Linguifex

Dlav: Difference between revisions

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{{privatelang}}
{{privatelang}}
{{construction}}
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[[Dlav]] is an a priori language created by [[User:Lëtzelúcia|Lëtzelúcia]].
[[Dlav]] (/dlʌv/, also ''Dilav'' /dɪlʌv/; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Dlàv'' [dlav]) is an a priori language created by [[User:Lëtzelúcia|Lëtzelúcia]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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* Nasalised approximants only happen before a nasal consonant.
* Nasalised approximants only happen before a nasal consonant.
* /m n ɲ ŋ w j l ʎ r/ have syllabic allophones: [m̩ n̩ ɲ̍ ŋ̍ u i l̩ ʎ̩ r̩].


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''Vowel phonemes of Standard Luthic'''
|+ '''Vowel phonemes of Dlav'''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!rowspan="2"|
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| è [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]]
| è [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]]
| è [[w:Nasalization|[ɛ̃]]]
| è [[w:Nasalization|[ɛ̃]]]
| [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]]
| a [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]]
| [[w:Nasalization|[ɐ̃]]]
| a [[w:Nasalization|[ɐ̃]]]
| ò [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]]
| ò [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]]
| ò [[w:Nasalization|[ɔ̃]]]
| ò [[w:Nasalization|[ɔ̃]]]
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* Nasalised vowels only happen before a nasal consonant.
* Nasalised vowels only happen before a nasal consonant.
==Phonotactics==
Dlav roots distinguish three main classes of consonants, arranged from high to low sonority:
# Non-palatal sonorants: /m n ŋ w l r/, denoted as N
# Palatal sonorants: /ɲ j ʎ/, denoted as J
# Obstruents, denoted as C. These include five subgroups:
#* Plosives, except ejectives, denoted as P.
#* Ejectives, denoted as E.
#* The affricates /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/, denoted as Z.
#* The sibilants /s z ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ/, denoted as S.
#* The non-sibilants /f v χ h/, denoted as H.
The follow rules are applied:
# Onset and coda always have a consonant, ranging from C to CCCC.
#* A main onset or a coda are mandatory for a syllable to become a root.
#* The only mandatory element of a root is N or J in its onset or coda.
# The consonant closer to the main howel always have the higher sonority.
# Only one member of each sonority group appear in the onset or coda.
#* However, P is allowed to exist together with S or H.
A good example is the name of the language itself, [[Dlav|Dlàv]], which is organised as CCVC, namely PNVH, spro- ‘to die’ is also a possible root, but **sṗro- is not.
There are two grades for a syllable:
# The full grade, which has a vowel, such as na- ‘to sleep’.
# The zero grade, which only has a syllabic sonorant, such as n- [n̩-] ‘to (have a) nap’, the zero grade form of na-.
The declension of the word is highly linked to its grade:
# The genitive form of a full grade root asks for its zero grade form: ''Dlàv'' [dlav] <small>nom.sg.</small> > ''Dlv'' [dl̩v] <small>gen.sg.</small>
# Likewise, the genitive form of a zero grade word asks for a full grade with an -i-: ney [n̩.ej] ‘napper’ <small>nom.sg.</small> > niey [ni.ej] <small>gen.sg.</small>
===Word formation===
Typically, a root plus an interfix forms a stem, and adding an suffix forms a word. Interfixes are not mandatory.
* Dlàv- ‘Dlav (language)’, nouns like that, lacking an interfix, are often called root nouns.
* Dlv-ey- ‘a Dlav speaker’, with an interfix, nouns with an interfix are called stem nouns.
* Dlv-i-ra ‘a fluent Dlav speaker’, with a suffix.
Interfixes and suffixes always zero grade the preceding element. Zero grade nouns don't change.
==Grammar==
Dlav is a fusional language with high degree of inflection, as such, there can be a large number of words deried from the same root.
===Noun inflection===
Dlav nouns inflect by case and number:
* Twelve cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, abessive, comitative, inessive, adessive, allative, ablative and elative.
** Of which, five are strong (i.e. keep the original grade of the word): nominative, accusative, instrumental, inessive and ablative
** Five are weak, counterparting the strong cases: genitive, dative, abessive, allative and elative
** Two are neuter, lacking counterparts and having reduplicative nature: adessive and comitative.
* Two genders: animate and inanimate.
* Two numbers: singular and plural.
The animate declension has the following paradigma:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Number
! Case
! strong (originally full grade)ᵃ declension
! weak (originally zero grade) declension
|-
!rowspan=12| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
| Dlàv (-∅)
| Ney (-∅)
|-
! {{small|acc.}}¹
| Dlàv-m
| Ney-ñ
|-
! {{small|dat.}}¹
| Dlv-mà
| Niey-ñ
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| Dlv (-∅)
| Niey (-∅)
|-
! {{small|ins.}}²
| Dlàv-ź
| Ney-ź
|-
! {{small|abe.}}²
| Dlv-źà
| Niey-ź
|-
! {{small|com.}}³
| Dlàv-à
| Ney-n
|-
! {{small|ine.}}
| Dlàv-eꜣ
| Ney-eꜣ
|-
! {{small|ade.}}⁴
| Dlàv-dlv
| Ney-ni
|-
! {{small|all.}}
| Dlv-àꜣ
| Niey-eꜣ
|-
! {{small|abl.}}⁵
| Dlàv-b
| Ney-ḏ
|-
! {{small|ela.}}⁵
| Dlv-bà
| Niey-ḏ
|}
ᵃ With mobile vowel. <br>
¹ The nasal mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /n/ is applied. <br>
² The palatal sibilant mora always suffer voice sandhi after a consonant. If there is no consonant, /ɕ/ is applied. <br>
³ The root vowel is reduplicated. <br>
⁴ The reverse grade is reduplicated. <br>
⁵ The plosive mora always suffers sandhi after a consonant, both in voice and articulation. If there is no consonant, /t/ is applied.
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