Linguifex

Vairish: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
Aenil2 (talk | contribs)
222 edits
Aenil2 (talk | contribs)
222 edits
No edit summary
 
(31 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Vairish
|name = Vairish
|image = [[File:Vairish flag.jpg|200px]]
|nativename = Varišö
|nativename = Varišö
|pronunciation = vɑriˈʃø
|pronunciation = vɑriˈʃø
Line 13: Line 14:
|ietf = avr-vi-vrs
|ietf = avr-vi-vrs
|iso2 = vrs
|iso2 = vrs
|clcr = qir
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Vairish
}}
}}


'''Vairish''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: Varišö; <small>Vairish :</small> [[Help:IPA|[vɑriˈʃø]]]) is an Ano-Vaire language spoken in Aonir (<small>Riukish :</small> ''Aüniž'' [[Help:IPA|[ɑɯ̯ˈniʒ]]]). Vairish can be considered as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] in Aonir and the surrounding regions such as Oira and Taritren, which have different pronunciations, but are almost entirely mutually intelligible. Unless indicated, this article will focus on Varišaüniž (Aonir Vairish).
'''Vairish''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: Varišö; <small>Vairish :</small> [[Help:IPA|[vɑriˈʃø]]]) is an Ano-Vaire language spoken in Aonir (<small>Riukish :</small> ''Aüniž'' [[Help:IPA|[ɑyniʒ]]]). Vairish can be considered as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] in Aonir and the surrounding regions such as Oira and Taritren, which have different pronunciations, but are almost entirely mutually intelligible. Unless indicated, this article will focus on Varišaüniž (Aonir Vairish).


__TOC__
__TOC__
Line 23: Line 26:
The following table is the consonant inventory of Vairish. Dialectal allophones will be indicated in dark cells :
The following table is the consonant inventory of Vairish. Dialectal allophones will be indicated in dark cells :


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 40em"
|-
|-
!  
!  
Line 69: Line 72:


Dialectal variation :
Dialectal variation :
* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ and /ʃ/ are pronounced /t͡ɕ/, /d͡ʑ/ and /ʑ/ in Värištriten (Tariten Vairish)
* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ and /ʃ/ are pronounced /t͡ɕ/, /d͡ʑ/ and /ɕ/ in Värištriten (Tariten Vairish)
* /f/ and /v/ are pronounced /ɸ/ and /β/ in Varisoir (Oira Vairish) and Varišaüniž
* /f/ and /v/ are pronounced /ɸ/ and /β/ in Varisoir (Oira Vairish) and Varišaüniž


Line 75: Line 78:
There are 9 vowels in Vairish, with no length distinction :
There are 9 vowels in Vairish, with no length distinction :


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 30em"
|-
|-
!  
!  
Line 83: Line 86:
|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| '''i''' <nowiki><i></nowiki>
| '''i''' <nowiki><i></nowiki>, '''y''' <ü>
|  
|  
| '''ɯ''' <ü>, '''u''' <nowiki><u></nowiki>
| '''u''' <nowiki><u></nowiki>
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
Line 93: Line 96:
|-
|-
! Open  
! Open  
| colspan="3" | '''ɑ''' <a>, '''ɒ''' <ä>
| colspan="3" | '''ɑ''' <a>, '''æ''' <ä>
|}
|}


Line 107: Line 110:
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns can be inflected for number, case, possession and proximity (Proximal/Distal). Demonstratives aren't a productive feature anymore in Vairish.
Nouns can be inflected for number, case and possession.
====Numbers====
====Numbers====
Nouns can be inflected for 4 numbers : Singulative ({{smallcaps|sgv}}), Dual ({{smallcaps|du}}), Plurative ({{smallcaps|plv}}) and Collective ({{smallcaps|col}}). Depending on the noun, the unmarked number can be either the Singulative or the Collective
Nouns can be inflected for 4 numbers : Singulative ({{smallcaps|sgv}}), Dual ({{smallcaps|du}}), Plurative ({{smallcaps|plv}}) and Collective ({{smallcaps|col}}). Depending on the noun, the unmarked number can be either the Singulative or the Collective
Line 121: Line 124:
=====Plurative=====
=====Plurative=====
The plurative is formed by affixing -ide. When a voiced plosive comes just before the affix, it is pronounced as its voiceless equivalent
The plurative is formed by affixing -ide. When a voiced plosive comes just before the affix, it is pronounced as its voiceless equivalent
: '''sëid-ier-ide''' Äirade ö Olsü
: '''sëid-jon-ide''' Äirade ö Olsü
: name-{{sc|3p.poss-plv}} Äirade and Olsü
: name-{{sc|3p.poss-plv}} Äirade and Olsü
: "They are named Äirade and Olsü" (litt. "Their names are Äirade and Olsü")
: "They are called Äirade and Olsü" (litt. "Their names are Äirade and Olsü")
 
