Linguifex

Saxuma/Verb Conjugation: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
 
(7 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
==Introduction==
==Introduction==


There are twelve verb classes in modern Saxuma, most of which can be immediately determined by looking at the word itself, though some must be learned.  
There are eleven verb classes in modern Saxuma, most of which can be immediately determined by looking at the word itself, though some must be learned.  


* The '''regular conjugation''' includes all verbs not outlined below, and all end in short, monophthong vowels. It is divided into strong and weak conjugations, the strong being any that end in -e, -o, or -CCV, and the weak those that end in a single consonant followed by -a, -i, or -u.  
* The '''regular conjugation''' includes all verbs not outlined below, and all end in short, monophthong vowels. It is divided into strong and weak conjugations, the strong being any that end in -e, -o, or -CCV, and the weak those that end in a single consonant followed by -a, -i, or -u.  
* There are four classes that are variations of the weak conjugation:
* The '''-SA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -s-, -x-, or -r-.  
* The '''-SA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -s- or -x-.  
* The '''-FA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -f- or -h-.  
* The '''-FA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -f- or -h-.  
* The '''-RA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -r-.  
* The '''-JA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -j- or -z-.  
* The '''-LA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -l- or -v-.  
* The '''-LA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -l- or -v-.  
* The '''-N conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -n or -m.  
* The '''-N conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -n or -m.  
* The '''-S conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -s or -x.  
* The '''-S conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -s, -x, or -r.  
* The '''-T conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -k, -t, or -p, and some ending in long -ē.  
* The '''-T conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -k, -t, or -p, and some ending in long -ē.  
* The '''-R conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -r.
* The '''-H conjugation''' includes most, but not all, verbs ending in a long vowel.  
* The '''-H conjugation''' includes most, but not all, verbs ending in a long vowel.  
* The '''-W conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -aw.  
* The '''-W conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -aw.  
Line 40: Line 38:
: exí → exná [ɛɕˈɲa]
: exí → exná [ɛɕˈɲa]


-FA and -LA conjugation verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining stem, and append ná.  
-FA and -LA conjugation verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining stem, and append -ná.  
: safá → sawná  
: safá → sawná  
: ralí → rawná  
: ralí → rawná  


-RA conjugation verbs delete the final vowel, change the remaining -r to -x and append -ná.  
-JA conjugation verbs delete the final -CV, apply y-ablaut to the remaining stem, and append -ná.
: kurú → kuxná
: mujú → moyná


-N, -S, -H, -W, and -Y conjugation verbs simply append -ná.  
-N, -S, -H, -W, and -Y conjugation verbs simply append -ná.  
Line 54: Line 52:
: aw → awná
: aw → awná
: way → wayná
: way → wayná
 
: elér → elerná
-R conjugation verbs replace the final -r with -x and append -ná.
: elér → elexná


-T conjugation verbs remove the final consonant, or change final long ē to short e. Then, they apply w-ablaut, and finally append ná.  
-T conjugation verbs remove the final consonant, or change final long ē to short e. Then, they apply w-ablaut, and finally append ná.  
Line 80: Line 76:
| safá || sawná
| safá || sawná
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kuxná
| mujú || moyná
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
Line 91: Line 87:
! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás|| sarasná
| sarás|| sarasná
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || elexná
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 138: Line 131:
| safá || sawbí  
| safá || sawbí  
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kuxbí
| mujú || moybí
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
Line 149: Line 142:
! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || sarasbí  
| sarás || sarasbí  
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| gir || gixbí
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 197: Line 187:
| safá || sawfáy
| safá || sawfáy
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kuxfáy
| mujú || mujwáy
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA  
! colspan=2 | -LA  
Line 208: Line 198:
! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || sarasfáy
| sarás || sarasfáy
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || elexfáy
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 231: Line 218:
: ''She arrives at his house.'''
: ''She arrives at his house.'''


: Gax'''kun''' le ba be ohin.  
: Ga'''qun''' le ba be ohin.  
: ''She is/was about to arrive at his house.''
: ''She is/was about to arrive at his house.''


