Linguifex

Makari: Difference between revisions

Aenil2 (talk | contribs)
222 edits
Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Makari |nativename = Macári |pronunciation = macçɐ:ri |created = 2024 |creator = Aenil |state = Lićaí |familycolor = Isolates |script1 = Latin }} '''Makari''' (autoglossonym: ''Macári'', <small>Makari : </small>/macçɐ:ri/) is a conlang, spoken in the province of Lincai (<small>Makari : </small>''Lićaí'' /liçaɪ:/) [[Category:{{subst:PAGENAME}}]] Categor..."
 
Aenil2 (talk | contribs)
222 edits
 
(46 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image            = [[File:Makari.png|200px]]
|name            = Makari
|name            = Makari
|nativename      = Macári
|nativename      = Macári
|pronunciation    = macçɐ:ri
|pronunciation    = macçɐ:ri
|ancestor        = Proto-Kinavel
|created          = 2024
|created          = 2024
|creator          = Aenil
|creator          = Aenil
|state            = Lićaí
|state            = Lincai (<small>Lićaí</small>)
|familycolor      = Isolates
|familycolor      = [[Language isolate]]
|script1          = Latin
|script1          = Latn
}}
}}


'''Makari''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''Macári'', <small>Makari : </small>/macçɐ:ri/) is a conlang, spoken in the province of Lincai (<small>Makari : </small>''Lićaí'' /liçaɪ:/)
'''Makari''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''Macári'', <small>Makari : </small>/macçɐ:ri/) is a language spoken in the province of '''Lincai''' (<small>Makari : </small>''Lićaí'' /liçaɪ:/).
After the Kinavel language was brought to Lincai, the language underwent a small number of phonological changes, like the loss of the uvular sounds, and a fricatization of the plosives, that gave a fully-fledged affricate set, replacing the old Kinavel plosive set
 
__TOC__
 
==Etymology==
 
The language name is derived from the Proto-Kinavel word *n¹qarí /ɳ̩qerɪː/ meaning "language, speech", which gave the Kinavel word nŭkeri /nuˑkeri/ meaning "communication"
 
==Orthography==
===Alphabet===
The Makari alphabet is composed of 24 letters (20 "base letters" and 4 "diacritic letters") :
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 60em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="25" | Makari alphabet (in order)
|-
! Letter
| Aa || Áá || Cc || Ćć || Ee || Pp || Ff || Hh || Ii || Íí || Jj || Kk || Xx || Ll || Mm || Nn || Qq || Oo || Rr || Tt || Ss || Uu || Úú || Vv
|-
! IPA
| ä || ɐ || cç || ç || ə || pɸ || ɸ || h || i || ɪ || j || kx || x || l || m || n || ŋ || ɒ || r || ts || s || u || ʊ || w
|}
</center>
 
===Phoneme type===
During the rest of the article, and especially in grammar, the letters C, V and M will be referring to different type of phonemes. Here's a table of correspondence :
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
! Letter !! Description
|-
| C || All consonants
|-
| V || Non-diacritical vowels
|-
| M || Diacritical vowels
|}
</center>
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labials]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolars]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatals]]/<br>[[w:Velar consonant|Velars]]
! [[w:Labial consonant|Glottals]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|
|-
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|pɸ]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]
| [[w:Voiceless palatal affricate|cç]], [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|kx]]
|
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]], [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
| [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| ([[w:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]])
| [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]], [[w:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]]
|
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
|
|
|}
 
Notes :
 
*/cç/ and /ç/ are pronounced /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ by some speakers
*/kx/ and /x/ are pronounced /qχ/ and /χ/ after back vowels
*Although the traditional pronounciation of <w> is /ʋ/, almost all speakers have shifted to /w/ or /β/
 
===Vowels===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]], [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]], [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan="2" | [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]], [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐː]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]
|}
 
Notes:
*/ɪː/ and /ʊː/ are often realized as /i:/ and /u:/ in stressed syllables
*/ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong
*/ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers
 
===Morphophonology===
====Apophony====
As we will talk about later, verbs in Makari have 2 stems, the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem. The apophonic stem, as its name implies, is a verbal stem where apophony occured on the two last syllables (apophony is stopped by stress). To know how to deduce that stem, here is a table of vowel alternation :
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Vowel alternation
|-
! Initial !! After apophony
|-
| a || áu
|-
| e || i
|-
| i || ío
|-
| o || ú
|-
| u || o
|-
| á, í, ú || a, i, u
|}
 
===Phonotactics and Stress===
====Syllable Shape====
The maximum syllable shape of Makari is pretty strict, as it is (C)V(C)
 
====Stress====
Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For example, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/
 
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
====Cases====
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases :
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30em"
|+ Makari case system
|-
! Case !! Usage
|-
| Nominative || Subject of a verb (+ predicate)
|-
| Genitive || Alienable possession, subject of verbs of experience
|-
| Dative || Indirect object, direct object of verbs of possession, inalienable possession (with «{{term|já}}»), lative case
|-
| Accusative || Direct object
|-
| Locative || Position in space, movement away from, derivation method
|-
| Vocative || Apostrophe
|-
| Prepositional || Objects of prepositions
|}
 
====Numbers====
In Makari, nouns are inflected using two numbers (or three depending on when the word was loaned) :
* Singular
* Paucal (Merged with the plural)
* Plural
 
====Paradigms====
{| class="multicol"
|-
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=V|red1=ár|red2=li|V1=á|1=ári|2=árí|3=áli}}
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=M|red1=to|red2=cá|V1=o|1=toká|2=toka|3=tocá}}
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=C|red1=ak|red2=an|V1=a|1=akan|2=akán|3=akat|4=aka}}
|}
 
===Verbs===
Verbs in Makari have 2 different stems : the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem (see [[Makari#Apophony]] for the stem rules). The apophonic stem is used for the perfect tense, and for the conditional. There are 13 main tenses and 4 compound tenses, 4 moods and 3 numbers.
 
Certain verb forms use an augment, represented as «e» or «et» depending on the word
 
Verbs are highly regular, expect for 4 verbs : the copula «ne», the locative copula «ita» , the possessive auxiliary «ru» and the negative auxiliary «á»
 
{| class="multicol"
|-
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=V|fs=C|1=kira|2=kíoráu}}
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=M|fs=V|1=ánicaúraí|2=ánicáuráu}}
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=C|fs=V|1=eteran|2=etiráun}}
|}


[[Category:Makari]]
[[Category:Makari]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Makari"