Phrygian (Semitic): Difference between revisions
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{{ | [[Category: Semitic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]] | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
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'''Phrygian''' (endonym: {{phr-font|ʌ|ɛmɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Lechán préxai'', [lɛˈxaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as '''Prexian''', is a [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic language]] within the [[w:Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern [[w:Eretnid dynasty|Eretna]], concentrated in the western half of [[w:Anatolia|Anatolia]]. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect (ɜíoɛr {{phr-font|ᴇ|ɯɛppɑ́}}, ''sjífet Emerrá''), one of the several regional dialects, which collectively descended from Classical Phrygian. The name ''Phrygian'' is a misnomer, as the | '''Phrygian''' (endonym: {{phr-font|ʌ|ɛmɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Lechán préxai'', [lɛˈxaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as '''Prexian''', is a [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic language]] within the [[w:Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern [[w:Eretnid dynasty|Eretna]], concentrated in the western half of [[w:Anatolia|Anatolia]]. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect (ɜíoɛr {{phr-font|ᴇ|ɯɛppɑ́}}, ''sjífet Emerrá''), one of the several regional dialects, which collectively descended from Classical Phrygian. The name ''Phrygian'' is a misnomer, as the antiquarian [[w:Phrygian language|Phrygian language]], which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] closely related to [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. | ||
The historical development of Phrygian traces back to Classical Phrygian, which itself emerged from Old Phrygian. Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the [[w:Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Churches]]. | The historical development of Phrygian traces back to Classical Phrygian, which itself emerged from Old Phrygian. Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the [[w:Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Churches]]. | ||
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# apart from when before velar consonants, /n/ has the allophone [ŋ] in coda positions following a back vowel or /a/. | # apart from when before velar consonants, /n/ has the allophone [ŋ] in coda positions following a back vowel or /a/. | ||
# /tˠ k ɫ/ may be unconditionally geminated | # /tˠ k ɫ/ may be unconditionally geminated depending on speaker such that they do not contrast with /tˠː kː ɫː/. | ||
# /b d ɡ/ may be unconditionally geminated | # /b d ɡ/ may be unconditionally geminated depending on speaker such that they do not contrast with /bː dː ɡː/. | ||
# the phonemic contrast between /tˠ(ː)/ (spelled ⟨b⟩) and /tˠː/ (spelled ⟨r̃⟩) has largely disappeared among younger speakers, merging both into either /tˠ/ or /tˠː/. Older speakers who still retain the distinction always pronounce /tˠ(ː)/ ⟨b⟩ as [tˠ] and /tˠː/ ⟨r̃⟩ as [tˠː]. | # the phonemic contrast between /tˠ(ː)/ (spelled ⟨b⟩) and /tˠː/ (spelled ⟨r̃⟩) has largely disappeared among younger speakers, merging both into either /tˠ/ or /tˠː/. Older speakers who still retain the distinction always pronounce /tˠ(ː)/ ⟨b⟩ as [tˠ] and /tˠː/ ⟨r̃⟩ as [tˠː]. | ||
# /ɡ/ is | # the pronunciation of /ɡ/ is highly unstable. If geminated, it is always velar [ɡː], but when not, /ɡ/ can vary between [ɟ] and [ɡ] depending on dialect, with some (such as the Smyrna dialects) even having both as allophones of each other in certain environments. | ||
# /e/ is realized as [e̝~ɪ]. | # /e/ is realized as [e̝~ɪ]. | ||
# /a aː/ are realized as [ɑ ɑː] near velarized consonants. | # /a aː/ are realized as [ɑ ɑː] near velarized consonants. | ||
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Like other Semitic languages, Phrygian relies on [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]], inserting roots of three or more consonants that carry basic meanings into discontinuous patterns for all sorts of grammatical purposes. For example, from the root '''◌̔-ƞ-c''' (''h-p-s, "relating to speaking and vocalizing"'') can be derived: | Like other Semitic languages, Phrygian relies on [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]], inserting roots of three or more consonants that carry basic meanings into discontinuous patterns for all sorts of grammatical purposes. For example, from the root '''◌̔-ƞ-c''' (''h-p-s, "relating to speaking and vocalizing"'') can be derived: | ||
