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| date = 2024
| date = 2024
| script1 = Latn
| script1 = Latn
| stand1 = Standard Nawuhu
| dia1 = Pemaka dialect †
| dia2 = Nisulu dialect †
| development_body = [https://discord.gg/Wzd9gWFu97 Wuhu Island Community Discord]
| development_body = [https://discord.gg/Wzd9gWFu97 Wuhu Island Community Discord]
| agency = [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/ Wuhu Autonomous Zone]
| agency = [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/ Wuhu Autonomous Zone]
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| notice = ipa
| notice = ipa
}}
}}
'''Nawuhu'''(''na'a wúhu'', <small>Nawuhu:</small> [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''' or '''Nauhu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island(''akka wúhu'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka ˈwu.ɦu]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.
'''Nawuhu'''(''na’a wúhu'', <small>Nawuhu:</small> [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''' or '''Nauhu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island(''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Alveolo-<br>palatal !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |Plosive
! colspan=2 |Plosive
| p b || t d || || || k g ||
| p b || t d || || k g ||
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Nasal
! rowspan=2 | Nasal
! pulmonic
! pulmonic
| m || n || || ɲ || ŋ ||  
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ ||  
|-
|-
! pre-glottalised
! pre-glottalised
| ˀm || ˀn || || || ˀŋ
| ˀm || ˀn || || ˀŋ ||
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |Fricative
! colspan=2 |Fricative
| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || || h~ɦ
| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || h (ɦ)
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |Semivowel
! colspan=2 |Semivowel
| w || || || j || ||
| w || || j || ||
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |Lateral
! colspan=2 |Lateral
| || l || || ʎ || ||
| || l || ʎ || ||
|}
|}
/h/ and /ɦ/ are interchangeable, but most speakers only pronounced /ɦ/ in intervocalic positions(between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''.
/ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions(between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''.
====Glottalisation====
====Glottalisation====
Though glottal stops do not occur phonemically in Nawuhu, some consonants are pre-glottalised at the beginning of a word, usually /n/, /m/ and /ŋ/. This glottalisation is not marked, mainly because Mark Mii, the creator of the Mark Mii romanisation system, never actually noticed the phonemic pre-glottalisation when researching the language. However, subsequent studies that interrogated actual native speakers did note the phonemic difference, with one research paper noting that one participant reportedly joked that a foreigner they had met greeted them with ''yenita’a ngala!'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ŋala]]], meaning "Give the spider!", instead of what the participant believed the foreigner wanted to say, ''yenita’a *ngala!''(The asterisk is a common unofficial way to note pre-glottalisation) [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ˀŋala]]], meaning "Welcome [to my home]!".
Though glottal stops do not occur phonemically in Nawuhu, some consonants are pre-glottalised at the beginning of a word, usually /n/, /m/ and /ŋ/. This glottalisation is not marked, mainly because Mark Mii, the creator of the Mark Mii romanisation system, never actually noticed the phonemic pre-glottalisation when researching the language. However, subsequent studies that interrogated actual native speakers did note the phonemic difference, with one research paper noting that one participant reportedly joked that a foreigner they had met greeted them with ''yenita’a ngala!'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ŋala]]], meaning "Give the spider!", instead of what the participant believed the foreigner wanted to say, ''yenita’a *ngala!''(The asterisk is a common unofficial way to note pre-glottalisation) [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ˀŋala]]], meaning "Welcome [to my home]!".
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Number====
====Number====
Nawuhu has five categories of grammatical number: '''singular''', '''dual''', '''paucal''', '''greater paucal''' and '''plural'''. If there is not sufficient context, all nouns in a phrase have to be marked with suffixes denoting their number, including if the noun is singular. If a word ending in ''-a'' must be denoted as singular, the suffix ''-’a'' is placed instead.
Nawuhu has four categories of grammatical number: '''singular''', '''dual''', '''paucal''' and '''plural'''. If there is not sufficient context, all nouns in a phrase have to be marked with suffixes denoting their number, including if the noun is singular. If a word ending in ''-a'' must be denoted as singular, the suffix ''-’a'' is placed instead.


Adjectives do not have to agree with nouns, though verbs do. Agreeing verbs have their own suffixes to indicate number, please see the [[Nawuhu#Verbs|Verbs]] section for more information.
Adjectives do not have to agree with nouns, though verbs do. Agreeing verbs have their own suffixes to indicate number, please see the [[Nawuhu#Verbs|Verbs]] section for more information.
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|-
|-
! Second
! Second
| ''ádo'' || ''ádon'' || ''yuín'' || ''neíyo''
| ''ádo'' || ''ádon'' || ''yuín'' || ''néyo''
|-
|-
! Third
! Third
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** '''''Ewe’el''' pulojek bakampián?''
** '''''Ewe’el''' pulojek bakampián?''


