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| date = 2024
| date = 2024
| script1 = Latn
| script1 = Latn
| stand1 = Standard Nawuhu
| dia1 = Pemaka dialect †
| dia2 = Nisulu dialect †
| development_body = [https://discord.gg/Wzd9gWFu97 Wuhu Island Community Discord]
| development_body = [https://discord.gg/Wzd9gWFu97 Wuhu Island Community Discord]
| agency = [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/ Wuhu Autonomous Zone]
| agency = [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/ Wuhu Autonomous Zone]
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| notice = ipa
| notice = ipa
}}
}}
'''Nawuhu'''(''na'a wúhu'', <small>Nawuhu:</small> [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''' or '''Nauhu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island(''akka wúhu'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka ˈwu.ɦu]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.
'''Nawuhu'''(''na’a wúhu'', <small>Nawuhu:</small> [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''' or '''Nauhu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island(''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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| a || b || c || k || d || e || g || h || i || j || l || m || n || ñ ||o || p || s || t || u || v || w || y || z
| a || b || c || k || d || e || g || h || i || j || l || m || n || ñ ||o || p || s || t || u || v || w || y || z
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | IPA
! IPA
| rowspan=2 | a || rowspan=2 | b || ɕ || rowspan=2 | k || rowspan=2 | d || e || rowspan=2 | g || h || rowspan=2 | i || rowspan=2 | ʑ || rowspan=2 | l || rowspan=2 | m || rowspan=2 | n || rowspan=2 | ɲ || rowspan=2 | o || rowspan=2 | p || rowspan=2 | s || rowspan=2 | t || rowspan=2 | u || ʉ || rowspan=2 | w || rowspan=2 | j || rowspan=2 | z
| a || b || ɕ || k || d || e || g || h || i || ʑ || l || m || n || ɲ || o || p || s || t || u || ʉ || w || j || z
|-
| ç || ɘ̯ || ɦ || ɘ̯
|}
|}
Note that ⟨Vv⟩ is a vowel, representing the sound /ʉ/, as well as the sound /ɘ̯/ in intervocalic, non-syllabic positions.
Note that ⟨Vv⟩ is a vowel, representing the sound /ʉ/.


The digraph ⟨LHlh⟩ represents the phoneme /ʎ/.
The digraph ⟨LHlh⟩ represents the phoneme /ʎ/.
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===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Alveolo-<br>palatal !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |Plosive
! colspan=2 |Plosive
| p b || t d || || || k g ||
| p b || t d || || k g ||
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Nasal
! rowspan=2 | Nasal
! pulmonic
! pulmonic
| m || n || || ɲ || ŋ ||  
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ ||  
|-
|-
! pre-glottalised
! pre-glottalised
| ˀm || ˀn || || || ˀŋ
| ˀm || ˀn || || ˀŋ ||
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |Fricative
! colspan=2 |Fricative
| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || || h~ɦ
| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || h (ɦ)
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |Semivowel
! colspan=2 |Semivowel
| w || || || j || ||
| w || || j || ||
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |Lateral
! colspan=2 |Lateral
| || l || || ʎ || ||
| || l || ʎ || ||
|}
|}
/h/ and /ɦ/ are interchangeable, but most speakers only pronounced /ɦ/ in intervocalic positions(between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''.
/ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions(between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''.
====Glottalisation====
====Glottalisation====
Though glottal stops do not occur phonemically in Nawuhu, some consonants are pre-glottalised at the beginning of a word, usually /n/, /m/ and /ŋ/. This glottalisation is not marked, mainly because Mark Mii, the creator of the Mark Mii romanisation system, never actually noticed the phonemic pre-glottalisation when researching the language. However, subsequent studies that interrogated actual native speakers did note the phonemic difference, with one research paper noting that one participant reportedly joked that a foreigner they had met greeted them with ''yenita’a ngala!'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ŋala]]], meaning "Give the spider!", instead of what the participant believed the foreigner wanted to say, ''yenita’a *ngala!''(The asterisk is a common unofficial way to note pre-glottalisation) [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ˀŋala]]], meaning "Welcome [to my home]!".
Though glottal stops do not occur phonemically in Nawuhu, some consonants are pre-glottalised at the beginning of a word, usually /n/, /m/ and /ŋ/. This glottalisation is not marked, mainly because Mark Mii, the creator of the Mark Mii romanisation system, never actually noticed the phonemic pre-glottalisation when researching the language. However, subsequent studies that interrogated actual native speakers did note the phonemic difference, with one research paper noting that one participant reportedly joked that a foreigner they had met greeted them with ''yenita’a ngala!'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ŋala]]], meaning "Give the spider!", instead of what the participant believed the foreigner wanted to say, ''yenita’a *ngala!''(The asterisk is a common unofficial way to note pre-glottalisation) [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ˀŋala]]], meaning "Welcome [to my home]!".
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Number====
====Number====
Nawuhu has five categories of grammatical number: '''singular''', '''dual''', '''paucal''', '''greater paucal''' and '''plural'''. If there is not sufficient context, all nouns in a phrase have to be marked with suffixes denoting their number, including if the noun is singular. If a word ending in ''-a'' must be denoted as singular, the suffix ''-’a'' is placed instead.
Nawuhu has four categories of grammatical number: '''singular''', '''dual''', '''paucal''' and '''plural'''. If there is not sufficient context, all nouns in a phrase have to be marked with suffixes denoting their number, including if the noun is singular. If a word ending in ''-a'' must be denoted as singular, the suffix ''-’a'' is placed instead.