*''' | *'''o̔ƞɛc''', ''hópes'' (''"it was spoken"'') | ||
*''' | *'''ɛ̔ƞcɛcɛ''', ''hépsese'' (''"I must speak"'') | ||
*'''ɑ̔ƞɛc''', ''hápes'' (''"speaker"'') | *'''ɑ̔ƞɛc''', ''hápes'' (''"speaker"'') | ||
*'''ɑ̔ƞcɛɜ''', ''hápsesj'' (''"loudspeaker"'') | *'''ɑ̔ƞcɛɜ''', ''hápsesj'' (''"loudspeaker"'') | ||
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===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
====Nouns==== | ====Nouns==== | ||
Phrygian nouns preserve a declension system for | Phrygian nouns preserve a declension system for: | ||
*'''Three cases:''' | |||
**Nominative – marks the subject of a verb | |||
**Vocative – marks the addressee in a vocative expression | |||
**Oblique – marks all that is not already covered by the nominative and vocative cases | |||
*'''Two genders:''' Masculine and Feminine | |||
*'''Two numbers:''' Singular and Plural | |||
* '''Two states:''' | |||
**Definite – marks definiteness and specificity with articles | |||
**Indefinite – unmarked | |||
=====Masculine declension===== | =====Masculine declension===== | ||
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=====Fossilized declensions===== | =====Fossilized declensions===== | ||
Vestiges of the Semitic dual number survive in irregular plurals of some nouns referring the things that come in pairs | Vestiges of the Semitic dual number survive in irregular plurals of some nouns referring the things that come in pairs, forming their plurals with '''-ɑ́''' (''-á'') in the nominative case and '''-ɑ́ı''' (''-ái'') in the oblique and vocative cases. | ||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | <div style=display:inline-grid> | ||
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====Adjectives==== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
Phrygian adjectives follow their nouns and express gender agreement with the nouns they modify. They decline in much the same way nouns do: | Phrygian adjectives follow their nouns and express gender, case, and number agreement with the nouns they modify. They decline in much the same way nouns do: | ||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | <div style=display:inline-grid> | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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Phrygian frequently drops nominative pronouns with non-past verbal constructions, but not with past verbal constructions: | Phrygian frequently drops nominative pronouns with non-past verbal constructions, but not with past verbal constructions: | ||
*{{phr-font|ᴄ|oıƞ pɛ́o̔‛ ıoı}} | *{{phr-font|ᴄ|oıƞ pɛ́o̔‛ ıoı}}, ''Sup réhoh iu'' (''"I will see it", pronoun dropped'') | ||
*{{phr-font|'''ᴇ'''|'''үɑ́''' pɛ́ɛ̔ ıoı}} | *{{phr-font|'''ᴇ'''|'''үɑ́''' pɛ́ɛ̔ ıoı}}, '''''Ená''' réhe iu'' (''"'''I''' saw it", pronoun kept'') | ||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | <div style=display:inline-grid> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! <small>Feminine</small> | ! <small>Feminine</small> | ||
| | | ɛ́үqɛï<br><span style="color:grey">''éntjeï''</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person | ! rowspan="2" | 3rd person | ||
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| style="font-weight:normal;" | -(‛)ɛï<br><span style="color:grey">''-(h)eï''</span> | | style="font-weight:normal;" | -(‛)ɛï<br><span style="color:grey">''-(h)eï''</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Phrygian verbs maintain a more complex paradigm among the semitic languages, conjugating for: | |||
*'''Subject agreement:''' Person, Gender, and Number | |||
*'''Two synthetic tenses:''' Past and Present | |||
*'''One analytic tense:''' Future | |||
*'''Four moods:''' | |||
**Indicative – indicates that something is a statement of fact | |||
**Subjunctive – indicates various states of unreality such as wish, possibility, or opinion | |||
**Jussive – indicates the obligation, necessity, or encouragement of an action. Also used in prayer | |||
**Imperative – forms a command or request. | |||
*'''Four voices:''' | |||
**Active – posits the subject as the doer of an action | |||
**Passive – posits the subject as the receiver of an action | |||
**Middle – valency-decreasing, posits the subject as both the doer and receiver of an action | |||
**Causative – valency-increasing, posits the subject as causing the main object to be the doer of an action | |||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||