Linguifex

Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
Ahzoh (talk | contribs)
Bots
865 edits
No edit summary
Ahzoh (talk | contribs)
Bots
865 edits
 
(35 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Vrkhazhian (''Śād Warḫāsaḫ'' "Mouth of Vrkhazh") is a language that is spoken by the Vrkhazhians who live in [[The Vrkhazhians|Warḫāsam]].
Vrkhazhian (''Śād Warḫāsaḫ'' "Mouth of Vrkhazh") is a language that is spoken by the Vrkhazhians who live in [[The Vrkhazhians|Warḫāsam]].


 
{{Infobox language
 
|boxsize = 25em
 
|image =
 
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Vrkhazhian
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Vrkhazhian
|nativename = Śād Warḫāsaḫ
|creator = User:Ahzoh
|pronunciation = ˈɬɑ̂ːd wɑr.ˈxɑ̂ː.sɑx
|states = Vrkhazh
|date = 2014
|familycolor = chattic
|fam1 = Chattic
|fam2 = ???
|fam3 = ???
|fam4 = ???
|ancestor = Old Vrkhazhian
|dia1 = Imperial Vrkhazhian
|dia2 = Common Vrkhazhian
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|clcr = qiv
|notice = IPA
}}


==History==
==History==
Line 15: Line 34:
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The table below shows the 25 consonant phonemes found in Vrkhazhian. Letters in angle brackets indicate where the romanization of the phoneme differs from its IPA representation.
The tables below show the consonant phonemes found in both Imperial and Common Vrkhazhian. Letters in angle brackets indicate where the romanization of the phoneme differs from its IPA representation.


{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Imperial Vrkhazhian
|-
|-
! style="width: 8em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 8.5em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Bilabial
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! colspan="2" style="width: 8em;" | Coronal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Velar
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Dorsal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Glottal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
Line 41: Line 61:
|
|
| k
| k
| rowspan="3" | ʔ ⟨'''''ˀ'''''⟩  
| rowspan="3" | ʔ ⟨'''''ʾ'''''⟩  
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
Line 86: Line 106:
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
| w
| w
|
|
| j ⟨'''''y'''''⟩
|
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Common Vrkhazhian
|-
! style="width: 8.5em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" style="width: 12em;" | Alveolar
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Dorsal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! style="width: 4em; font-size: smaller" | Plain
! style="width: 4em; font-size: smaller" | Sibilant
! style="width: 4em; font-size: smaller" | Lateral
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
|
| ŋ ⟨'''''n̮'''''⟩
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! style="font-size: smaller" | Tenuis
| p ⟨'''''b'''''⟩
| t ⟨'''''d'''''⟩
| t͡s ⟨'''''z'''''⟩
| t͡ɬ ⟨'''''ź'''''⟩
| k ⟨'''''g'''''⟩
| rowspan="2" | ʔ ⟨'''''ʾ'''''⟩
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Aspirated
| pʰ ⟨'''''p'''''⟩
| tʰ ⟨'''''t'''''⟩
| t͡sʰ ⟨'''''c'''''⟩
| t͡ɬʰ ⟨'''''ć'''''⟩
| kʰ ⟨'''''k'''''⟩
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
|
| s
| ɬ ⟨'''''ś'''''⟩
| x ⟨'''''ḫ'''''⟩
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
|
| l
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
| w
|
|
|
|
|
Line 111: Line 194:
|}
|}


The short vowels /ɛ ɑ i u/ are represented in writing as ⟨e a i u⟩ while the long vowels /ɛː ɑː iː uː/ are either represented with a macron ⟨ē, ā, ī, ū⟩ or a circumflex ⟨ê, â, î, û⟩. The usage of a circumflex in writing is to indicate vowel coalescence as a result of the contraction of the weak consonants /ʔ j w/.
The short vowels /ɑ ɛ i u/ are represented in writing as ⟨a e i u⟩ while the long vowels /ɑː ɛː iː uː/ are either represented with a macron ⟨ā, ē, ī, ū⟩ or a circumflex ⟨â, ê, î, û⟩. The usage of a circumflex in writing is to indicate vowel coalescence as a result of the contraction of the weak consonants /ʔ j w/.