Line 247: Line 234:
: riká → rikkún [rɛˈqun]
: riká → rikkún [rɛˈqun]


-SA and -RA verbs delete the final -CV and append -qún.  
-SA verbs delete the final -CV and append -qún.  
: kosá → koqún  
: kosá → koqún  
: exí → eqún  
: exí → eqún  
: kurú → kuqún  
: kurú → kuqún  


-LA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append kún.  
-LA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append -kún.  
: ralí → rawkún  
: ralí → rawkún  
-JA verbs delete the final -CV, apply y-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append -kún.
: mujú → moykún


-FA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append -qún.  
-FA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append -qún.  
: safá → sawqún  
: safá → sawqún  


-S, -R, and t-, k-, or p-final -T verbs delete the final -C, and append -qún.  
-S and t-, k-, or p-final -T verbs delete the final -C, and append -qún.  
: herúx → heruqún  
: herúx → heruqún  
: sarás → saraqún  
: sarás → saraqún  
Line 288: Line 278:
| safá || sawqún
| safá || sawqún
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kuqún
| mujú || moykún
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
Line 299: Line 289:
! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || saraqún  
| sarás || saraqún  
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || eleqún
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 326: Line 313:
===How to conjugate -W===
===How to conjugate -W===


All regular, -SA, -FA, -RA, and -LA verbs apply w-ablaut to the final vowel.  
All regular, -SA, -FA, -JA, and -LA verbs apply w-ablaut to the final vowel.  
: lesó → lesô
: lesó → lesô
: sigú → sigû
: sigú → sigû
Line 333: Line 320:
: kurú → kurû
: kurú → kurû
: ralí → ralyú
: ralí → ralyú
: mujú → mujû


-N verbs append -la. This does not draw stress from where it would be in the stem.  
-N verbs append -la. This does not draw stress from where it would be in the stem.  
Line 338: Line 326:
: rum → rúmla  
: rum → rúmla  


-S and -R verbs delete the final consonant, apply w-ablaut to the remaining final vowel, and append -sa. This does not draw stress.  
-S verbs delete the final consonant, apply w-ablaut to the remaining final vowel, and append -sa. This does not draw stress.  
: elér → elyósa
: elér → elyósa
: yos → yôsa
: yos → yôsa
Line 378: Line 366:
| safá || safáw  
| safá || safáw  
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kûsa
| mujú || mujû
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
Line 389: Line 377:
! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || saráwsa
| sarás || saráwsa
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || elyósa
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 427: Line 412:
* Verbs with final consonants append -áx.  
* Verbs with final consonants append -áx.  


This simple pattern applies to all verbs ending in -a, regular strong verbs, and -N, -S, -R, and -Y verbs.  
This simple pattern applies to all verbs ending in -a, regular strong verbs, and -N, -S, and -Y verbs.  
: enjí → enjiyáx  
: enjí → enjiyáx  
: lesó → lesowáx  
: lesó → lesowáx  
Line 436: Line 421:
: saras → sarasáx  
: saras → sarasáx  


Regular weak verbs and -SA, -FA, -RA, and -LA verbs that end in -i or -u follow this pattern, with the one exception of eliding the final vowel.  
Regular weak verbs and -SA, -FA, -JA, and -LA verbs that end in -i or -u follow this pattern, with the one exception of eliding the final vowel.  
: ralí → ralyáx  
: ralí → ralyáx  
: kurú → kurwáx  
: kurú → kurwáx  
: wakí → wakyáx  
: wakí → wakyáx  
: mujú → mujwáx


-T verbs delete the final consonant or shorten -ē and append -táx.  
-T verbs delete the final consonant or shorten -ē and append -táx.  
Line 471: Line 457:
| safá || safáx  
| safá || safáx  
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
! colspan=2 | -JA
| kurú || kurwáx
| mujú || mujwáx
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
Line 482: Line 468:
! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || sarasáx  
| sarás || sarasáx  
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || eleráx
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 505: Line 488:
: ''The fish does not swim.''
: ''The fish does not swim.''
: Aska mujna'''lá''' sa taláw.  
: Aska mujna'''lá''' sa taláw.  
: "The fish '''that''' is not swimming is dead.''
: ''The fish '''that''' is not swimming is dead.''


