.lise]]]
| Kelirte polise || Call the police || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te po.lise]]]
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