Linguifex

Makari: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
Aenil2 (talk | contribs)
222 edits
Aenil2 (talk | contribs)
222 edits
 
(10 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 123: Line 123:
*/ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong
*/ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong
*/ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers
*/ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers
===Morphophonology===
====Apophony====
As we will talk about later, verbs in Makari have 2 stems, the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem. The apophonic stem, as its name implies, is a verbal stem where apophony occured on the two last syllables (apophony is stopped by stress). To know how to deduce that stem, here is a table of vowel alternation :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Vowel alternation
|-
! Initial !! After apophony
|-
| a || áu
|-
| e || i
|-
| i || ío
|-
| o || ú
|-
| u || o
|-
| á, í, ú || a, i, u
|}


===Phonotactics and Stress===
===Phonotactics and Stress===
Line 129: Line 151:


====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For exemple, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/
Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For example, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/
 


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Cases====
====Cases====
----
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases :
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases :
=====Nominative=====
The nominative case in Makari is used to mark the subject of a sentence, or to mark both the subject and the predicate in copular sentences.
=====Genitive=====
The genitive case is used for alienable possession, and is used as the agent of verbs of experience.


For example: «Ćirát anícaúra» means "I am cold", and here, «ćirát» is the genitive form of «će»
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30em"
=====Dative=====
|+ Makari case system
The dative case is used to mark the indirect object of a sentence, the direct object of verbs of possession, is used with «{{term|já}}» to indicate inalienable possession and helps to convey the role of the [[w:Lative case|lative case]].
|-
=====Accusative=====
! Case !! Usage
The accusative case is used to indicate the direct object of a verb. It derived from the merging between the Accusative and the Partitive, loaned from the Kinavel case system
|-
=====Locative=====
| Nominative || Subject of a verb (+ predicate)
The locative case is used to indicate a position  in space, a motion away from a place, and can be used as a derivation method to derive names of places.
|-
| Genitive || Alienable possession, subject of verbs of experience
|-
| Dative || Indirect object, direct object of verbs of possession, inalienable possession (with «{{term|já}}»), lative case
|-
| Accusative || Direct object
|-
| Locative || Position in space, movement away from, derivation method
|-
| Vocative || Apostrophe
|-
| Prepositional || Objects of prepositions
|}
 
====Numbers====
In Makari, nouns are inflected using two numbers (or three depending on when the word was loaned) :  
* Singular
* Paucal (Merged with the plural)
* Plural
 
====Paradigms====
{| class="multicol"
|-
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=V|red1=ár|red2=li|V1=á|1=ári|2=árí|3=áli}}
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=M|red1=to|red2=cá|V1=o|1=toká|2=toka|3=tocá}}
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=C|red1=ak|red2=an|V1=a|1=akan|2=akán|3=akat|4=aka}}
|}
 
===Verbs===
Verbs in Makari have 2 different stems : the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem (see [[Makari#Apophony]] for the stem rules). The apophonic stem is used for the perfect tense, and for the conditional. There are 13 main tenses and 4 compound tenses, 4 moods and 3 numbers.


Ex: «heír» "tree" becomes «háritia» "forest"
Certain verb forms use an augment, represented as «e» or «et» depending on the word
=====Vocative=====
The vocative case is only used when doing a apostrophe to someone. It is slowly diseappearing, and is getting replaced by the nominative case


=====Prepositional=====
Verbs are highly regular, expect for 4 verbs : the copula «ne», the locative copula «ita» , the possessive auxiliary «ru» and the negative auxiliary «á»
The prepositional case is used after prepositions. This case is derived from an old usage of the Kinavel locative case, which is a reason for why it is declined using the locative stem


====Paradigms====
{| class="multicol"
{{template:Makari noun declension|class=V|red1=ár|red2=li|V1=á|1=ári|2=árí|3=áli}}
|-
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=V|fs=C|1=kira|2=kíoráu}}
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=M|fs=V|1=ánicaúraí|2=ánicáuráu}}
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=C|fs=V|1=eteran|2=etiráun}}
|}


[[Category:Makari]]
[[Category:Makari]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Makari"