More advanced usage of -LA is explained at [[Saxuma/Syntax#The attributive]].  
More advanced usage of -LA is explained at [[Saxuma#The attributive]].  


===How to conjugate -LA===
===How to conjugate -LA===
Line 530: Line 513:
: hē → hexá
: hē → hexá


-SA, -FA, and -RA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut, and append -sá.  
-JA verbs delete the final -CV, change apply y-ablaut, and append -lá.
: mujú → moylá
 
-SA and -FA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut, and append -sá.  
: exí → yosá
: exí → yosá
: safá → sawsá
: safá → sawsá
: kurú → kūsá
: kurú → kūsá
-S verbs delete the final -C, apply w-ablaut, and append -sá.
: gir → gyusá
: sarás → sarawsá


-H verbs shorten the final long vowel, apply w-ablaut, and append -sá.  
-H verbs shorten the final long vowel, apply w-ablaut, and append -sá.  
Line 554: Line 544:
! colspan=2 -| -SA
! colspan=2 -| -SA
| exí ||yosá
| exí ||yosá
|-
! colspan=2 | -ZA
| mujú || moylá
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -FA
! colspan=2 | -FA
| safá || sawsá
| safá || sawsá
|-
! colspan=2 | -RA
| kurú || kūsá
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
! colspan=2 | -LA
Line 569: Line 559:
! colspan=2 | -S  
! colspan=2 | -S  
| sarás || sarawsá
| sarás || sarawsá
|-
! colspan=2 | -R
| elér || elyosá
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | -T  
! colspan=2 | -T  
Line 584: Line 571:
! colspan=2 | -Y
! colspan=2 | -Y
| way ||  waylá
| way ||  waylá
|}
===Summary===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Verb conjugations by class and inflection
|-
! colspan=2| Class !! Example Stem !! Negative -NA !! Causative -BI !! Inchoative -WAY !! Prospective -KUN !! Perfective -W !! Habitual -AX !! Attributive -LA
|-
! rowspan=2 | Regular !! Strong
| lesó || lesoná || lesobí || lesowáy || lesokún || lesô || lesowáx || lesolá
|-
! Weak 
| sigú || signá || sigbí || sigwáy || sigkún || sigû || sigwáx || siglá
|-
! colspan=2 -| -SA
| exí || exná || exbí || exfáy || eqún || exyú || exyáx || yosá
|-
! colspan=2 | -FA
| safá || sawná || sawbí || sawfáy || sawqún || safáw || safáx || sawsá
|-
! colspan=2 | -JA
| mujú || moyná || moybí||  mujwáy || moykún || mujû || mujwáx || moylá
|-
! colspan=2 | -LA
| ralí || rawná || rawbí || rawáy || rawkún || ralyú || ralyáx || ralá
|-
! colspan=2 | -N
| ekán || ekanná || ekanbí || ekanwáy || ekankún || ekánla || ekanáx || ekanlá
|-
! colspan=2 | -S
| sarás || sarasná || sarasbí || sarasfáy || saraqún || saráwsa || sarasáx || sarawsá
|-
! colspan=2 | -T
| enák || enawná || enacú || enasfáy || enaqún || enatáw || enatáx || enaxá
|-
! colspan=2  | -H
| oxâ || oxāná || oxābí || oxafáy || oxaqún || oxáwsa || oxaháx  || oxawsá
|-
! colspan=2 | -W
| law || lawná || lawbí || lawáy || lawkún || lála || laláx || lalá
|-
! colspan=2 | -Y
| way || wayná || waybí || waywáy || waykún || wayú || wayáx || waylá
|}
|}


Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Saxuma/Verb_Conjugation"