===Allophony===
===Allophony===
Line 131: Line 214:
{|
{|
|
|
{| class="wikitable"  
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Components
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! Result
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
| ṗ + p
| rowspan="2" | pp
|-
|-
| b + p
| b + p
| rowspan="2" | pp
|-
|-
| m + p
| ṭ + t
| rowspan="2" | tt
|-
| d + t
|-
| ḳ + k
| rowspan="2" | kk
|-
| g + k
|-
| ṣ + s
| rowspan="5" | ss
|-
| z + s
|-
| ś + s
|-
| ṣ́ + s
|-
| ź + s
|-
| s + ś
| rowspan="5" | śś
|-
| ṣ + ś
|-
| z + ś
|-
|-
| p + b
| ṣ́ + ś
| rowspan="2" | bb
|-
|-
| m + b
| ź + ś
|-
|-
|}
|}
|
|
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|
|-
{| class="wikitable"  
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
| p + ṗ
| rowspan="2" | ṗṗ
|-
| b + ṗ
|-
| t + ṭ
| rowspan="2" | ṭṭ
|-
| d + ṭ
|-
| k + ḳ
| rowspan="2" | ḳḳ
|-
| g + ḳ
|-
| s + ṣ
| rowspan="5" | ṣṣ
|-
| z + ṣ
|-
| ś + ṣ
|-
| ṣ́ + ṣ
|-
| ź + ṣ
|-
|-
! Components
| s + ṣ́
! Result
| rowspan="5" | ṣ́ṣ́
|-
|-
| d + t
| ṣ + ṣ́
| rowspan="2" | tt
|-
|-
| n + t
| z + ṣ́
|-
|-
| t + d
| ś + ṣ́
| rowspan="2" | dd
|-
|-
| n + d
| ź + ṣ́
|-
|-
|}
|}
|
|
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|
|-
{| class="wikitable"  
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
| p + b
| rowspan="2" | bb
|-
|-
! Components
| ṗ + b
! Result
|-
|-
| g + k
| t + d
| rowspan="2" | kk
| rowspan="2" | dd
|-
|-
| n̮ + k
| ṭ + d
|-
|-
| k + g
| k + g
| rowspan="2" | gg
| rowspan="2" | gg
|-
|-
| n̮ + g
| ḳ + g
|-
| s + z
| rowspan="5" | zz
|-
| ṣ + z
|-
| ś + z
|-
| ṣ́ + z
|-
| ź + z
|-
| s + ź
| rowspan="5" | źź
|-
| ṣ + ź
|-
| z + ź
|-
| ś + ź
|-
| ṣ́ + ź
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 192: Line 352:
{|
{|
|
|
{| class="wikitable"  
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Components
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! Result
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
|-
| p + f
| p + f
| rowspan="3" | ff
| rowspan="3" | ff
|-
| ṗ + f
|-
|-
| b + f
| b + f
|-
| m + f
|-
|}
|}
|
|
|
|
{|
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable"  
|-
|-
! Components
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! Result
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
|-
| t + s
| t + s
| rowspan="3" | ss
| rowspan="3" | ss
|-
| ṭ + s
|-
|-
| d + s
| d + s
|-
|-
| n + s
| t + ṣ
| rowspan="3" | ṣṣ
|-
| ṭ + ṣ
|-
|-
| d + ṣ
|-
|-
| t + z
| t + z
| rowspan="3" | zz
| rowspan="3" | zz
|-
| ṭ + z
|-
|-
| d + z
| d + z
|-
|}
| n + z
|-
|}
|}
|
|
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|
{| class="wikitable"  
|-
|-
! Components
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! Result
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
|-
| t + ś
| t + ś
| rowspan="3" | śś
| rowspan="3" | śś
|-
| ṭ + ś
|-
|-
| d + ś
| d + ś
|-
|-
| n + ś
| t + ṣ́
| rowspan="3" | ṣ́ṣ́
|-
| ṭ + ṣ́
|-
| d + ṣ́
|-
|-
| t + ź
| t + ź
| rowspan="3" | źź
| rowspan="3" | źź
|-
| ṭ + ź
|-
|-
| d + ź
| d + ź
|-
| n + ź
|-
|}
|}
|
|
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|
{| class="wikitable"  
|-
|-
! Components
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! Result
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
|-
| k + ḫ
| k + ḫ
| rowspan="3" | ḫḫ
| rowspan="3" | ḫḫ
|-
| ḳ + ḫ
|-
|-
| g + ḫ
| g + ḫ
|-
| n̮ + ḫ
|-
|}
|}
|}
|}
Line 354: Line 520:
| ''aḫḫ-āsa''
| ''aḫḫ-āsa''
|-
|-
! Ergative
! Genitive
| ''aḫḫ-un''