Adjectives do not have to agree with nouns, though verbs do. Agreeing verbs have their own suffixes to indicate number, please see the [[Nawuhu#Verbs|Verbs]] section for more information.
Adjectives do not have to agree with nouns, though verbs do. Agreeing verbs have their own suffixes to indicate number, please see the [[Nawuhu#Verbs|Verbs]] section for more information.
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|-
|-
! Second
! Second
| ''ádo'' || ''ádon'' || ''yuín'' || ''neíyo''
| ''ádo'' || ''ádon'' || ''yuín'' || ''néyo''
|-
|-
! Third
! Third
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** '''''Ewe’el''' pulojek bakampián?''
** '''''Ewe’el''' pulojek bakampián?''


===Weak verbs===
===Verbs===
Nawuhu verbs are inflected on mood, aspect and tense. Weak verbs have specific suffixes to indicate mood, tense and aspect. Strong verbs, like ''oí'', "to be", or ''gvé'', "to have", have their own specific mood, tense and aspect conjugations.
Nawuhu verbs are inflected on mood, aspect and tense. Weak verbs have specific suffixes to indicate mood, tense and aspect. Strong verbs, like ''oí'', "to be", or ''gvé'', "to have", have their own specific mood, tense and aspect conjugations.
====Mood====
====Mood====
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|}
|}
To form perfective and imperfective tenses for past, present and future, the aforementioned the suffixes ''-sen'' and ''-san'' are placed before the tense suffix. Thus, something like "I do" would be ''ja kubu''(or simply ''kubu'' if one chooses to [[Nawuhu#Null-subject|omit the subject]]), or for emphasis ''ja kubusen'', while "I was doing" would be ''ja kubusanálo''(or ''kubusanálo'').
To form perfective and imperfective tenses for past, present and future, the aforementioned the suffixes ''-sen'' and ''-san'' are placed before the tense suffix. Thus, something like "I do" would be ''ja kubu''(or simply ''kubu'' if one chooses to [[Nawuhu#Null-subject|omit the subject]]), or for emphasis ''ja kubusen'', while "I was doing" would be ''ja kubusanálo''(or ''kubusanálo'').
===Strong verbs===
====To be, ''oí''====
====To be, ''oí''====
''Oí'' is the only strong verb in Nawuhu. It has unique declensions based on person.
''Oí'' is the only strong verb in Nawuhu. It has unique declensions based on person and tense.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
! First !! Second !! Third
! !! First !! Second !! Third
|-
! Past
| ''ya'' || ''iyu'' || ''ewo''
|-
|-
! Present
| ''í'' || ''ey'' || ''oí''
| ''í'' || ''ey'' || ''oí''
|-
! Future
| ''iló'' || ''we’é'' || ''inó''
|}
|}
 