=====Collective=====
=====Collective=====
The collective is the default, unmarked form of mass nouns. When put into the collective, count nouns define the general idea of the noun (cloud → cloud [the idea of clouds in general])
The collective is the default, unmarked form of mass nouns. Count nouns can't inflect for the collective
: '''siöre'''
: '''siöre'''
: water
: water
====Cases====
Vairish nouns can be using a set of 8 noun cases :
; Nominative and Accusative
: Simple morphosyntactic cases. The nominative can also be used for marking the predicate.
; Dative
;: Dative proper
::: The dative proper is used to indicate the indirect object of a sentence
;: Dative of measure
::: The dative of measure is used to indicate the difference of measure between 2 objects
; Instrumental
: The instrumental is used to indicate the instrument of an action
; Lative
: The lative is used to indicate motion to a location
; Ablative
;: Ablative proper
::: The ablative proper is used to indicate motion away from a location
;: Ablative of location
::: The ablative of location is used to indicate a location
; Causal
: The causal indicates that the noun is the cause/reason of the action
; Essive
;: Essive proper
::: The essive proper is used to indicate that the noun is a state of being
;: Essive of location
::: The essive of location is used to indicate that the noun is a temporary location
;: Essive of equality
::: The essive of equality is used to indicate the first noun is equal to the second
;: Past essive
::: The past essive is used when wanting to conjugate a verb in the past tense
====Possession====
Nouns in Vairish can be marked for possession. The basic suffixes are -mVn, -sVn, -ňVn and -jVn.
E.g.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4" | Possession markers of raväi "hope"
|-
! Person !! Singulative !! Dual !! Plurative
|-
! 1st (exclusive)
| rowspan="2" | raväiman
| raväimën || raväimon
|-
! 1st (inclusive)
| raväisin || raväison
|-
! 2nd
| raväiňän || raväiňen || raväiňön
|-
! 3rd
| raväijan || raväiin || raväijön
|}
====Paradigms====
{| class="multicol"
| {{template:Vairish Count Noun declension|1=sëid|2=name}}
| {{template:Vairish Mass Noun declension|1=siöre|2=water}}
|}
===Pronouns===
Pronouns can be inflected for number, case and modality
====Numbers====
Pronouns numbers are the same as noun numbers (minus the collective and the dual)
====Case====
Vairish pronouns are inflected with a limited array of cases, those cases being :
* Nominative
* Accusative
* Dative (proper)
The last case for pronouns is the [[w:Pegative case|Pegative]] case, which is inexistant everywhere else in the language.
====Modality====
In Vairish, pronouns use a system of nominal mood to convey more informations. Pronouns can inflect for 5 modal usages, as follows :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" | Modality inflections
|-
! Vairish suffix !! English translation
|-
| -tta || should/shall
|-
| -lve || can
|-
| -rë || want
|-
| -šče || ought
|-
| -orü || may/wish
|}
====Paradigms====
=====1st person pronouns=====
{| class="multicol"
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=mä|2=I}}
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=të|2=we}}
|}
=====2nd person pronouns=====
{| class="multicol"
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=sä|2=you}}
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=ü|2=you}}
|}
=====3rd person pronouns=====
{| class="multicol"
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=häi|2=he/she/it}}
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=ina|2=they}}
|}
===Verbs===
Verbs can inflect for tense, aspect, mood, politeness and inverse marking
====Tenses and aspects====
Tenses and aspects are intricately linked in Vairish, as one cannot exist without the other.
The Vairish language uses a set of 3 tenses (more on that later) and 3 aspects :
; Non-Future
;: Perfective non-future
::: The perfective non-future indicates that the action is occuring/occured
;: Gnomic non-future
::: The gnomic non-future indicated that the action is/was a general truth
;: Episodic non-future
::: The episodic non-future is the contrary of the gnomic non-future
; Future
;: Perfective future
::: The perfective future indicates that the action will occur
;: Gnomic future
::: The gnomic future indicated that the action will be a general truth
;: Episodic future
::: The episodic future is the contrary of the gnomic non-future
The past is not marked on the verb but rather on the object, as its construction is : Non-Future Verb + Object in the Essive
====Moods====
Vairish verbs can inflect for 7 moods, which are the following :
; Indicative
: The indicative is the default, unmarked mood of verbs. It is used to indicate that the action is a statement for the speaker.
; Optative
: The optative can be used to indicate wishes or hopes. It can also be used to indicate that the action is encouraged.
; Imprecative
: The imprecative can be used to indicate misfortune upon another person/thing. It can also be used to indicate that the action is discouraged.
