Dlav: Difference between revisions

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 * Nasalised approximants only happen before a nasal consonant.
+* /m n ɲ ŋ w j l ʎ r/ have syllabic allophones: [m̩ n̩ ɲ̍ ŋ̍ u i l̩ ʎ̩ r̩].
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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 The follow rules are applied:
-# Onset and coda always have a consonant, ranging from C to CCC.
+# Onset and coda always have a consonant, ranging from C to CCCC.
+#* A main onset or a coda are mandatory for a syllable to become a root.
+#* The only mandatory element of a root is N or J in its onset or coda.
 # The consonant closer to the main howel always have the higher sonority.
-# Only one member of each sonority group (and its subgroups, if C) appear in the onset or coda.
+# Only one member of each sonority group appear in the onset or coda.
+#* However, P is allowed to exist together with S or H.
-A good example is the name of the language itself, [[Dlav|Dlàv]], which is organised as CCVC, namely PNVH (analysed as PNV-H)
+A good example is the name of the language itself, [[Dlav|Dlàv]], which is organised as CCVC, namely PNVH, spro- ‘to die’ is also a possible root, but **sṗro- is not.
+There are two grades for a syllable:
+# The full grade, which has a vowel, such as na- ‘to sleep’.
+# The zero grade, which only has a syllabic sonorant, such as n- [n̩-] ‘to (have a) nap’, the zero grade form of na-.
+The declension of the word is highly linked to its grade:
+# The genitive form of a full grade root asks for its zero grade form: ''Dlàv'' [dlav] <small>nom.sg.</small> > ''Dlv'' [dl̩v] <small>gen.sg.</small>
+# Likewise, the genitive form of a zero grade word asks for a full grade with an -i-: ney [n̩.ej] ‘napper’ <small>nom.sg.</small> > niey [ni.ej] <small>gen.sg.</small>
+===Word formation===
+Typically, a root plus an interfix forms a stem, and adding an suffix forms a word. Interfixes are not mandatory.
+* Dlàv- ‘Dlav (language)’, nouns like that, lacking an interfix, are often called root nouns.
+* Dlv-ey- ‘a Dlav speaker’, with an interfix, nouns with an interfix are called stem nouns.
+* Dlv-i-ra ‘a fluent Dlav speaker’, with a suffix.
+Interfixes and suffixes always zero grade the preceding element. Zero grade nouns don't change.
+==Grammar==
+Dlav is a fusional language with high degree of inflection, as such, there can be a large number of words deried from the same root.
+===Noun inflection===
+Dlav nouns inflect by case and number:
+* Twelve cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, abessive, comitative, inessive, adessive, allative, ablative and elative.
+** Of which, five are strong (i.e. keep the original grade of the word): nominative, accusative, instrumental, inessive and ablative
+** Five are weak, counterparting the strong cases: genitive, dative, abessive, allative and elative
+** Two are neuter, lacking counterparts and having reduplicative nature: adessive and comitative.
+* Two genders: animate and inanimate.
+* Two numbers: singular and plural.
+The animate declension has the following paradigma:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+! Number
+! Case
+! strong (originally full grade)ᵃ declension
+! weak (originally zero grade) declension
+|-
+!rowspan=12| Singular
+! {{small|nom.}}
+| Dlàv (-∅)
+| Ney (-∅)
+|-
+! {{small|acc.}}¹
+| Dlàv-m
+| Ney-ñ
+|-
+! {{small|dat.}}¹
+| Dlv-mà
+| Niey-ñ
+|-
+! {{small|gen.}}
+| Dlv (-∅)
+| Niey (-∅)
+|-
+! {{small|ins.}}²
+| Dlàv-ź
+| Ney-ź
+|-
+! {{small|abe.}}²
+| Dlv-źà
+| Niey-ź
+|-
+! {{small|com.}}³
+| Dlàv-à
+| Ney-n
+|-
+! {{small|ine.}}
+| Dlàv-eꜣ
+| Ney-eꜣ
+|-
+! {{small|ade.}}⁴
+| Dlàv-dlv
+| Ney-ni
+|-
+! {{small|all.}}
+| Dlv-àꜣ
+| Niey-eꜣ
+|-
+! {{small|abl.}}⁵
+| Dlàv-b
+| Ney-ḏ
+|-
+! {{small|ela.}}⁵
+| Dlv-bà
+| Niey-ḏ
+|}
+ᵃ With mobile vowel. <br>
+¹ The nasal mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /n/ is applied. <br>
+² The palatal sibilant mora always suffer voice sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /ɕ/ is applied. <br>
+³ The root vowel is reduplicated. <br>
+⁴ The reverse grade is reduplicated. <br>
+⁵ The plosive mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant, both in voice and articulation. If there is no consonant, /t/ is applied.