==Vocabulary==
==Dialects==
===Conversation===
===Modern===
{| class=wikitable
====Nayobuk====
! English(''na’a ingélu'') !! Nawuhu(''na’a wúhu'') !! Pronunciation
{{infobox language
|-
| name = Nayobuk
| Yes || ''Pi'' || [pi]
| nativename = nahyobuk
|-
| pronunciation = nəjɔbuk
| No || ''Nvki'' || [ˈnʉki]
| ethnicity = Yobukai
| speakers = 600
| date = 2024
| familycolor = Creole
| created = 2024
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
}}
'''Nayobuk'''(''nahyobuk''; <small>Nawuhu:</small> ''na’a yohbuk'', lit. "thief language") is the Nawuhu [[w:Jargon|jargon]] of the Yobukai, a group of people descended from rural indigenous migrants to Wuhu Town. Nayobuk has its own grammar mostly independent of Nawuhu or English grammar rules, though its primary lexifier is still Nawuhu, with many additional loanwords from English, Japanese and other languages spoken by tourists who visit Wuhu Island. It also has some [[w:Polari|Polari]]-derived words, mostly originating from gay seafarers who spoke Polari in the British Merchant Navy and were briefly stationed on Wuhu Island.
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Nayobuk glossary
|-
|-
! Word !! Meaning !! Origin
| Of course! || ''Tiéma!'' || [tiˈema]
|-
|-
| ''yobuk'' || friend, bro || From Nawuhu ''[[Contionary:yohbuk|yohbuk]]'' "thief". Originates from American occupation authorities referring to<br>young Wuhu delinquents as ''yohbukai'' due to the lack of a term for "delinquent" in Nawuhu.
| Hello! || rowspan=2 | ''Peku!''(informal) / ''Pekutéleki!''(formal) || rowspan=2 | [peku]; [pekuˈteleki]
|-
|-
| ''ozah'' || policeman, American soldier || From Polari ''rozzer'', also meaning "police officer".
| Goodbye!
|-
|-
| ''gogoba'' || Cocoba Hotel, Wuhu Town as a whole || From "Cocoba Hotel", which is ultimately from Nawuhu ''kogoba'', "gentle wave"
| Cheers! || ''Kal!'' || [kal]
|-
|-
| ''Tawn'' || Wuhu Town || From English ''town''
| How are you? || ''Li’i?''(informal) / ''Li’i ey?''(formal)  || [li.i]; [li.i ej]
|-
|-
| ''naf'' || terrible, bad || From Polari ''naff'' "unstylish"
| Good day! || ''Pi tupi!'' || [pi tupi]
|-
|-
| ''tokeywotch'' || wristwatch || From Japanese ''時計'' "wristwatch" and English ''watch''
| Good morning! || ''Pi tupi!'' / ''Pi tupi’ikélo!''(lit. "What a good sunrise!") || [pi tupi]; [pi tupi.iˈkelo]
|-
|-
| ''-ba'' || equivalent to English "Why don't you...", but placed after the verb || From Japanese ば, as in 時計を見れば？''Tokei o mireba?'' "Why don't you look at your watch?"
| Good evening! || ''Pi tupi'iyáki!''<ref>This greeting is rarely used; one would typically use ''Pi tupi!'' instead.</ref> || [pi tupi.iˈjaki]
|}
|}
==Dialects==
===Historical===


==References==
==References==
[[Category:Nawuhu]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Nawuhu"