===Weak verbs===
===Verbs===
Nawuhu verbs are inflected on mood, aspect and tense. Weak verbs have specific suffixes to indicate mood, tense and aspect. Strong verbs, like ''oí'', "to be", or ''gvé'', "to have", have their own specific mood, tense and aspect conjugations.
Nawuhu verbs are inflected on mood, aspect and tense. Weak verbs have specific suffixes to indicate mood, tense and aspect. Strong verbs, like ''oí'', "to be", or ''gvé'', "to have", have their own specific mood, tense and aspect conjugations.
====Mood====
====Mood====
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|}
|}
To form perfective and imperfective tenses for past, present and future, the aforementioned the suffixes ''-sen'' and ''-san'' are placed before the tense suffix. Thus, something like "I do" would be ''ja kubu''(or simply ''kubu'' if one chooses to [[Nawuhu#Null-subject|omit the subject]]), or for emphasis ''ja kubusen'', while "I was doing" would be ''ja kubusanálo''(or ''kubusanálo'').
To form perfective and imperfective tenses for past, present and future, the aforementioned the suffixes ''-sen'' and ''-san'' are placed before the tense suffix. Thus, something like "I do" would be ''ja kubu''(or simply ''kubu'' if one chooses to [[Nawuhu#Null-subject|omit the subject]]), or for emphasis ''ja kubusen'', while "I was doing" would be ''ja kubusanálo''(or ''kubusanálo'').
===Strong verbs===
====To be, ''oí''====
====To be, ''oí''====
''Oí'' is the only strong verb in Nawuhu. It has unique declensions based on person and tense.
''Oí'' is the only strong verb in Nawuhu. It has unique declensions based on person and tense.
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| ''iló'' || ''we’é'' || ''inó''
| ''iló'' || ''we’é'' || ''inó''
|}
|}
 
==Vocabulary==
==Dialects==
===Conversation===
===Historical===
{| class=wikitable
===Modern===
! English(''na’a ingélu'') !! Nawuhu(''na’a wúhu'') !! Pronunciation
====Nayohbuk====
|-
'''Nayohbuk'''(Nawuhu: ''na’a yohbukai'', lit. "thief talk") is the Nawuhu slang used(or at least known) by most young people in Wuhu Town.
| Yes || ''Pi'' || [pi]
 
|-
It is significantly more influenced by English than standard Nawuhu, with many Japanese loanwords in standard Nawuhu being replaced by English equivalents in Nayohbuk, such as Nawuhu ''he'en'' "bizarre" replaced with Nayohbuk ''wé'ed'', from English "weird".
| No || ''Nvki'' || [ˈnʉki]
 
|-
Nayohbuk speakers also tend to pronounce /l/ as [ɾ], and addressing one another as ''púno'', a shortened form of ''puhúno'', is more common than in standard Nawuhu.
| Of course! || ''Tiéma!'' || [tiˈema]
====Napunoko====
|-
'''Napunoko'''(Nawuhu: ''na’a punoko’o'', lit. "boy-lover talk"), also called '''Nakupíno''', is the slang of Nawuhu-speaking gay and LGBTQ+ people(often called ''Wuhíno''s for short).
| Hello! || rowspan=2 | ''Peku!''(informal) / ''Pekutéleki!''(formal) || rowspan=2 | [peku]; [pekuˈteleki]
 
|-
Though it is mostly Nawuhu-based, feauring a lot of rhyming slang and other plays on words, it has also been influenced by Polari, the gay slang used in the United Kingdom, most likely brought to Wuhu Island by sailors of the British Merchant Navy who were temporarily stationed there between 1972-1979.
| Goodbye!
 
|-
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
| Cheers! || ''Kal!'' || [kal]
! Napunokoi !! Nawuhu !! Meaning !! Origin
|-
|-
| ''pweno'' || ''punoko’o'' || gay man || Morphed form of ''puhúno'', meaning "boy", but can also mean "bro" when used as a term of address. ''pweno'' is used in both contexts as well.
| How are you? || ''Li’i?''(informal) / ''Li’i ey?''(formal)  || [li.i]; [li.i ej]
|-
|-
| ''sese'' || ''seniko’o'' || lesbian || ''seniko'' > ''se'' > ''sese''.
| Good day! || ''Pi tupi!'' || [pi tupi]
|-
|-
| ''ozza'' || ''polis'' || police officer || From Polari ''rozzer''.
| Good morning! || ''Pi tupi!'' / ''Pi tupi’ikélo!''(lit. "What a good sunrise!") || [pi tupi]; [pi tupi.iˈkelo]
|-
|-
| ''nahhe'' || ''bisak'' || off-putting, low-quality, unattractive || From Polari ''naff''.
| Good evening! || ''Pi tupi'iyáki!''<ref>This greeting is rarely used; one would typically use ''Pi tupi!'' instead.</ref> || [pi tupi.iˈjaki]
|}
|}
==Dialects==
===Historical===


==References==
==References==


[[Category:Nawuhu]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Nawuhu]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Nawuhu"