; Imperative
: The imperative is used to create commands/requests. More rarely, it could also be used to indicate that the action is a requirement.
; Hypothetical
: The hypothetical mood is used to indicate that an action could have happened, but didn't. It is only used in the Non-Future tense.
; Deductive
: The deductive mood is used to indicate that the statement was deducted from another source, and wasn't known beforehand.
; Inferential
: The inferential mood is used to report a non-witnessed action without confirming it.
====Politeness====
Vairish verbs change roots depending on the listener's hierarchy :
; Higher
: When speaking to a person higher in the hierarchy, you must infix -ka- after the first syllable
; Same
: If the listener is from the same hierarchy level as yours, you can just use the "basic" root
; Lower
: You have two options if the person listening to you is from lower hierarchy : you can used the "basic" root, or add -še- to form a sort of pejorative root (which is often use to mock someone)
====Inverse marking====
Sometimes, the inverse marker "-a" is affixed onto the verb root to indicate that the object is the main focus of the sentence
====Paradigm====
{{Template:Vairish Verb conjugation|1=čenita|2=to see|fs=če|end=nita}}
===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Vairish do not inflect at all
===Copulae===
Vairish has multiple deictic copulae, that are used depending on the proximity to the object.
; äo
: ''äo'' is the proximal copula, it is used to describe an object close to the speaker
; i
: ''i'' is the descriptive copula, it is used when the object doesn't have a specific distance to the speaker.
; rëi
: ''rëi'' is the medial copula, it is used when the object is close to the listener
; kärui
: ''kärui'' is the distal copula, it is used when describing an object far away from both the speaker and listener
===Correlatives===
Like Ancient Greek and Esperanto, Vairish also has a correlative system, based on 4 roles and 9 "qualifiers".
====Roles====
The correlative's role is what indicates the function that it fulfills. Here are 4 roles of the correlatives :
; Negative
: The negative role corresponds to adding "no"/"not" before the qualifier
; Interrogative
: The interrogative role more or less corresponds to English interrogative pronouns
; Universal
: The universal role corresponds to adding "every" before the qualifier
; Indefinite
: The indefinite role corresponds to adding "some" before the qualifier
====Qualifiers====
The qualifier of a correlative specifies the type of question it addresses or the kind of information it conveys. There are 9 qualifiers :
;Reason
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "why", indicating a cause or explanation.
;Time
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "when", indicating a point or period in time.
;Individual
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "who", referring to a person or entity.
;Object
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "what", reffering to an object
;Place
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "where", reffering to locations
;Amount
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "how much", reffering to quantities
;Manner
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "how", indicating ways or methods
;Frequency
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "how often", reffering to regularity or recurrence
;Direction
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "which direction", indicating movement and orientation
====Table====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!  !! Interrogative !! Negative !! Indefinite !! Universal
|-
! Reason
| kirä<br>why ? || serä<br>for no reason || ürä<br>for some reasons || torä<br>for every reasons
|-
! Time
| kidö<br>when ? || sedö<br>never || üdö<br>sometime || todö<br>always
|-
! Individual
| kilda<br>who ? || selda<br>no one || ülda<br>someone || tolda<br>everyone
|-
! Object
| kiňu<br>what ? || seňu<br>nothing || üňu<br>something || toňu<br>everything
|-
! Place
| kijë<br>where ? || sejë<br>nowhere || üje<br>somewhere || tojë<br>everywhere
|-
! Amount
| kipo<br>how much? || sepo<br>none || üpo<br>some || topo<br>all of it
|-
! Manner
| kiki<br>how ? || seki<br>in no way || üki<br>in some way || toki<br>in every way
|-
! Frequency
| kivü<br>how often ? || sevü<br>never || üvü<br>often || tovü<br>always
|-
! Direction
| kiše<br>in which direction? || seše<br>in no direction || üše<br>in some direction || toše<br>in every direction
|}
==Syntax==
===Word order===
The most used word orders are VSO and SOV, even though VOS is also used to indicate a passive-like construction, and might also be used to replace the inverse marker.
For exemple : "karë ronän čenitaa" and "čenita ronän karë" both mean "The citizen looks at the king", but the second sentence doesn't need an inverse marker.
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Vairish]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Vairish"