| ''aḫḫ-un''
| ''aḫḫ-ūna''
| ''aḫḫ-ūna''
Line 361: Line 527:
| ''aḫḫ-an''
| ''aḫḫ-an''
| ''aḫḫ-āna''
| ''aḫḫ-āna''
| ''aḫḫ-an''
| ''aḫḫ-āna''
|-
! Genitive
| ''aḫḫ-uḫ''
| ''aḫḫ-ūwa''
| ''aḫḫ-iḫ''
| ''aḫḫ-īya''
| ''aḫḫ-aḫ''
| ''aḫḫ-āya''
| ''aḫḫ-aḫ''
| ''aḫḫ-aḫ''
| ''aḫḫ-āya''
| ''aḫḫ-āya''
Line 412: Line 568:
| ''idd-āsa''
| ''idd-āsa''
|-
|-
! Ergative
! Genitive
| ''idd-un''
| ''idd-un''
| ''idd-ūna''
| ''idd-ūna''
Line 419: Line 575:
| ''idd-an''
| ''idd-an''
| ''idd-āna''
| ''idd-āna''
| ''idd-an''
| ''idd-āna''
|-
! Genitive
| ''idd-uḫ''
| ''idd-ūwa''
| ''idd-iḫ''
| ''idd-īya''
| ''idd-aḫ''
| ''idd-āya''
| ''idd-aḫ''
| ''idd-aḫ''
| ''idd-āya''
| ''idd-āya''
Line 439: Line 585:
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |  
! rowspan="3" |  
! colspan="8" | Independent
! colspan="6" | Independent
! colspan="2" | Bound
! colspan="6" | Bound
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Nominative
! colspan="4" | Nominative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Accusative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Oblique
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Ergative
! colspan="4" | Subject
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Possessive
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Possessive
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Affirmative
! colspan="2" | Negative
! colspan="2" | Affirmative
! colspan="2" | Affirmative
! colspan="2" | Negative
! colspan="2" | Negative
|-
|-
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Person
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Person
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
Line 464: Line 614:
! 1st
! 1st
| ''āni''
| ''āni''
| ''āti''
| ''ānan''
| ''tunni''
| ''tunni''
| ''tutti''
| ''tunnan''
| ''nêsi''
| ''nīya''
| ''têsi''
| ''nāyan''
| ''nêni''
| ''têni''
| ''-ni''
| ''-ni''
| ''-ti''
| ''-nan''
| ''-nisi''
| ''-nasin''
| ''-ni''
| ''-nan''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| ''āma''
| ''āmi''
| ''āman''
| ''āman''
| ''tumma''
| ''tummi''
| ''tumman''
| ''tumman''
| ''mêsi''
| ''mīya''
| ''mināsi''
| ''māyan''
| ''mêni''
| ''mināni''
| ''-mi''
| ''-mi''
| ''-min''
| ''-man''
| ''-misi''
| ''-masin''
| ''-mi''
| ''-man''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| ''āsa''
| ''āsi''
| ''āsan''
| ''āsan''
| ''tussa''
| ''tussi''
| ''tussan''
| ''tussan''
| ''kêsi''
| ''kīya''
| ''kināsi''
| ''kāyan''
| ''kêni''
| ''-ti''
| ''kināni''
| ''-tan''
| ''-tisi''
| ''-tasin''
| ''-ki''
| ''-ki''
| ''-kin''
| ''-kan''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 543: Line 699:
| ''ḫamt-āsa''
| ''ḫamt-āsa''
|-
|-
! Ergative
! Genitive
| ''ḫamt-un''
| ''ḫamt-un''
| ''ḫamt-ūna''
| ''ḫamt-ūna''
Line 550: Line 706:
| ''ḫamt-an''
| ''ḫamt-an''
| ''ḫamt-āna''
| ''ḫamt-āna''
| ''ḫamt-an''
| ''ḫamt-āna''
|-
! Genitive
| ''ḫamt-uḫ''
| ''ḫamt-ūwa''
| ''ḫamt-iḫ''
| ''ḫamt-īya''
| ''ḫamt-aḫ''
| ''ḫamt-āya''
| ''ḫamt-aḫ''
| ''ḫamt-aḫ''
| ''ḫamt-āya''
| ''ḫamt-āya''
Line 577: Line 723:
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
|-
! Ergative
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
Line 630: Line 766:
!
!
! 2
! 2
| ''śiṭṭas''
| ''???''
| ''śaddaṭ-''
| ''???''
|-
|-
!  
!  
! 3
! 3
| ''miḫlas''
| ''???''
| ''maḫḫal-''
| ''???''
|-
|-
!  
!  
Line 665: Line 801:
!  
!  
! 9
! 9
| ''nuḫras''
| ''ḳutras''
| ''naḫḫar-''
| ''ḳattar-''
|-
|-
!  
!  
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Vrkhazhian"